Skip to main content

Structure Analysis of Crystals

  • Chapter
Book cover Fundamentals of Crystals
  • 568 Accesses

Abstract

In 1912 x-ray diffraction in crystals was discovered, and soon afterwards the structures of rock salt and diamond were determined. This laid the foundation of x-ray structure analysis introducing the physicists to the world of atomic structures of crystals. Later on, two more similar methods — electron and neutron diffraction — came into being.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. W.L. Bragg: Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 17, 43 (1913)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. G. Wulff: Phys. Z 14, 217 (1913)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. B.K. Vainshtein, V.M. Fridkin, V.I. Indenbom: Sovremennaya Kristallografi- ya. T. 2. Struktura kristallov, ed. by B.K. Vainshtein (Nauka, Moscow 1979 ) [English transl.: Structure of Crystals, Modern Crystallography, Vol.2 (Sprin-ger, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995 )

    Google Scholar 

  4. International Tables for X-Ray Crystallography,Vol.!, Symmetry Groups, ed. by N.F.M. Henry, K. Lonsdale (1952); Vol.2, Mathematical Tables, ed. by J.S. Kasper, K. Lonsdale (1959); Vol.3, Physical and Chemical Tables, ed. by C.H. MacGillavey, G.D. Rieck (1962); Vol.4 Revised and Supplementary Tables to Vols.2 and 3, ed. by J.A. Ibers, W.C. Hamilton (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  5. R.C. McWeeny: Acta Crystallogr. 4, 513 (1951); 5, 463 (1952)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. P.A. Doyle, P.S. Turner: Acta Crystallogra. A 24, 390 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  7. R.F. Stewart: J. Chem. Phys. 51, 4569 (1969)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Wang, P. Coppens: Inorg. Chem. 15, 1122 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. L.A. Muradyan, M.I. Sirota, I.P. Makarova, V.I. Simonov: Kristallografiya 30, 58 (1985) [English transi.: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 30, 148 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  10. U.H. Zucker, E. Perenthaler, W.F. Kuns, R. Bachmann, H. Schulz: J. Appl. rystallogr. 16, 358 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. G.B. Boky: Kristallokhimiya (Crystal chemistry) ( Nauka, Moscow 1971 ) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  12. W.L. Bragg, E.R. Howells, M.F. Perutz: Acta Crystallogr. 5, 136 (1952) 4.13 A. Hargreaves, H.C. Watson: Acta Crystallogr. 10, 368 (1957)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Hashimoto, A. Howie, M.J. Whelan: Proc. R. Soc. London A 269, 79 (1962) 4.15 P.N.T. Unwin: Electron Microscopy, Vol.1, 5th Europ. Cong. Electron Microscopy, Manchester (1972) p. 232

    Google Scholar 

  14. W.H. Zachariasen: Acta Crystallogr. 23, 558 (1967)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. P.J. Becker, P. Coppens: Acta Crystallogr. A 30, 129 (1947)

    Google Scholar 

  16. W.H. Zachariasen: Theory of X-Ray Diffraction in Crystals ( Wiley, New York 1945 )

    Google Scholar 

  17. G. Borrman, W. Hartwig: Z. Kristallogr. Kristallgeom. Kristallphys. Kristallchem. 121, 401 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  18. A. Authier: Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 84, 51 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  19. R.W. James: The Dynamical Theory of X-Ray Diffraction. Solid State Physics, Vol.15 (Academic, London 1963 ) p. 53

    Google Scholar 

  20. M. Lefeld-Sosnovska, E. Zielinska-Rohosinska: Acta Phys. Pol. 21, 329 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  21. P.B. Hirsch, G.H. Ramachandran: Acta Crystallogr. 3, 187 (1950)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. N. Kato: Acta Crystallogr. A25, 119 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Z.G. Pinsker: Dinamicheskoye rasseyaniye rentgenovskikh luchei v ideal’ nykh kristallakh (Nauka, Moscow 1974) [English transl.: Dynamical Scattering of X-Rays in Crystals, Springer Ser. in Solid-State Sci., Vol. 3 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978 )

    Google Scholar 

  24. M. Hart: Sci. Prog. London 56, 429 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. Bradler, A.R. Lang: Acta Crystallogr. A 24, 246 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  26. H.B. Stuhrman: Acta Crystallogr. A 26, 297 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  27. D.I. Svergun, L.A. Feigin, B.M. Schedrin: Acta Crystallogr. A 38, 827 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  28. F. de Bergevin, M. Brunel: Phys. Lett. A 39, 141 (1972)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. C.C. Tang, W.G. Stirling, D.L. Jones, C.C. Wilson, P.W. Haycock, A.J. Rolla-son, A.H. Thomas, D. Fort: J. Magn. Mag. Mater. 103, 86 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. D. Gibbs, D.R. Harshman, E.D. Isaacs, D.B. McWhan, D. Mils, C. Vettier: Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1241 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. D.M. Kheiker: Kristallografiya 23, 1288 (1978) [English transi.: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 23, 729 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  32. L.A. Shuvalov, A.A. Urusovskaya, I.S. Zheludev, A.V. Zalesskii, B.N. Grechushnikov, I.G. Chystyakov, S.A. Semiletov: Sovremennya Kristallografiya T. 4. Fizicheskije svoistva kristallov, ed. by B.K. Vainshtein (Nauka, Moscow 1981) [English transi.: Modern Crystallography IV,Physical Properties of Crystals, ed. by L.A. Shuvalov, Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol.37 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988)]

    Google Scholar 

  33. A. Guinier, G. von Eller: Les méthodes expérimentales des déterminations de structures cristallines par rayons X, Handbuch der Physik, Bd.32, T. 1 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1957 )

    Google Scholar 

  34. B.K. Vainshtein, G.M. Lobanova, G.V. Gurskaya: Kristallografiya 19, 531 (1974) [English trans.: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 19, 329 (1974)]

    Google Scholar 

  35. B. Post: Acta Crystallogr. A 35, 17 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  36. A.L. Patterson: Z. Kristallogr. Kristallgeom. Kristallphys. Kristallchem. A 90 517 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  37. D. Harker: J. Chem. Phys. 4, 381 (1936)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. B.K. Vainshtein: Tr. Inst. Kristallogr. Akad. Nauk SSSR 7, 15 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  39. M.J. Buerger: Vector Space and Its Application in Crystal-Structure Investigation ( Wiley, New York 1959 )

    Google Scholar 

  40. M.I. Sirota, V.I. Simonov: Kristallografiya 15, 681 (1970) [English transi.: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 15, 589 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  41. V.I. Simonov: Acta Crystallogr. B 25, 1 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  42. S.V. Borisov: Kristallografiya 9, 515 (1965) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. — Crystallogr. 9, 603 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  43. S.V. Borisov, V.P. Golovatchev, V.V. Ilyukhin, E.A. Kuz’min, N.V. Belov: Zh. Strukt. Khim. 18, 175 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  44. V.V. Ilyukhin, S.V. Borisov, A.N. Chernov, I.V. Belov: Kristallografiya 17, 269 (1972) [English transl.: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 17, 227 (1972)]

    Google Scholar 

  45. L.V. Bukvetskaya, T.G. Shishova, V.I. Andrianov, V.I. Simonov: Kristallogra- iya 22, 494 (1977) [English transl.: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 22, 282 (1977)]

    Google Scholar 

  46. E.A. Kuz’min, S.V. Borisov, V.P. Golovachev, V.I. Iljukhin, L.N. Solovijeva, A.N. Chernov: Sistematicheskij analiz funktsii Pattersona na osnovye simme-trii kristalla (A systemativ analysis of Patterson’s function on the basis of crystal symmetry) (Isz-vo Akad. Nauk SSSR, Khabarovsk 1974 ) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  47. M.A. Porai-Koshits: Tr. Inst. Kristallogr. Akad. Nauk SSSR 9, 229 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  48. D. Harker: Acta Crystallogr 9, 1 (1956)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. D. Harker, J.S. Kasper: Acta Crystallogr. 1, 70 (1948)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  50. B.K. Vainshtein: Kristallografiya 9 7 (1964) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. — Crystallogr. 9, 5 (1964)]

    Google Scholar 

  51. A.I. Kitaigorodsky: Teoriya strukteurnogo analiza (Theory of structure analy-sis) (Izd-vo Akad. Nauk SS’SR, Moscow 1957 ) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  52. D. Sayre: Acta Crystallogr. 5, 60 (1952)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. J. Karle, H. Hauptman: Acta Crystallogr. 6, 131 (1953)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  54. H. Hauptman, J. Karle: The Solution of the Phase Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal, American Crystallographic Association Monograph, No. 3 ( Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, MI 1953 )

    Google Scholar 

  55. W.A. Cochran: Acta Crystallogr. 5, 65 (1952)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. W.H. Zachariasen: Acta Crystallogr. 5, 68 (1952)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. H. Hauptman: Crystal Structure Determination. The Role of the Cosine Semi-variants ( Plenum, New York 1972 )

    Book  Google Scholar 

  58. H.A. Hauptman: Acta Crystallogr. A 31, 529 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  59. J. Karle, I.L. Karle: Acta Crystallogr. 21, 849 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. G.A. Tsourcaris: Acta Crystallogr. A 26, 492 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  61. M.M. Woolfson: Rep. Prog. Phys. 34, 369 (1971)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. M. Toda, R. Kubo, N. Saito: Statistical Physics I, Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol. 30 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1992 )

    Google Scholar 

  63. R. Kubo, M. Toda, N. Hashitsume: Statistical Physics II, Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol. 31 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1991 )

    Google Scholar 

  64. A.G. Khachaturyan, S.V. Semenovskaya, B.K. Vainshtein: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 24, 519 (1979)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  65. S.F. Gull, G.J. Daniell: Nature 272, 686 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. A.D. Podjarny, D. Moras, J. Navaza, P.M. Alzary: Acta Crystallogr. A 44, 545 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  67. G. Bricogne: Acta Crystallogr. A 40, 410 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  68. A. Klug: Acta Crystallogr. 11, 515 (1958)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. G. Bricogne: Acta Crystallogr. A 40, 410 (984)

    Google Scholar 

  70. A.D. McLachlan: Gazzetta Chimica Italiana 117, 11 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  71. J. Skilling, S.F. Gull: In Maximum-Entropy and Bayesian Methods in InverseProblems, ed. by C.R. Smith, W.T. Grandy ( Reidel, Dordrecht 1985 ) p. 83

    Google Scholar 

  72. V.I. Simonov: Crystollogr. Computing Techniques, ed. by F.R. Ahmed, K. Huml, B. Sedlacek ( Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1976 ) p. 138

    Google Scholar 

  73. V.Yu. Lunin: Acta Crystallogr. A 44, 144 (1988)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  74. V.Yu. Lunin, E.A. Veroslova: Acta Crystallogr. A 47, 238 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  75. B.K. Vainshtein, I.M. Gel’fand, R.L. Kayushina, Yu.G. Fedorov: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 153, 93 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  76. I.M. Gel’fand, E.B. Vul, S.L. Ginzburg, Yu.G. Fedorov: Metod ovragov v zadachakh rentgenostrukturnogo analiza (Ravine method in problems of X-ray structure analysis) ( Nauka, Moscow 1966 ) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  77. E.B. Vul, G.M. Lobanova: Kristallografiya 12, 411 (1967) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  78. A.E. Smith, R. Kalish, E.J. Smuiny: Acta Crystallogr. B 28, 3494 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  79. G.R. Freeman, R.A. Hearn, C.E. Bugg: Acta Crystallogr. B 28, 2906 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  80. B.K. Vainshtein: Adv. Struct. Res. Diffr. Methods 1, 24 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  81. B.B. Zvyagin: Elektronografiy i strukturnaya kristallografiya glinistykh mineralov (Nauka, Moscow 1964) [English transl.: Electron Diffraction Analysis of Clay Mineral Structures (Plenum, New York 1967)]

    Google Scholar 

  82. S.A. Semiletov: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 137, 584 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  83. B.B. Zvyagin, A.P. Zhuchlistov, M.G. Kyazumov, A.M. Fominenkov: Kristallografiya 35, 602 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Yu.P. Khodyrev, R.V. Baranova, S.A. Semiletov: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. 2, 2226 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  85. R.M. Imamov, V.V. Udalova: Kristallografiya 21, 907 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  86. D.L. Dorset, W.F. Tivol, J.N. Turner: Ultramicroscopy 38, 41 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. B.K. Vainshtein: Structure Analysis by Electron Diffraction ( Pergamon, Oxford 1964 )

    Google Scholar 

  88. D.L. Dorset: Ultramicroscopy 38, 23 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. V.F. Dvoryankin, B.K. Vainshtein: Kristallografiya 1, 626 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  90. R.F. Egerton: Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope ( Plenum, New York 1986 )

    Google Scholar 

  91. R.A. Goodman: Acta Crystallogr. A 31, 804 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  92. M. Tanaka, M. Terauchi: Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction. JEOL Ltd (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  93. B.F. Baxton, J.A. Eades, J.W. Steeds, G.M. Rackham: Phys. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 281, 171 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. J. Gjonnes, A.F. Moodie: Acta Crystallogr. 19, 65 (1965)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. M. Tanaka, H. Sekii, T. Nagasawa: Acta Crystallogr. A 39, 825 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. J.J. Lander: Low-Energy Electron Diffraction and Surface Structural Chemistry, Prog. Solid-State Chem. Vol.2 (Pergamon, Oxford 1965 ) p. 26

    Google Scholar 

  97. M.A. Van Hove, W.H. Weinberg, C.-M. Chan: Low-Energy Electron Diffrac-tion, Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 6 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986 )

    Google Scholar 

  98. M.C. Desjonquères, D. Spanjaard: Concepts in Surface Physics, 2nd edn. ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1996 )

    Book  Google Scholar 

  99. D.A. Gorodetsky, Yu.P. Melnik, V.K. Shklyar: Kristallografiya 23, 1093 (1978) [English transi.: Sov. Phys. — Crystallogr. 23, 620 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  100. L. Reimer: Transmission Electron Microscopy, 3rd edn., Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 36 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1993 )

    Google Scholar 

  101. Philips Tech. Rev. 43, 275 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  102. B.K. Vainshtein: Sov. Phys. Usp. 30, 393 (1987)

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. J.M. Cowley: Diffraction Physics (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1975) 4.105 O. Scherzer: J. Appl. Phys. 20, 20 (1949)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. J.C.H. Spence: Experimental High-Resolution Electron Microscopy ( Clarendon, Oxford 1981 )

    Google Scholar 

  105. K. Kambe: Ultramicroscopy 10, 223 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. J.M. Cowley, A.F. Moodie: Acta Crystallogr. 10, 609 (1957)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  107. J.M. Cowley, A.F. Moodie: Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A 76, 3378 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  108. H. Hashimoto, E. Endoh, Y. Takai, H. Tomioka, Y. Yokota: Chem. Scripta 14, 23 (1978–1979)

    Google Scholar 

  109. J.L. Hutchison, T. Honda, E.D. Boyes: JEOL news, E 24, 9 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  110. V.L. Karasev, N.A. Kiselev, E.V. Orlova, M.A. Gribelyuk, A.K. Gutakovsky, Yu.O. Kanter, S.M. Pintus, S.V. Rubanov, S.I. Stenin, A.A. Fedorov: Ultrami-croscopy 35, 11 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. M.P.A. Vieqers, A.F. De Yong, M.R. Leys: Spectrochem. Acta B 40, 835 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. J.L. Hutchison: JEOL news, E 28, 4 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  113. N.D. Zakharov, M.A. Gribeluk, B.K. Vainshtein, O.N. Rozanova, K. Ushida, S. Horinehi: Acta Crystallogr. B 39, 575 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  114. S. Hovmoller, A.Sjogren, G. Farrants, M. Sundserg, B.O. Marinder: Nature 311, 238 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. V.A. Drits, N.D. Zakharov, I.P. Khadzhi: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol. N 11, 82 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  116. R. Sinelair, F.A. Ponce, T. Yamashita, D.J. Smith, R.A. Camps, L.A. Freeman, S.J. Erasmus, W.C. Nixon, K.C.A. Smith, C.J.D. Catto: Nature 298, 127 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. L.D. Mark: Ultramicroscopy 18, 445 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. D.Y. Smith, L.D. Mark: Ultramicroscopy 16, 101 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. H. Bethge, W. Keller: Optik 23, 462 (1965/ 1966 )

    Google Scholar 

  120. G.I. Distler: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Fiz.Mat. 36, 1846 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  121. K. Yagi: Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy ( Academic, London 1989 ) p. 57

    Google Scholar 

  122. B.K. Vainshtein: Adv. Optical and Electron Microscopy, Vol.7 (Academic, London 1978 ) p. 94

    Google Scholar 

  123. P.W. Haskes, U. Valdre (eds.). Biophysical Electron Microscopy ( Academic, London 1990 )

    Google Scholar 

  124. N.A. Kiselev, D.J. De Rosier, A. Klug: J. Mol. Biol. 35, 561 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. P.N.T. Unwin, R. Henderson: J. Mol. Biol. 94, 425 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. G.I. Kosourov, I.E. Lifshits, N.A. Kiselev: Kristallografiya, 16, 813 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  127. V.P. Kosykh, A.I. Pustovskikh, V.S. Kirichuk, T. Kuhne, E.V. Orlova, V.L. Tsuprun, N.A. Kiselev: Kristallography 28, 1982 (1983) [English transl.: Sov. Phys. — Crystallogr. 28, 637 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  128. M. van Heel, J. Frank: Ultramicroscopy 6, 187 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  129. M. van Heel: Optik 82, 114 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  130. A.B. Goncharov, B.K. Vainshtein, A.I. Ryskin, A.A. Vagin: Sov. Phys. — Crystallogr. 32, 504 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  131. J. Radon: Ber. Saechs. Acad. Wiss, Leipzig, Math.-Phys. Kl., Acad. Wissen. Leipzig 69, 262 (1917)

    Google Scholar 

  132. W. Baumeister, W. Fogell (eds.): Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimensions ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1980 )

    Google Scholar 

  133. B.K. Vainsthein, S.S. Orlov: Kristallografiya 17, 253 (1972) [English transi.: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 17, 214 (1972)]

    Google Scholar 

  134. A.M. Mikhailov, B.K. Vainshtein: Kristallografiya 16, 505 (1971) [English transi.: Sov. Phys. — Crystallogr. 16, 428 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  135. M.B. Sherman, E.V. Orlova, S. Hovmoller, E.A. Smirnova, N.A. Zorin: J. Bacterol. 173, 2576 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  136. H. Hoshimoto, M. Mannami, T. Naiku: Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 253, 459 (1961)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. R. Henderson, J.M. Baldwin, T.A. Ceska, F. Zemlin, E. Beckmann, K.H. Downing: J. Mol. Biol. 213, 899 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. R. Henderson, J.W. Baldwin, K.H. Downing, J. Lepault, F. Zemlin: Ultramicroscopy 19, 147 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. J.W. Baldwin, R. Henderson, E. Beckman, F. Zemlin: J. Mol. Biol. 202 585 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. B.K. Vainshtein, G.V. Gurskaya, V.V. Barynin: Kristallografiya 16, 751 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  141. Y. Yonath, H.G. Wittmann: Trends in Biochemical Sci. 14, 329 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. M. Radermacher, W. Hoppe: Proc. 10th Int’l. Cong. on Electron Microscopy

    Google Scholar 

  143. M. Radermacher, W. Hoppe: Proc. 10th Int’l. Cong. on Electron Microscopy(1978) p.218

    Google Scholar 

  144. M. Radermacher: J. Electron Microsc. Techn. 9, 359 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. M. Radermacher, T. Wagenknecht, A. Vershoor, J. Frank: J. Microsc. 146, 113 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. A. Klug, D.J. de Rosier: Nature (London) 212, 29 (1966)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  147. R.A. Growther, D.J. de Rosier, A. Klug: Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A 317, 319 (1970)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. M. Yeager, K.A. Dryden, N.H. Olson, H.B. Greeberg, T.S. Baker: J. Cell. Biol. 110, 2133 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. T.S. Baker, W.W. Newcomb, F.P. Booy, J.C. Brown, A.C. Steven: American Soc. for Microbiology 64, 563 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  150. L. Reimer: Scanning Electron Microscopy, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol. 45 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1985 )

    Google Scholar 

  151. E.I. Givargizov: J. Cryst. Growth 20, 217 (1973)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  152. G.S. Gritsayenko, M.I. Ilyin: Izv. Akad. Nauk, SSSR Ser. Geol. 17, 21 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  153. G. Binnig, H. Rohrer: IBM J. Res. Develop. 30, 355 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  154. H.-J. Güntherodt, R. Wiesendanger (eds.): Scanning Tunneling Microscopy I, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 20 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1994 )

    Google Scholar 

  155. R. Wiesendanger, H.-J. Güntherodt (eds.): Scanning Tunneling Microscopy II, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 28 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995 )

    Google Scholar 

  156. R. Wiesendanger, H.-J. Güntherodt (eds.): Scanning Tunneling Microscopy III, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 29 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1996 )

    Google Scholar 

  157. S.I. Vasil’yev, Yu.N. Moiseyev, N.I. Nikitin, S.V. Savinov, I.V. Yaminsky: Elektron. Promyshl. 3, 36 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  158. Chunli Bai: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and its Application, Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 32 ( Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995 )

    Google Scholar 

  159. Yu.N. Moiseyev, V.I. Panov, S.V. Savinov; I.V. Yaminsky: Elektron. Promyshl. 3, 39 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  160. F. Besenbacher, K. Mortensen: Europhys. News 21, 68 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  161. T. Sakurai et al.: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 8, 251 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  162. A. Humbert et al.: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 8, 311 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  163. E. Meyer et al.: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 8, 495 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  164. C.C. Wilson: Neutron News 1, 14 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. J.R. Rabe et al.: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 8, 679 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  166. G.E. Bacon: Neutron Diffraction, 2nd edn. ( Clarendon, Oxford 1962 )

    Google Scholar 

  167. G.E. Bacon, R.S. Pease: Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A 230, 359 (1955)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  168. E. Sandor, S.O. Ogunade: Nature (London) 224, 905 (1969)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  169. N.V. Rannev, R.P. Ozerov, I.D. Datt, A.N. Kshynyakina: Kristallografiya 11, 175 (1966) [English transl.: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 11, 177 (1966)]

    Google Scholar 

  170. D.E. Cox: IEEE Trans. MAG-8, 161 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  171. C.G. Shull, W.A. Stauser, E.O. Wollan: Phys. Rev. 83, 333 (1951)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. O.P. Aleshko-Ozhevsky, I.I. Yamzin: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 56, 1217 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  173. C.G. Shull, H.A. Mook: Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 184 (1966)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  174. G.L. Squires: Introduction to the Theory of Thermal Neutron Scattering (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1978 )

    Google Scholar 

  175. R.N. Kuz’min, A.V. Kolpakov, G.S. Zhdanov: Kristallografiya 11, 511 (1966) [English transi.: Soy. Phys. — Crystallogr. 11, 457 (1967)]

    Google Scholar 

  176. A.M. Afanasiev, Yu.M. Kagan: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 48, 327 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  177. A.F. Tulinov, Yu.V. Melikov: Priroda Moscow 10, 39 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vainsthein, B.K. (1994). Structure Analysis of Crystals. In: Fundamentals of Crystals. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02975-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02975-6_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08153-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-02975-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics