Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Valence Orbitals in Simple Molecules and Insulating Solids

  • Chapter
Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences ((SSSOL,volume 82))

Abstract

It has been shown in the preceding chapters that PES measures the binding energies of electrons in an atom, a molecule or a solid. These measured binding energies, however, are not single-particle energies, but energies which contain many-body relaxation contributions. The energy levels of atoms, molecules and solids, at about 10–20 eV below the vacuum level are those which are responsible for chemistry in the widest sense and thus determine to a considerable degree the appearance of our environment. The study of valence orbitals has therefore always played a prominent role in PES. In this chapter we will discuss the kind of information that can be obtained from PES on atoms, molecules and insulating solids. Note that besides molecules in their ordinary state, it is also possible to study them as adsorbates on a surface. In addition, relatively short-lived molecules, so-called transient species, have also been investigated by this technique and their orbital energies have been determined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. D.W. Turner, A.D. Baker, C. Baker, C.R. Brundle: Molecular Photoelectron Spectroscopy ( Wiley, New York 1970 )

    Google Scholar 

  2. K. Kimura, S. Katsumata, Y. Achiba, T. Yamazaki, S. Iwata: Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Molecules (Jpn. Sci. Soc. Press, Tokyo 1981 )

    Google Scholar 

  3. Pt.I Hydrocarbons (C, H), J. Electron Spectrosc. Rel. Phen. 10, 149 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Pt.II Aza-compounds (C,H,N), ibid. 21, 93 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Pt.III Oxo-compounds (C, H, O), ibid. 21, 175 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Pt.IV Fluoro-compounds (C, H, F), ibid. 23, 281 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Pt.V Hetero-compounds containing first-row elements (C, H, B, N, O, F), ibid. 24, 293 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Pt.VI Halogen compounds (C, H, X;X=C1, Br, I); ibid. 26, 173 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Pt.VII Miscellaneous compounds, ibid. 27, 129 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  10. A.D. Baker, D. Betteridge: Photoelectron Spectroscopy ( Pergamon, Oxford 1972 )

    Google Scholar 

  11. J.H.D. Eland: Photoelectron Spectroscopy ( Butterworths, London 1974 )

    Google Scholar 

  12. J.H.D. Eland: Photoelectron Spectroscopy, 2nd Ed.( Butterworths, London 1984 )

    Google Scholar 

  13. C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (eds.): Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications Vol.! ( Academic, New York 1977 )

    Google Scholar 

  14. C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (eds.): Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications, Vol.!! ( Academic, New York 1978 )

    Google Scholar 

  15. C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (eds.): Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications, Vol. III ( Academic, New York 1979 )

    Google Scholar 

  16. C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (eds.): Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications, Vol.IV ( Academic, New York 1981 )

    Google Scholar 

  17. C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (eds.): Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications, Vol. V ( Academic, New York 1984 )

    Google Scholar 

  18. T.A. Carlson: Photoelectron and Auger Spectroscopy ( Plenum, New York 1975 )

    Book  Google Scholar 

  19. H. Bock, B.G. Ramsey: Angew. Chemie int. Ed. 12, 734 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  20. H. Bock: Angew. Chemie, int. Ed. 16, 613 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  21. H. Bock, B. Soloniki: Angew. Chemie, int. Ed. 20, 427 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Landolt-Bilrnstein: New Series, Group III, Vol.23, ed. by A. Goldmann, E.E. Koch ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1989 )

    Google Scholar 

  23. D.P. Spears, H.J. Fischbeck, T.A. Carlson: Phys. Rev. A 9, 1603 (1974)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. C.S. Fadley: In Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications,Vol.!! (Academic, New York 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  25. W.C. Price: In Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications Vol.! (Academic, New York 1977)

    Google Scholar 

  26. A.F. Orchard: In Handbook of X-Ray and Ultraviolett Photoelectron Spectroscopy, ed. by Briggs ( Heyden, London 1977 )

    Google Scholar 

  27. J. Berkowitz: in Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications Vol.! ( Academic, New York 1977 )

    Google Scholar 

  28. A.W. Potts, T.A. Williams, W.C. Price: Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 341, 147 (1974)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Berkowitz, J.L. Dehmer, T.E.H. Walker: J. Chem. Phys. 59, 3645 (1973)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. R.S. Berry: Chem. Rev. 69, 533 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. L. Brewer, E. Brackett: Chem. Rev. 61, 425 (1961)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. E.P.F. Lee, A.W. Potts, M. Dovan, I.H. Hillier, J.J. Delamy, R.W. Hawksworth, M.F. Guest: J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I I, 76, 506 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  33. A.W. Potts, D. Law, E.P.F. Lee: J. Chem. Soc., Faraday I I, 77, 796 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  34. E. Heilbronner, J.P. Maier: in Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications Vol.! ( Academic, New York 1977 )

    Google Scholar 

  35. C. Baker, D.W. Turner: Proc. Roy. Soc. A 308, 19 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. P.A. Clark, F. Brogli, E. Heilbronner: Helv. Chem. Acta 55, 1415 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. E. Lindholm: Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc. 54, 200 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  38. K.J. Yu, J.C. McMenahim, W.E. Spicer: Surf. Science 50, 149 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. W.D. Grobman, E.E. Koch: In Photoemission in Solids II,ed. by L. Ley, M. Cardona, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.27 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1979) Chap.5

    Google Scholar 

  40. R.M. Nieminen, P. Huttunen: J. Phys. F 16, L93 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  41. G.K. Wertheim: Z. Physik B 66, 53 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. For a review see K.H. Meiwes-Broer: Appl. Phys. A 55, 430 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. W.R. Salaneck: CRC Crit. Rev. in Solid State and Mater. Sci. 12, 267 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  44. A. Dilks: In Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques and Applications, Vol.IV (Academic, New York 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  45. J.J. Pireaux, S. Svensson, E. Basilier, P.A. Malmqvist, U. Gelius, R. Caudano, K. Siegbahn: Phys. Rev. A 14, 2133 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. J.J. Pireaux, R. Caudano: Phys. Rev. B 15, 2242 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. J.J. Pireaux, J. Riga, R. Caudano, J. Verbist: in Photon, Electron and Ion Probes of Polymer Structure and Properties, ed. by D.W. Dwight, T.J. Fabish, H.R. Thomas (Am. Chem. Soc., Washington D.C., 169 1981 )

    Google Scholar 

  48. F.R. McFeeley, S.P. Kowalczyk, L. Ley, R.G. Cavell, R.A. Pollak, D.A. Shirely: Phys. Rev. B 16, 5268 (1974)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. J.H. Weaver, J.L. Martins, T. Komeda, Y. Chen, T.R. Ohno, G.H. Kroll, N. Troullier, R.E. Haufler, R.E. Smalley: Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1741 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Rasmusson, J. Stafström, M. Lögdlund, W.R. Salaneck, U. Karlsson, D.B. Swanson, A.G. McDiarmid, G.A. Arbuckle: Synth. Met. 41–43, 1365 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. M.P. Keane, A. Naves de Brito, N. Correia, S. Svensson, L. Karlsson, B. Wannberg, U. Gelius, St. Lunen, W.R. Salaneck, M. Lógdlund, D.B. Swanson, A.G. McDiarmid: Phys. Rev. B 45, 6390 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. C.B. Duke, A. Paton, W.E. Salaneck, H.R. Thomas, E.W. Plummer, A.J. Heeger, A.G. MacDiarmid: Chem. Phys. Lett. 59, 146 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. W.R. Salaneck: CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State and Mater. Sci. 12, 267 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. C.K. Chiang, C.R. Fincher Jr., Y.W. Park, A.J. Heeger, H. Shirakawa, E.J. Louis, S.C. Cau, A.G. MacDiarmid: Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 1098 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. A.G. MacDiarmid, A.J. Heeger: in Molecular Metals, ed. by W.E. Hatfield ( Plenum, New York 1979 )

    Google Scholar 

  56. T. Skotheim (ed.): Handbook of Conducting Polymers ( Dekker, New York, 1986 )

    Google Scholar 

  57. W.R. Salaneck, H.R. Thomas, C.B. Duke, A Paton, E.W. Plummer, A.J. Heeger, A.G. MacDiarmid: J. Chem. Phys. 71, 2044 (1979)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. W.R. Salaneck, H.R. Thomas, C.B. Duke, A. Paton, E.W. Plummer, A.J. Heeger, A.G. MacDiarmid: J. Chem. Phys. 72, 3674 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. B. Dardel, D. Malterre, M. Grioni, P. Weibel, Y. Baer, F. Levy: Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3144 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. M. Sasai, H. Fukutome: Solid State Commun. 58, 735 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. G.K. Wertheim, S. Hüfner: Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 1028 (1972)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. S. Hüfner, G.K. Wertheim: Phys. Rev. B 8, 4857 (1973)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. For a review of PES in 3d transition-metal compounds see L.C. Davis: J. Appl. Phys. 59, R25 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. C.E. Moore: Atomic Energy Levels, Vols.I-III, NBS No.467 (US Governm. Printing Office, Washington, DC 1958 )

    Google Scholar 

  65. C.E. Moore: Atomic Energy Levels, Vol.!, NBS No.467 (US Governm. Printing Office, Washington DC 1949 )

    Google Scholar 

  66. C.E. Moore: Atomic Energy Levels, Voa.II, NBS No.467 (US Governm. Printing Office, Washington DC 1952 )

    Google Scholar 

  67. C.E. Moore: Atomic Energy Levels, Vol.I, NSRDS-NBS 35, Nat’l Bur. Stand., Washington DC (December 1971); and Ionization Potentials and Ionization Limits Derived from the Analyses of Optical Spectra, NSRDS-NBS 34, Nat’l Bur. Stand., Washington DC (September 1970 )

    Google Scholar 

  68. J.A. Wilson: Adv. Phys. 26, 143 (1972)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. S. Hüfner: Solid State Commun. 53, 707 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. R. Newman, R.M. Chrenko: Phys. Rev. 115, 882 (1959)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. A good introduction into the field of correlations can be found in P. Fulde: Electron Correlations in Molecules and Solids, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol. 100 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1993 )

    Google Scholar 

  72. N.F. Mott: Proc. Phys. Soc. London Sect. A 62, 416 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  73. N.F. Mott: Metal Insulator Transitions, ( Taylor and Francis, London 1974 )

    Google Scholar 

  74. J. Hubbard: Proc. Roy Soc. A 176, 328 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  75. B. Brandow: Adv. Phys. 26, 651 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. C. Herring: In Magnetism, Vol.IV, ed. by G.T. Rado, H. Suhl (Academic, New York 1966 )

    Google Scholar 

  77. R. Courths, P. Steiner, H. Höchst, S. Hüfner: Appl. Phys. 21, 345 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. G.K. Wertheim, H.J. Guggenheim, S. Hüfner: Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 1050 (1973)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. S. Hüfner: In Photoemission in Solids II,ed. by L. Ley, M. Cardona, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.27 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1979) Chap.3

    Google Scholar 

  80. D.E. Eastman, J.L. Freeouf: Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 395 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. P.A. Cox: In Structure and Bonding 24, 59 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1975)

    Google Scholar 

  82. S. Sugano, Y. Tanaka, H. Kamimura: Multiplets of Transition Metal Ions in Crystals ( Academic, New York 1970 )

    Google Scholar 

  83. S. Hüfner, F. Hulliger, J. Osterwalder, T. Riesterer: Solid State Commun. 50, 83 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. S.J. Oh, J.W. Allen, I. Lindau, J.C. Mikkelsen: Phys. Rev. B 26, 4845 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. M.R. Thuler, R.L. Benbow, Z. Hurych: Phys. Rev. B 27, 2082 (1983): NiO; ibid. B 26, 669 (1982): CuO

    Google Scholar 

  86. A. Fujimori, N. Kimiyuka, M. Taniguchi, S. Suga: Phys. Rev. B 36, 6691 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. A. Fujimori, M. Sacki, N. Kimizuka, M. Taniguchi, S. Suga: Phys. Rev. B 34, 7318 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. A. Fujimori, F. Minami: Phys. Rev. B 30, 957 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. A. Fujimori, F. Minami, S. Sugano: Phys. Rev. B 29, 5225 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. See also J. Zaanen, G.A. Sawatzky: Can. J. Phys. 65, 1262 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. J. Zaanen, G.A. Sawatzky: Prog. Theo. Phys. (Jpn.), Suppl. 101, 231 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  92. G. van der Laan, C. Westra, C. Haas, G.A. Sawatzky: Phys. Rev. B 23, 4369 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. A. Kakizaki, K. Sugano, T. Ishii, H. Sugawara, I. Nagakura, S. Shin: Phys. Rev. B 28, 1026 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. J.G. Bednorz, K.A. Müller: Z. Phys. B 64, 189 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. C.W. Chu, P.H. Hor, R.L. Meng, L. Gao, Y.J. Huang, Y.Q. Wang: Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 405 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. P. Steiner, S. Hüfner, V. Kinsinger, I. Sander, B. Siegwart, H. Schmitt, R. Schulz, S. Junk, G. Schwitzgebel, A. Gold, C. Politis, H.P. Müller, R. Hoppe, S. Kemmler-Sack, H.-G. Kunz: Z. Phys. B 69, 449 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. C.K. Jorgensen: Progress in Inorg. Chemistry Vol.12, ed. by S.J. Lippart (Interscience, New York 1970 ) p. 101

    Google Scholar 

  98. R.J. Powell, W.E. Spicer: Phys. Rev. B 2, 2182 (1970)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. R. Merlin, T.P. Martin, A. Polian, M. Cardona, B. Andlauer, D. Tannhauser: J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 9, 83 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. K.W. Blazey: Physica B 89, 47 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  101. S. Hüfner, P. Steiner, I. Sander, F. Reinert, H. Schmitt: Z. Physik B 86, 207 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. S. Hüfner, J. Osterwalder, T. Riesterer, F. Hulliger: Solid State Commun. 52, 793 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. G.A. Sawatzky, J.W. Allen: Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2339 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. D. Adler: Solid State Physics Vol.21, ed. by F. Seitz, D. Turnbull, H. Ehrenreich ( Academic, New York 1968 )

    Google Scholar 

  105. D. Adler, J. Feinleib: Phys. Rev. B 2, 3112 (1970)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. J.E. Keem, J.M. Honig, L.L. Van Zandt: Phil. Mag. B 37, 537 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. J.E. Keem, M.A. Wittenauer: Solid State Commun. 26, 213 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. K. Terakura, A.R. Williams, T. Oguchi, J. Kühler: Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1830 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. T. Terakura, A.R. Williams, T. Oguchi, J. Kühler: Phys. Rev. B 30, 4734 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. J. Kübler, A.R. Williams: J. Magn. Mag. Mater. 54, 603 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. B. Brandow: Proc. NATO Adv. Workshop “Narrow Band Phenomena” (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  112. M.R. Norman, A.J. Freeman: Phys. Rev. B 33, 8896 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. A. Svane, O. Gunnarsson: Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1148 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. V.I. Anisimov, J. Zaanen, O.K. Andersen: Phys. Rev. B 44, 943 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. J. Bala, A.M. Oles, J. Zaanen: Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2600 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. S. Hüfner, T. Riesterer: Phys. Rev. B 33, 7267 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. S. Hüfner, G.K. Wertheim: Phys. Lett. 44 A, 133 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  118. S. Hüfner, J. Osterwalder, Th. Riesterer, F. Hulliger: Solid State Commun. 54, 689 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. A. Fujimori, K. Terakura, M. Tamiguchi, S. Ogawa, S. Suga, M. Matoba, S. Anzai: Phys. Rev. B 37, 3109 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. V.E. Henrich: Reports Prog. Phys. 48, 1481 (1985); for similar data see S. Shin, S. Suga, M. Taniguchi, M. Fujisawa, H. Kanzaki, A. Fujimori, H. Daimon, J. Ueda, K. Kosuge, S. Kachi: Phys. Rev. B 41, 4993 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  121. J.K. Lang, Y. Baer, P.A. Cox: J. Phys. F 11, 121 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. S. Hüfner: Z. Phys. B 58, 1 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. B. Johansson: J. Phys. F 40, LI69 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  124. B. Johansson: Phil. Mag. 30, 469 (1974)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. G. Rosina, E. Bertel, F.P. Netzer, J. Redinger: Phys. Rev. B 33, 2364 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. J.F. Janak: Phys. Rev. B 18, 7165 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. S. Hüfner: Z. Physik 61 135 (1985); the question whether the early transitionmetal compounds can be termed “Mott compounds”, has not yet been settled

    Google Scholar 

  128. J. Zaanen, G.A. Sawatzky, J.W. Allen: Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 418 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. T. Riesterer, L. Schlapbach, S. Hüfner: Solid State Commun. 57, 109 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. C. Blaauw, F. Leenhouts, F. van der Woude, G.A. Sawatzky: J. Phys. C 8, 459 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. G.K. Wertheim: J. Franklin Inst. 298, 289 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. P.A.P. Lindberg, Z.-X. Shen, W.E. Spicer, I. Lindau: Surf. Phys. Rpts. 11, 1 (1990); see also the special issue: Spectroscopy and High-Temperature Superconductors - The Current Understanding of High-Temperature Superconductors Revealed by Spectroscopy. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 66 (1994) F.M. Shamma, J.C. Fuggle: Physica C 169, 325 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  133. H. Kuzmany, M. Mehring, J. Fink (eds.): Electronic Properties of High-T a Superconductors and Related Compounds, Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol. 99 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1990 )

    Google Scholar 

  134. J. Kanamori, A. Kotani (eds.): Core-Level Spectroscopy in Condensed Systems, ed. by J. Kanamori, A. Kotani, Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol. 81 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988 )

    Google Scholar 

  135. J.W. Allen, C.G. Olson, M.B. Maple, J.S. Kang, L.Z. Lui, J.H. Park, R.O. Anderson, W.P. Ellis, J.T. Markert, J. Dolichaouck, L.Z. Liu: Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 595 (1990). These researchers interpret the data by assuming that for both materials the Fermi energy is in the middle of the gap; earlier data can be found in P. Steiner, S. Hüfner, A. Jungmann, V. Kinsinger, I. Sander: Z. Phys.k 74, 173 (1989); and A. Grassmann, J. Strübel, M. Klauda, J. Schlotterer, J. Saemann-Ischenko: Europhys. Lett. 9, 827 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. A. Fujimori: In Core-Level Spectroscopy in Condensed Systems, ed. by J. Kanamori, A. Kotani, Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol.81 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988 ) p. 136

    Google Scholar 

  137. G.A. Sawatzky: In Core-Level Spectroscopy in Condensed Systems, ed. by J. Kanamori, A. Kotani, Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol.81 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988) p.99; the photoemission spectrum of CuO has been calculated accurately by J. Ghijsen, L.H. Tjeng, J. van Elp, H. Eskes, J. Westering, G.A. Sawatzky, M.T. Czyzyk: Phys. Rev. B 38, 11322 (1988); a different calculation is given by B. Brandow: J. Solid State Chem. 88, 28 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  138. J. Zaanen, M. Alouani, O. Jepsen: Phys. Rev. B 40, 837 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. S. Hüfner: Solid State Commun. 74, 969 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. W. Stephan, P. Horsch: Phys. Rev. B 42, 8736 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. H. Eskes, M.B.J. Meinders, G.A. Sawatzky: Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1035 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. H. Eskes: Some unusual aspects of correlated systems. Disseration, University of Groningen (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  143. S.J. Van Houten: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 17, 7 (1960)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. K.T. Park, K. Terakura, T. Oguchi, A. Yanase, M. Ikeda: Technical Report of ISSP (Japan), Serie A, Nr. 1360 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  145. N. Nücker, J. Fink, B. Renker, I. Ewert, C. Politis, P.J.W. Weits, J.C. Fuggle: Z. Physik B 67, 9 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. H. Romberg, M. Alexander, N. Nücker, P. Adelmann, J. Fink: Phys. Rev. B 42, 8768 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  147. P. Steiner, S. Hilfner, A. Jungmann, S. Junk, V. Kinsinger, I. Sander, W.R. Thiele, N. Backes, C. Politis: Physica C 156, 213 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. T. Suzuki, M. Nagoshi, Y. Fukuda, K. Oh-Ishi, Y. Syono, M. Tachiki: Phys. Rev. B 42, 4263 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  149. Y. Sakisaka, T. Maruyama, Y. Morikawa, H. Kato, K. Edamoto, M. Okusawa, Y. Aiura, H. Yanashima, T. Terashima, Y. Bando, K. Iijima, K. Yamamoto, K. Hirata: Phys. Rev. B 42, 4189 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. A summary of Fermi surface properties of the high temperature superconductors can be found in: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 52, 11/12 (1991); band structure calculations using the Quantum Monte Carlo method are given by W. Hanke, A. Muramatsu, G. Dopf: Phys. Blätter 47, 1061 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  151. R.O. Anderson, R. Claessen, J.W. Allen, C.G. Olson, C. Janowitz, L.Z. Liu, H.-H. Park, M.B. Maple, Y. Dalichaouch, M.C. de Andrade, R.F. Jardim, E.A. Early, S.-J. Oh, W.P. Ellis: Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3163 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  152. J.M. Imer, F. Patthey, B. Dardel, W.D. Schneider, Y. Baer, Y. Petroff, A. Zettl: Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 336 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  153. E.W. Plummer, W. Eberhardt: Advances in Chemical Physics 49, 533 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. F.J. Himpsel: Adv. Phys. 32, 1 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  155. M. Scheffler, A.M. Bradshaw: in The Chemical Physics of Solid Surfaces and Heterogeneous Catalysis, ed. by D.A. King, D.P. Woodruff ( Elsevier, Amsterdam 1983 )

    Google Scholar 

  156. K. Siegbahn, C. Nordling, R. Fahlman, R. Nordberg, K. Hamrin, J. Hedman, G. Johansson, T. Bergmark, S.-E. Karlsson, I. Lindgren, B. Lindberg: ESCA, Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Structure Studied by Means of Electron Spectroscopy. Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis Ser. I V, Vol. 20 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  157. K. Siegbahn, C. Nordling, G. Johansson, J. Hedman, P.F. Heden, K. Hamrin, U. Gelius, T. Bergmark, L.D. Werme, R. Manne, Y. Baer: ESCA-Applied to Free Molecules ( North-Holland, Amsterdam 1969 )

    Google Scholar 

  158. G. Blyholder: J. Vac. Sci. Techno!. I1, 865 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  159. H. Ehrhardt, L. Langhans, F. Linder, H.S. Taylor: Phys. Rev. 173, 222 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  160. J.E. Demuth, D. Schmeisser, Ph. Avouris: Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1166 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  161. H. Kuhlenbeck, H.B. Saalfeld, U. Buskotte, M. Neumann, H.J. Freund, E.W. Plummer: Phys. Rev. B 39, 3475 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  162. R.J. Smith, J. Anderson, G.J. Lapeyre: Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 1081 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  163. E.W. Plummer, T. Gustafsson, W. Gudat, D.E. Eastman: Phys. Rev. A 15, 2339 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  164. D.T. Ling, J.N. Miller, D.L. Weissmann, P. Pianetta, P.L. Stefan, I. Lindau, W.E. Spicer: Surf. Sci. 57, 157 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. J. Hermanson, Solid State Commun. 22, 9 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  166. M. Scheffler, K. Kambe, F. Forstmann: Solid State Commun. 23, 7896 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. J.W. Davenport: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 15, 433 (1978); Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 945 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  168. C.L. Allyn, T. Gustafsson, E.W. Plummer: Chem. Phys. Lett. 47, 127 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  169. I.P. Batra, P.S. Bagus: Solid State Commun. 16, 1097 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  170. G. Borstel, W. Braun, M. Neumann, G. Seitz: Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 95, 453 (1979)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  171. L.S. Cederbaum, W. Domcke, W. von Niessen, W. Brenig: Z. Phys. B 21, 381 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. K. Hermann, P.S. Bagus: Phys. Rev. B 16, 4195 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  173. P.S. Bagus, K. Hermann, C.W. Bauschlicher: J. Chem. Phys. 81, 1977 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  174. P.S. Bagus, C.J. Nelin, C.W. Bauschlicher: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2, 905 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  175. P.S. Bagus, C.J. Nelin, C.W. Bauschlicher: Phys. Rev. B 28, 5423 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  176. A.J. Freund, M. Neumann: Appl. Phys. A 47, 3 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  177. Th. Fauster, F.J. Himpsel: Phys. Rev. B 27, 1390 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  178. J. Rogozik, H. Scheidt, V. Dose, K.C. Prince, A.M. Bradshaw: Surf. Sci. 145, L481 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. F.J. Himpsel, Th. Fauster: Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1583 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  180. J. Ragozik, J. Köppers, V. Dose: Surf. Sci. 148, L653 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. K.H. Frank, H.J. Sagner, E.E. Koch, W. Eberhardt: Phys. Rev. B 38, 8501 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  182. D.E. Ellis, E.J. Baerends, H. Adachi, F.W. Averill: Surf. Sci. 64, 649 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  183. S. Krause, C. Mariani, K.C. Prince, K. Horn: Surf. Sci. 138, 305 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  184. P.S. Bagus, K. Hermann, C.W. Bauschlicher, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 4378 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  185. P.S. Bagus, K. Hermann, C.W. Bauschlicher: J. Chem. Phys. 81, 1966 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  186. P.S. Bagus, K. Hermann, M. Seel: J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. 18, 435 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  187. P.S. Bagus, K. Hermann: Surf. Sci. 89, 588 (1979)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  188. C.W. Bauschlicher, P.S. Bagus: J. Chem. Phys. 81, 5889 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  189. P.S. Bagus, K. Hermann: Phys. Rev. B 33, 2987 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  190. P.S. Bagus, M. Seel: Phys. Rev. B 23, 2065 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fachbereich Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66041, Saarbrücken, Germany

    Professor Dr. Stefan Hüfner

Authors
  1. Professor Dr. Stefan Hüfner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hüfner, S. (1995). Valence Orbitals in Simple Molecules and Insulating Solids. In: Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, vol 82. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03150-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03150-6_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-03152-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-03150-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation