Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Deep-Sea Sedimentation

  • Chapter
The Geology of Continental Margins

Abstract

In a volume on the geology of continental margins, a section on deep-sea sediments would seem in need of explanation. First, deep-sea sedimentation includes both the eupelagic and the hemipelagic facies domain, the latter being greatly influenced by continental margin effects. Second, all oceanic sedimentation is part of a global geochemical system, so processes in one realm have profound effects on sedimentation in the other. Third, the plate tectonics paradigm provides for long-term interaction between continental and oceanic crust at the continental margins. Thus a record can be preserved, however jumbled, of the workings of the biogeochemical fractionation apparatus that is the world ocean—be it obscure, as in the rocks and ore bodies of Andean mountains, or in ophiolite suites and ancient pelagic sediments of the Alpine chains.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Adelseck, C. G., and Berger, W. H., 1974, Planktonic foraminifera. dissolution during settling or on the sea floor? Cushman Found. Foram. Res. Spec. Publ. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrhenius, G., 1952, Sediment cores from the east Pacific. Rept. Swedish Deep Sea Exped. (1947–1948), Vol. 5, pts. 1–4, p. 1–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrhenius, G., 1963, Pelagic sediments, in Hill, M. N., ed., The sea, Vol. 3. New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 655–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrhenius, G., 1967, Deep sea sedimentation, a critical review of U.S. work 1963–1967. Rept. 14th Gen. Assembly Internatl. Union Geodesy and Geophys. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. Ref. 67–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrhenius, G., and Bonatti, E., 1965, Neptunism and volcanism in the ocean, in Koczy, F., and Sears, M., eds., Progress in oceanography, Vol. 3. Elmsford, N.Y., Pergamon Press, p. 7–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacon, M. P., and Edmond, J. M., 1972, Barium at Geosecs III in the southwest Pacific. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 66–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bada, J. L., and Schroeder, R. A., 1972, Racemization of isoleucine in calcareous marine sediments. kinetics and mechanism. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 15, p. 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandy, O. L., 1960, The geological significance of coiling ratios in the foraminifer Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg). Jour. Paleontology, Vol. 34, no. 4, p. 671–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, S. S., 1967, Minor element composition of ferro- manganese nodules. Science, Vol. 157, p. 63–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, S. S., and Dymond, J. R., 1967, Rates of accumulation of ferromanganese nodules. Nature, Vol. 213, p. 12181219.

    Google Scholar 

  • B6, A. W. H., and Tolderlund, D. S., 1971, Distribution and ecology of living planktonic foraminifera in surface waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans, in Funnell, B. M., and Riedel, W. R., eds., The micro-palaeontology of oceans. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 105–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beall, A. O., and Fischer, A. G., 1969, Sedimentology. Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 1. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 521–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, M. L., 1972, Manganese nodules, in Fairbridge, R. W., ed., The encyclopedia of geochemistry and environmental sciences. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, p. 673–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, M. L., Ku, T. L., and Broecker, W. S., 1966, Manganese nodules. their evolution. Science, Vol. 151, no. 3708, p. 325–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, M. L., Ku, T. L., and Broecker, W. S., 1970, Accumulation rates of manganese in pelagic sediments and nodules. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 8, p. 143–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, M. L., Broecker, W., Gornitz, V., Middel, V., Kay, R., Scen, S. S., and Biscaye, P., 1971, Geochemistry of three cores from the East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 12, p. 425–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, W. E., Gerrard, R. D., and Hay, W. W., 1970, Summary and conclusions. Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 4. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 659–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., 1967, Foraminiferal ooze. solution at depths. Science, Vol. 156, p. 383–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., 1968, Planktonic foraminifera. selective solution and paleoclimatic interpretation. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 31–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., 1970a, Biogeneous deep-sea sediments. fractionation by deep-sea circulation. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 81, p. 1385–1402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., 1970b, Planktonic foraminifera. selective solution and the lysocline. Marine Geology, Vol. 8, p. 111–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., 1971, Sedimentation of planktonic foraminifera. Marine Geology, Vol. 11, p. 325–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., 1972, Deep-sea carbonates. dissolution facies and age-depth constancy. Nature, Vol. 236, no. 5347, p. 392–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., 1973a, Cenozoic sedimentation in the eastern tropical Pacific. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 84, p. 1941–1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., 1973b, Deep-sea carbonates. Pleistocene dissolution cycles. Jour. Foram. Res., Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 187–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., 1973c, Deep-sea carbonates. evidence for a coccolith lysocline. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 20, p. 917–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., and Gardner, J. V., 1974, On the determination of temperatures of the Pleistocene ocean. J. Foram. Res. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., and Soutar, A., 1970, Preservation of plankton shells in an anaerobic basin off California. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 81, p. 275–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., and von Rad, U., 1972, Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments from the Atlantic Ocean. Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 14. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 787–954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, W. H., and Winterer, E. L., 1974, Plate stratigraphy and the fluctuating carbonate line, in Hsli, K. J., and Jenkyns, H., eds., Pelagic sediments on land and under the sea. Spec. Publ. Internati. Assoc. Sedimentologists (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berggren, W. A., 1972, A Cenozoic time scale-some implications for regional geology and paleobiogeography. Lethaia, Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 195–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner, R. A., 1965, Activity coefficients of bicarbonate, carbonate and calcium ions in sea water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 29, no. 8, p. 947–965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner, R. A., 1971, Principles of chemical sedimentology. New York, McGraw-Hill, 240 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezrukov, P. L., and Andrushchenko, P. F., 1973, Iron-manganese concretions of the Indian Ocean. Internatl. Geol. Res., Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 342–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bien, G. S., Contois, D. E., and Thomas, W. H., 1959, The removal of soluble silica from fresh water entering the sea, in Ireland, H. A., ed., Silica in sediments. Tulsa, Okla., Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Publ. 7, p. 20–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biscaye, P. E., 1965, Mineralogy and sedimentation of Recent deep-sea clay in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 76, p. 803–832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff, J. L., and Sayles, F. L., 1972, Pore fluid and mineralogical studies of recent marine sediments. Bauer depression region of East Pacific Rise. Jour. Sediment. Petrology, Vol. 42, p. 711–724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, A., 1966, Pleistocene stratigraphy of cores from the southeast Pacific Ocean [Ph.D. thesis]. Univ. California, San Diego, 200 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogoyavlenskiy, A. N., 1967, Distribution and migration of dissolved silica in oceans. Internatl. Geol. Rev., Vol. 9, no. 2, p. 133–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., 1963, Zeolites in Pacific pelagic sediments. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., ser. II, Vol. 25, no. 8, p. 938–948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., and Joensuu, O., 1966, Deep-sea iron deposits from the South Pacific. Science, Vol. 154, p. 643–645.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström, K., and Peterson, M. N. A., 1966, Precipitates from hydrothermal exhalations on the East Pacific Rise. Econ. Geology, Vol. 61, p. 1258–1265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., and Peterson, M. N. A., 1969, The origin of aluminum-poor ferromanganoan sediments in areas of high heat flow on the East Pacific Rise. Marine Geology, Vol. 7, p. 427–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., Kraemer, T., and Gartner, S., 1973, Provenance and accumulation rates of opaline silica, Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Co in Pacific pelagic sediments. Chem. Geology, Vol. 11, p. 123–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, W. H., Piggot, C. S., Bramlette, M. N., Cushman, J. A., Henbest, L. G., Lohman, K. E., Tressler, W. L., Rehder, H. A., Clarke, A. H., Trask, P. D., Patrode, H. W., Stimson, J. L., Gay, J. R., Edgington, G., and Byers, H. G., 1942, Geology and biology of North Atlantic deep-sea cores between Newfoundland and Ireland. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 196, p. 1–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, J. S., 1959, Ecology of living planktonic foraminifera in the North and Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Contrib. Cushman Found. Foram. Res., Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 25–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramlette, M. N., 1946, The Monterey Formation of California and the origin of its siliceous rocks. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 212, p. 1–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramlette, M. N., 1958, Significance of coccolithophorids in calcium-carbonate deposition. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 69, p. 121–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramlette, M. N., 1961, Pelagic sediments, in Sears, M., ed., Oceanography. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 67, p. 345–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramlette, M. N., and Bradley, W. H., 1942, Geology and biology of North Atlantic deep-sea cores, pt. 1, Lithology and geological interpertations. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 196-A, p. 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W. S., 1966, Absolute dating and the astronomical theory of glaciation. Science, Vol. 151, p. 299–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W. S., 1971a, A kinetic model for the chemical composition of sea water. Quaternary Res., Vol. 1, no. 2, p. 188–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W. S., 1971b, Calcite accumulation rates and glacial to interglacial changes in oceanic mixing, in Turekian, K. K., ed., The late Cenozoic glacial ages. New Haven, Conn., Yale Univ. Press, p. 239–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W. S., and Broecker, S., 1974, Carbonate dissolution on the flank of the East Pacific Rise. Soc. Econ. Geologists and Paleontologists Spec. Paper (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W. S., and van Donk, J., 1970, Insolation changes, ice volumes, and the 018 record in deep-sea cores. Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys., Vol. 8, no. 1, p. 169–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W. S., Turekian, K. K., and Heeren, B. C., 1958, The relation of deep-sea sedimentation rates to variations in climate. Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 256, p. 503–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broecker, W. S., Ewing, M., and Heeren, B. C., 1960, Evidence for an abrupt change in climate close to 11,000 years ago. Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 258, p. 429–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burckle, L. H., Ewing, J., Saito, T., and Leyden, R., 1967, Tertiary sediment from the East Pacific Rise. Science, Vol. 157, no. 3788, p. 537–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, J. D., and Liss, P. L., 1968, Ocean budget on dissolved silicon. Nature, Vol. 220, no. 5170, p. 905–906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, J. D., and Liss, P. S., 1973, Processes of supply and removal of dissolved silicon in the oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 37, p. 1761–1773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, S. E., 1966, Accumulation of diatomaceous silica in the sediments of the Gulf of California. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 77, no. 6, p. 569–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, S. E., 1968, Silica balance in the ocean and diagenesis. Nature, Vol. 2219, p. 919–920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, S. E., 1971, Nature of silica phases in deep sea cherts of the North Atlantic. Nature Phys. Sci., Vol. 234, no. 50, p. 133–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, S. E., 1974, Deposition and diagenesis of silica in marine sediments, in Hsii, K. J., and Kenkyns, H., eds., Pelagic sediments on land and under the sea. Spec. Publ. Internatl. Assoc. Sedimentologists, Vol. 1 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, D., 1970, Clay minerals in Arctic Ocean sea-floor sediments. Jour. Sediment. Petrology, Vol. 40, no. 3, p. 788–854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, D., 1970, Clay minerals in Arctic Ocean sea-floor sediments. Chemical Geology, Vol. 11, p. 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlin, T. C., 1906, On a possible reversal of deep-sea circulation and its influence on geologic climates. Jour. Geology, Vol. 14, p. 363–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chave, K. E., and Schmalz, R. F., 1966, Carbonate-seawater interactions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 39, no. 10, p. 1037–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chave, K. E., and Suess, E., 1967, Suspended minerals in seawater. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., ser. 11, Vol. 29, p. 991–1000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, T. J., and Mantyla, A. W., 1965, Inorganic nutrient anions in deep ocean waters. Nature, Vol. 206, no. 4982, p. 383–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cifelli, R., and Sachs, K. N., 1966, Abundance relationships of planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 13, p. 751–753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clague, D. A., and Jarrard, R. D., 1973, Tertiary Pacific plate motion deduced from the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 84, p. 1135–1154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conolly, J. R., and Ewing, M., 1965, Ice-rafted detritus as a climatic indicator in Antarctic deep-sea cores. Science, Vol. 150, p. 1822–1824.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corliss, J. B., 1971, The origin of metal-bearing hydrothermal solutions. Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 76, p. 8128–8138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correns, C. W., 1939, Pelagic sediments of the North Atlantic Ocean, in Trask, P. D., ed., Recent marine sediments. Tulsa, Okla., Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., p. 373–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, H., Chung, Y., and Fiadeiro, M., 1972, A benthic front in the South Pacific. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 50–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croll, J., 1875, Climate and time. London, Daldy, Isbister and Co., 577 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, D. S., 1972, Regional geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules in the world ocean, in Horn, D. R., ed., Ferromanganese deposits on the ocean floor. Washington, D.C., Natl. Sci. Found., p. 19–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dansgaard, W., and Tauber, H., 1969, Glacier oxygen-18 content and Pleistocene ocean temperatures. Science, Vol. 166, p. 499–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasch, E. J., 1969, Strontium isotopes in weathering profiles, deep-sea sediment, and sedimentary rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 33 (12), p. 1521–1552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasch, E. J., Dymond, J. R., and Heath, G. R., 1971, Isotopic analysis of metalliferous sediment from the East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 13, p. 175–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donahue, J. G., 1967, Diatoms as indicators of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in the Pacific sector of the southern ocean. Progr. Oceanogr., Vol. 4, p. 133–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duplessy, J. C., Lalou, C., and Vinot, A. C., 1970, Differential isotopic fractionation in benthic foraminifera and paleotemperatures reassessed. Science, Vol. 168, p. 250–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymond, J., Corliss, J. B., Heath, G. R., Field, C. W., Dasch, E. J., and Veeh, H. H., 1973, Origin of metalliferous sediments from the Pacific Ocean. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 84, p. 3355–3372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, J. M., 1971, An interpretation of the calcite spheres experiment (abstr.). EOS (Trans. Am. Geophys. Union), Vol. 52, p. 256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, J. M., 1972, The thermodynamic description of the CO2 system in sea water. development and current status. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, ser. B, Vol. 72, p. 371–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, J. M., and Gieskes, J. M., 1970, On the calculation of the degree of saturation of sea water with respect to calcium carbonate under in situ conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 34, p. 1261–1291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emiliani, C., 1955, Pleistocene temperatures. Jour. Geology, Vol. 63, no. 6, p. 538–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emiliani, C., 1961, The temperature decrease of surface seawater in high latitudes and of abyssal-hadal water in open oceanic basins during the past 75 million years. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 8, p. 144–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emiliani, C., 1966, Paleotemperature analysis of Caribbean cores P6304–8 and P6304–9 and a generalized temperature curve for the past 425,000 years. Jour. Geology, Vol. 74, no. 2, p. 109–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emiliani, C., 1971, The amplitude of Pleistocene climatic cycles at low latitudes and the isotopic composition of glacial ice, in Turekian, K. K., ed., The late Cenozoic glacial ages. New Haven, Conn., Yale Univ. Press, p. 183–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emiliani, C., 1972, Quaternary paleotemperatures and the duration of the high temperature intervals. Science, Vol. 178, p. 398–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emiliani, C., and Rona, E., 1969, Caribbean cores P6304–8 and P6304–9. new analysis of absolute chronology. A. reply. Science, Vol. 166, p. 1551–1552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emiliani, C., and Shackleton, N. J., 1974, The Brunhes Epoch. isotopic paleotemperatures and geochronology. Science, Vol. 183, p. 511–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericson, D. B., and Wain, G., 1968, Pleistocene climates and chronology in deep-sea sediments. Science, Vol. 162, p. 1227–1234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericson, D. B., Broecker, W. S., Kulp, J. L., and Wollin, G., 1956, Late-Pleistocene climates and deep-sea sediments. Science, Vol. 124, no. 3218, p. 385–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, M., Wohn, G., and Heezen, B. C., 1961, Atlantic deep-sea sediment cores. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 72, no. 2, p. 193–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, M., and Landisman, M., 1961, Shape and structure of ocean basins, in Sears, M., ed., Oceanography. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 67, p. 3–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanning, K. A., and Pilson, M. E. Q., 1971, Interstitial silica and pH in marine sediments. some effects of sampling procedures. Science, Vol. 173, p. 1228–1231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanning, K. A., and Pilson, M. E. Q., 1973, The lack of inorganic removal of dissolved silica during river-ocean mixing. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 37, p. 2405–2415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanning, K. A., and Schink, D. R., 1969, Interaction of marine sediments with dissolved silica. Limnol. Oceanogr., Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, A. G., Heezen, B. C., Boyce, R. E., Bukry, D., Douglas, R. G., Garrison, R. E., Kling, S. A., Krasheninnikov, V., and Lisitzin, A. P., 1970, Geological history of the western north Pacific. Science, Vol. 168, p. 1210–1214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fomina, L. S., 1962, The oxidation-reduction processes in bottom sediments of the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Tr. Inst. Okeanol. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Vol. 54, p. 158–169 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Funnell, B. M., and Riedel, W. R., eds., 1971, The micropaleontology of oceans. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 828 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrels, R. M., and Mackenzie, F. T., 1971, Evolution of sedimentary rocks. New York, Norton, 397 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, S., Jr., 1970, Seafloor spreading, carbonate dissolution level, and the nature of horizon A. Science, Vol. 169, p. 1077–1079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, T. G., and Towe, K. G., 1971, Eocene volcanism and the origin of horizon A. Science, Vol. 172, p. 152–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gieskes, J. M., 1974, The alkalinity-total carbon dioxide system in seawater, in Goldberg, E. D., ed., The sea, Vol. 5. New York, Wiley-Interscience, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, E. D., 1954, Marine geochemistry. 1. Chemical scavengers of the sea. Jour. Geology, Vol. 62, no. 3, p. 249–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, E. D., 1974, The sea, Vol. 5. New York, Wiley-Interscience (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, E. D., and Griffin, J. J., 1970, The sediments of the northern Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 17, p. 513–537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goll, R. G., and Bjarklund, K. R., 1971, Radiolaria in surface sediments of the North Atlantic Ocean. Micropaleontology, Vol. 17, no. 4, p. 434–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodell, H. G., Meyland, M. A., and Grant, B., 1971, Ferromanganese deposits of the south Pacific Ocean, Drake Passage, and Scotia Sea. Antarctic Res. Ser., Vol. 15, p. 27–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, J. J., and Goldberg, E. D., 1963, Clay mineral distributions in the Pacific Ocean, in Hill, M. N., ed., The sea, Vol. 3. New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 728–741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, J. J., Windom, H., and Goldberg, E. D., 1968, The distribution of clay minerals in the world ocean. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 15, no. 4, p. 433–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grill, E. V., 1970, A mathematical model for the marine dissolved silicate cycle. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 17, p. 245–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gripenberg, S., 1934, A study of the sediments of the north Baltic and adjoining seas. Haysforskningsinst. Skr., Vol. 96, p. 1–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallam, A., ed., 1967, Depth indicators in marine sedimentary environments. Marine Geology, Vol. 5, no. 5–6, p. 329–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R. C., 1966, Biological buffering of oceanic silica. Nature, Vol. 212, p. 275–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, R., 1970, Chemical exchange between sea water and deep ocean basalts. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 9, p. 269–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, M., 1964, Zur Geochemie von Mangan und Eisen in der Ostsee. Meyniana, Vol. 14, p. 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, H. W., 1957, The chemistry and fertility of sea waters. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 240 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay, W. W., ed., 1974, Geologic history of the oceans. Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Publ. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, D. E., Pimm, A. C., Beckmann, J. P., Benson, W. E., Berger, W. H., Roth, P. H., Supko, P. R., and von Rad, U., 1972, Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 14. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 975 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, J. D., 1965, Radiolaria and late Tertiary and Quaternary history of Antarctic seas, in Biology of the Antarctic seas II. Am. Geophys. Union, Antarctic Res. Ser., Vol. 5, p. 125–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, J. D., Saito, T., Opdyke, N. D., and Burckle, L. H., 1969, Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments of the equatorial Pacific. their paleomagnetic, biostratigraphic and climatic record. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 80, p. 1481–1514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, G. R., 1969a, Carbonate sedimentation in the abyssal Equatorial Pacific during the past 50 million years. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 80, p. 689–694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, G. R., 1969b, Mineralogy of Cenozoic deep-sea sediments from the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 80, p. 1997–2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, G. R., 1973, Cherts from the eastern Pacific, Leg 16, in Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 16. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 609–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, G. R., 1974, Dissolved silica and deep sea sediments, in Hay, W. W., ed., Geologic history of the oceans. Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Publ., (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, G. R., and Culberson, C., 1970, Calcite. degree of saturation, rate of dissolution, and the compensation depth in the deep oceans. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 81, no. 10, p. 3157–3160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, G. R., and Dymond, J., 1973, Interstitial silica in deepsea sediments from the North Pacific. Geology, Vol. 1, p 181–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, G. R., and Moberly, R., Jr., 1971, Cherts form the western Pacific, Leg 7, in Initial reports Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 7. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 991–1007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, A. D., 1973, A model for determining Pleistocene paleotemperatures from planktonic foraminiferal assemblages. Micropaleontology, Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 68–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heezen, B. C., and Hollister, C., 1964, Turbidity currents and glaciation, in Nairn, A. E. M., ed., Problems in paleoclimatology. New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 99–109, 11–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heezen, B. C., MacGregor, I. D., Foreman, H. P., Forristal, G., Hekel, H., Hesse, R., Hoskins, R. H., Jones, E. J. W., Kaneps, A., Krasheninnikov, Vol. A., Okada, H., and Ruff, M. H., 1973, Diachronous deposits. a kinematic interpretation of the post-Jurassic sedimentary sequence on the Pacific Plate. Nature, Vol. 241, no. 5384, p. 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heim, A., 1878, Untersuchungen uber den Mechanismus der Gebirgsbildung, Bd. II, Schwabe, Basel, 246 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, H. H., 1962, History of ocean basins, in Engel, A. E. J., et al., eds., Petrologic studies. a volume to honor A. F. Buddington. New York, Geol. Soc. America, p. 599–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, M. N., ed., 1963, The sea, Vol. 3. New York, WileyInterscience, 693 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, D. R., Horn, B. M., and Delach, M. N., 1972, Distribution of ferromanganese deposits in the world ocean, in Horn, D. R., ed., Ferromanganese deposits on the ocean floor. Harriman, N.Y., Arden House, p. 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsii, K. J., and Andrews, J. E., 1970, History of South Atlantic Basin, in Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 3. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 464–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurd, D. C., 1972, Factors affecting solution rate of biogenic opal in sea water. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 15, no. 4, p. 411–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurd, D. C., 1973, Interactions of biogenic opal, sediment, and seawater in the central equatorial Pacific. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 37, p. 2257–2282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, P. M., Heezen, B. C., Pinson, W. H., and Fair-bairn, H. W., 1963, K-Ar age values in pelagic sediments of the North Atlantic. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 27, p. 393–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, T. H., 1894, Discourses-biological and geological essays. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 388 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imbrie, J., and Kipp, N. G., 1971, A new micropaleontological method for quantitative paleoclimatology. application to a late Pleistocene Caribbean core, in Turekian, K. K., ed., The late Cenozoic glacial ages. New Haven, Conn., Yale Univ. Press, p. 71–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isacks, B., Oliver, J., and Sykes, L. R., 1968, Seismology and the new global tectonics. Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 73, p. 5855–5899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. L., Levelt, T. W. M., Syers, J. K., Rex, R. W., Clayton, R. N., Sherman, G. D., and Nehara, G., 1971, Geomorphological relationships of tropospherically derived quartz in the soils of the Hawaiian Islands. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. America, Vol. 35, no. 4, p. 515–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, M. B., and Hays, J. D., 1972, Paleo-climatic events indicated by mineralogical changes in deep-sea sediment. Jour. Sediment. Petrology, Vol. 42, no. 4, p. 889–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkyns, H. C., 1970, Fossil manganese nodules from the west Sicilian Jurassic. Eclogae Geol. Helv., Vol. 63, no. 3, p. 741–774.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. C., 1974, The dissolution of siliceous micro-fossils in surface sediments of the eastern tropical Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanaya, T., and Koizumi, 1966, Interpretation of diatom thanatocoenoses from the North Pacific applied to a study of core V20–130. Studies of a deep-sea core V20–130, pt. IV. Sci. Rept. Tohoku Univ. Second Ser., Vol. 37, p. 89–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, I. R., and Rittenberg, S. C., 1963, Basin sedimentation and diagenesis, in Hill, M. N., ed., The sea, Vol. 3, New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 583–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowsmann, R., 1973, Coarse components in surface sediments of the Panama Basin, eastern equatorial Pacific. Jour. Geology, Vol. 81, p. 473–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ku, T. L., and Broecker, W. S., 1969, Radiochemical studies on manganese nodules of deep-sea origin. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 16, p. 625–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuenen, P. H., 1950, Marine geology. New York, Wiley, 568 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvenvolden, K. A., Peterson, E., Wehmiller, J., and Hare, P. E., 1973, Racemization of amino acids in marine sediments determined by gas chromatography. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 37, p. 2215–2225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancelot, Y., 1973, Chert and silica diagenesis in sediments from the central Pacific, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 17. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 377–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • LePichon, X., 1968, Sea-floor spreading and continental drift. Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 73, p. 3661–3697.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, J. C., 1962, Silification, in Lewin, R. A., ed., Physiology and biochemistry of algae. New York, Academic Press, p. 445–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y-H., Bischoff, J., and Mathieu, G., 1969, The migration of manganese in the Arctic Basin sediment. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 7, p. 265–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. H., Takahashi, T., and Broecker, W. S., 1969, Degree of saturation of CaCO3 in the oceans. Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 74, p. 5507–5525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisitzin, A. P., 1966, Basic relationships in distribution of modern siliceous sediments and their connection with climatic zonation (in Russian), in Geockhimia kremnezema. Moscow, Nauka, p. 90–191; Engl. transi. (1967). Internatl. Geol. Res., Vol. 9, no. 5, p. 631–652; no. 6, p. 842–865; no. 7, p. 980–1004; no. 8, p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisitzin, A. P., 1971a, Distribution of siliceous microfossils in suspension and in bottom sediments, in Funnell, B. M., and Riedel, W. R., eds., The micropaleontology of oceans. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 173–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisitzin, A. P., 1971b, Distribution of carbonate microfossils in suspension and in bottom sediments, in Funnell, B. M., and Riedel, W. R., eds., The micropaleontology of oceans. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 197–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisitzin, A. P., 1972, Sedimentation in the world ocean. Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Publ. 17, p. 1–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liss, P. S., and Spencer, C. P., 1970, Abiological processes in the removal of silicate from seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 34, p. 1073–1088.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, D. A., 1963, Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 440-G, 64 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ljunggren, P., 1953, Some data concerning the formation of manganiferous and ferriferous bog ores. Geol. Foren. Forh., Vol. 75, p. 277–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyakhin, Y. I., 1968, Saturation of the Pacific waters with calcium carbonate. Okeanologiia, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Vol. 8, no. 1, p. 58–68 (In Russian, with Engl. abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, D. C., and Bonatti, E., 1965, Mobility of manganese in the diagenesis of deep-sea sediments. Marine Geology, Vol. 3, p. 457–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, F. T., and Garrels, R. M., 1965, Silicates. reactivity with sea water. Science, Vol. 150, p. 57–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, F. T., Garrels, R. M., Bricker, O. P., and Brickley, F., 1967, Silica in sea waters. control by silica minerals. Science, Vol. 155, no. 5768, p. 1404–1405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manheim, F. T., 1965, Manganese-iron accumulation in the shallow marine environment. Rhode Island, Narragansett Marine Lab., Symp. Marine geochemistry Occas. Publ. 3, p. 217–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattson, P. H., and Pessagno, E. A., Jr., 1971, Caribbean Eocene volcanism and the extent of horizon A.. Science, Vol. 174, p. 138–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, A. E., ed., 1970, The sea, Vol. 4, pts. 1, 2. New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 664, 791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, A. E., von Herzen, R. P., Andrews, J. E., Boyce, R. E., Milow, E. D., Hsu, K. J., Percival, S. F., and Saito, T., 1970, Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 3. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 806 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, A., 1967, Coccoliths as paleoclimatic indicators of Pleistocene glaciation. Science, Vol. 158, p. 1314–1317.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, A., and McIntyre, R., 1971, Coccolith concentrations and differential solution in oceanic sediments, in Funnell, B. M., and Riedel, W. R., eds., The micro-paleontology of oceans. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 253–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, A., Ruddiman, W. F., and Jantzen, R., 1972, Southward penetrations of the North Atlantic Polar Front. faunal and floral evidence of large-scale surface water mass movement over the last 225,000 years. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 19, p. 61–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, D. P., and Parker, R. L., 1967, The North Pacific. an example of tectonics on a sphere. Nature, Vol. 216, p. 1276–1280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehmel, M., 1939, Application of x-ray methods to the investigation of recent sediments, in Trask, P. D., ed., Recent marine sediments. Tulsa, Okla., Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., p. 616–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menard, H. W., 1964, Marine geology of the Pacific. New York, McGraw-Hill, 271 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menard, H. W., 1969, Elevation and subsidence of oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 6, p. 275–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mero, J. L., 1962, Ocean-floor manganese nodules. Econ. Geology, Vol. 57, p. 747–767.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mero, J. L., 1965, The mineral resources of the sea. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 312 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. C., 1969, Radiolaria. change in skeletal weight and resistance to solution. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 80, p. 2103–2108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. C., 1972, Deep Sea Drilling Project. successes, failures, proposals. Geotimes, Vol. 17, p. 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. C., Heath, G. R., and Kowsmann, O., 1973, Biogenic sediments of the Panama Basin. Jour. Geology, Vol. 81, no. 4, p. 458–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, W. J., 1968, Rises, trenches, great faults and crustal blocks. Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 73, p. 19591982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, J. W., and Berner, R. A., 1972, Dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate in sea water. II. A kinetic origin for the lysocline. Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 272, no. 9, p. 840–851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., and Hjort, J., 1912, The depths of the ocean. New York, Macmillan, 821 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., and Irvine, R., 1891, On silica and the siliceous remains of organisms in modern seas. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. XVIII, p. 229–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., and Irvine, R., 1894, On the manganese oxide and manganese nodules in marine deposits. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. 37, p. 721–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., and Philippi, E., 1908, Die grandproben der Deutsches Tiefsee Expedition, 1898–1899. Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exped. Valdivia, Vol. 10, p. 77–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., and Renard, A. F., 1891, Report on deep-sea deposits based on the specimens collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger in the years 1872 to 1876. Rept. Voyage Challenger. London, Longmans, 525 p. (reprinted ( 1965 ). New York, Johnson Reprint Co. ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigrini, C., 1970, Radiolarian assemblages in the North Pacific and their application to a study of Quaternary sediments in core V20–130. Geol. Soc. America Mem. 126, p. 139–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olausson, E., 1961, Remarks on some Cenozoic core sequences from the central Pacific, with a discussion of the role of coccolithophorids and foraminifera in carbonate deposition. Göteborg Kungl. Vetenskapsoch Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar. Sjätte Följden, ser. B., Bd. 8, no. 10, p. 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olausson, E., 1965, Evidence of climatic changes in North Atlantic deep-sea cores, with remarks on isotopic paleotemperature analysis. Progr. Oceanography, Vol. 3, p. 221–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olausson, E., 1966, Calcareous oozes, in Fairbridge, R. W., ed., The encyclopedia of oceanography. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, p. 76–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olausson, E., 1967, Climatological, geoeconomical and paleooceanographical aspects on carbonate deposition, in Sears, ed., Progress in oceanography, Vol. 4. Elmsford, N.Y., Pergamon Press, p. 245–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opdyke, N. D., 1972, Paleomagnetism of deep-sea cores. Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys., Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 213–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opdyke, N. D., and Foster, J. H., 1970, Paleomagnetism of cores from the North Pacific. Geol. Soc. America Mem. 126, p. 83–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovey, D. C., 1950, On the interpretation of climatic variations as revealed by a study of samples from an equatorial Atlantic deep-sea core. Centenary Proc. Roy. Meteorolog. Soc., p. 211–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, F. L., and Berger, W. H., 1971, Faunal and solution patterns of planktonic foraminifers in surface sediments of the South Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 18, p. 73–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patin, S. A., and Tkachenko, Vol. N., 1972, Biogeochemistry of thorium isotopes in the ocean; Geochemistry Internatl., Vol. 9, no. 4, p. 697–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, M. N. A., 1966, Calcite. rates of dissolution in a vertical profile in the central Pacific. Science, Vol. 154, p. 1542–1544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, M. N. A., and Goldberg, Edward E., 1962, Feldspar distributions in South Pacific pelagic sediments. Jour. of Geophysical Res., Vol. 67. 9, p. 3477–3492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, M. N. A., Edgar, N. T., Cita, M., Gartner, S., Goll, R., Nigrini, C, and von der Borch, C., 1970, Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 2. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 501 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philippi, E., 1910, Die Grundproben der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. Deutsch Sudpolar Expedition. II. Geographie Geologie, p. 415–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phleger, F. B., 1948, Foraminifera of a submarine core form the Caribbean Sea. Medd. Oceanogr. Inst. i Goteborg, Vol. 16, p. 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phleger, F. B., Parker, F. L., and Peirson, J. F., 1953, North Atlantic foraminifera. Rept. Swedish Deep Sea Exped., Vol. 7, p. 1–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pia, J., 1933, Die Rezenten Kalksteine. Leipzig, Akademischer Verlag, 420 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piper, D. Z., 1973, Origin of metalliferous sediments from the East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 19, p. 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratje, O., 1951, Die KieselsaĂĽreorganismen des Stidatlantischen Oceans als Leitformen in den Bodenablagerungen. Deut. Hydrograph. Z., Vol. 4, p. 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Presley, B. J., Brooks, R. R., and Kaplan, I. R., 1967, Manganese and related elements in the interstitial water of marine sediments. Science, Vol. 158, p. 906–910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, N. B., and Calvert, S. E., 1970, Compositional variation in Pacific Ocean ferromanganese nodules and its relationship to sediment accumulation rates. Marine Geology, Vol. 9, p. 145–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pytkowicz, R. M., 1968, The carbon dioxide-carbonate system at high pressures in the oceans. Ann. Rev. Oceanogr. Marine Biology, Vol. 6, p. 83–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pytkowicz, R. M., and Fowler, G. A., 1967, Solubility of foraminifera in sea water at high pressures. Geochem. Jour., Vol. 1, p. 169–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radczewski, O. E., 1939, Eolion deposits in marine sediments, in Trask, P. D., ed., Recent marine sediments. Tulsa, Okla., Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol., p. 496–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, A. T. S., 1973, A history of organic siliceoussediments in oceans. Paleontology Spec. Paper 12, p. 199–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, A. T. S., ed., 1974, Oceanic micropaleontology, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rateev, M. A., Gorbunova, Z. N., Lisitzin, A. P., and Nosov, G. L., 1969, The distribution of clay minerals in the oceans. Sedimentology, Vol. 13, p. 21–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redfield, A. C., Ketchum, B. H., and Richards, F. A., 1963, The influence of organisms on the composition of sea water, in Hill, M. N., ed., The sea, Vol. 2. New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 26–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revelle, R. R., 1944, Marine bottom samples collected in the Pacific Ocean by the CARNEGIE on its seventh cruise. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 556, p. 1–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revelle, R. R., and Fairbridge, R., 1957, Carbonates and carbon dioxide. Geol. Soc. America Mem. 67, no. 1, p. 239–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revelle, R. R., Bramlette, M. N., Arrhenius, G., and Goldberg, E. D., 1955, Pelagic sediments of the Pacific. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 62, p. 221–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rex, R. W., and Goldberg, E. D., 1958, Quartz contents of pelagic sediments of the Pacific Ocean. Tellus, Vol. X, no. 1, p. 153–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rex, R. W., Syers, J. K., Jackson, M. L., and Clayton, R. N., 1969, Eolian origin of quartz in soils of Hawaiian Islands and in Pacific pelagic sediments. Science, Vol. 163, p. 277–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riedel, W. R., 1959, Siliceous organic remains in pelagic sediments. Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Publ. 7, p. 80–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riedel, W. R., 1963, The preserved record. paleontolgoy of pelagic sediments, in Hill, M. N., ed., The sea, Vol. 3. New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 866–887.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riedel, W. R., 1967, Radiolaria evidence consistent with spreading of the Pacific floor. Science, Vol. 157, p. 540–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riedel, W. R., 1971, The occurrence of pre-Quaternary radiolaria in deep-sea sediments, in Funnell, B. M., and Riedel, W. R., eds., The micropaleontology of oceans. London, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 567–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riedel, W. R., and Funnell, B. M., 1964, Tertiary sediment cores and microfossils from the Pacific Ocean Floor. Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., Vol. 120, p. 305–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, J. P., and Chester, R., eds., 1974, Treatise on chemical oceanography, Vol. 3. New York, Academic Press, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, J. P., and Skirrow, G., eds., 1965, Chemical oceanography, Vol. 2. New York, Academic Press, 508 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rona, E., and Emiliani, C., 1969, Absolute dating of Caribbean cores P6304–8 and P6304–9. Science, Vol. 163, p. 66–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosholt, J. N., Emiliani, C., Geiss, J., Koczy, F. F., and Wangersky, P. J., 1961, Absolute dating of deep-sea cores by the Pa231/Th23O method. Jour. Geology, Vol. 69, p. 162–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, P. H., and Berger, W. H., 1974, Comparison of dissolution patterns in coccoliths and foraminifera. Cushman Found. Foram. Res. Spec. Publ., (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddiman, W. F., 1971, Pleistocene sedimentation in the equatorial Atlantic. stratigraphy and faunal paleoclimatology. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 82, p. 283–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddiman, W. F., and Heezen, B. C., 1967, Differential solution of planktonic foraminifera. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 14, p. 801–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddiman, W. F., and McIntyre, A., 1973, Time-transgressive deglacial retreat of polar waters from the North Atlantic. Quaternary Res., Vol. 3, p. 117–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Runcorn, S. K., 1956, Paleomagnetic comparisons between Europe and North America. Proc. Geol. Assoc. Can., Vol. 8, p. 77–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, W. M., 1966, Manganese nodules. thorium-230/ protactinium-231 ratios. Science, Vol. 154, p. 646–647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneiderman, N., 1973, Deposition of coccoliths in the compensation zone of the Atlantic Ocean, in Smith, L. A., and Hardenbol, J., eds., Proceeding of symposium on calcareous nannofossils. Houston, Texas, Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 140–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schott, W., 1935, Die Foraminiferen in dem aquatorialen Teil des Atlantischen Ozeans. Deut. Atl. Exped. Meteor, 1925–1927, Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 43–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrader, H. J., 1972, Kieselsaure-Skelette in Sedimenten des iberomarokkanischen Kontinentalrandes und angrenzender Tiefsee-Ebenen. Meteor-Forsch. Ergebuisse, Reihe, C., no. 8, p. 10–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutz, D. F., and Turekian, K. K., 1965, The investigation of the geographical and vertical distribution of several trace elements in sea water using neutron activation analysis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 29, p. 259–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzbach, M., 1961, Das Klima der Vorzeit. Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 275 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sclater, J. G., and Francheteau, J., 1970, The implications of terrestrial heat flow observations on current tectonic and geochemical models of the crust and upper mantle of the earth. Geophys. Jour., Vol. 20, p. 509–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sclater, J. G., Anderson, R. N., and Bell, M. L., 1971, Elevation of ridges and evolution of the central eastern Pacific. Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. 76, no. 32, p. 7888–7915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, M., ed., 1961, Oceanography. Washington, D.C., Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 67, 654 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seibold, E., 1970, Nebenmeere im humiden und ariden Klimabereich. Geol. Rundschau, Vol. 60, no. 1, p. 73–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N., 1967, Oxygen isotope analyses and Pleistocene temperature reassessed. Nature, Vol. 215, no. 5096, p. 15–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N., and Opdyke, N. D., 1973, Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core V28–238. oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volumes on a 105 year and 106 year scale. Quaternary Res., Vol. 3, p. 39–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, F. P., 1973, Submarine geology, 3rd ed.. New York, Harper and Row, 517 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siever, R., 1968, Sedimentological consequences of a steady-state ocean-atmosphere. Sedimentology, Vol. 11, p. 5–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siever, R., and Woodford, N., 1973, Sorption of silica by clay minerals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 37, p. 1851–1880.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sillln, L. G., 1967, The ocean as a chemical system. Science, Vol. 156, no 3779, p. 1189–1197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skornyakova, I. S., 1965, Dispersed iron and manganese in Pacific Ocean sediments. Lithology and Mineral Resources, no. 5, p. 3–20; Engl. transl. (1967). Internatl. Geol. Rev., Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 2161–2174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. V., Dygas, J. A., and Chave, K. E., 1968, Distribution of calcium carbonate in pelagic sediments. Marine Geology, Vol. 6, p. 391–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, D. W., 1972, Geosecs II, the 1970 North Atlantic station. hydrographic features, oxygen and nutrients. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 91–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somayajulu, B. L. K., 1967, Beryllium-10 in a manganese nodule. Science, Vol. 156, p. 1219–1220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somayajulu, B. L. K., 1967, Heath, G. R., Moore, T. C., Jr., and Cronan, D. S., 1971, Rates of accumulation of manganese nodules and associated sediment from the equatorial Pacific. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 35, p. 621–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, D. J., ed., 1973, The Mediterranean Sea. a natural sedimentation laboratory. Stroudsburg, Pa., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, 765 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefansson, U., 1966, Influence of the Surtsey Eruption on on the nutrient content of the surrounding seawater. Jour. Marine Res., Vol. 24, no. 2, p. 241–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stumm, W., Morgan, J. J., 1970, Aquatic chemistry. an introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in mural waters. New York, Wiley-Interscience, 583 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, F. B., 1910, Bearing of the Tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth’s plan. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 21, p. 179–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiede, 1971, Planktonische Foraminiferen in Sedimenten vom iberomarokkanischen Kontinentalrand. Forsch.-Ergebnisse (C) 7, p. 15–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiede, J., 1973, Planktonic foraminifers in hemipelagic sediments. shell preservation off Portugal and Morocco. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 84, p. 2749–2754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turekian, K. K., 1965, Some aspects of the geochemistry of marine sediments, in Riley, J. P., and Skirrow, G., eds., Chemical oceanography, Vol. 2, New York, Academic Press, p. 81–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turekian, K. K., and Wedepohl, K. H., 1961, Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 72, p. 175–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. R., and Harris, R. C., 1970, The distribution of non-detrital iron and manganese in two cores from the Kara Sea. Deep-Sea Res., Vol. 17, p. 633–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andel, T. H., and Heath, G. R., 1973, Geological results of Leg 16. the Central Equatorial Pacific west of the East Pacific Rise, in Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 16. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 937–949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andel, T. H., and Komar, P. D., 1969, Ponded sediments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 22° and 23° north latitude. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 80, p. 1163–1190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andel, T. H., and Moore, T. C., Jr., 1974, Cenozoic calcium carbonate distribution and calcite compensation depth in the Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Geology, Vol. 1, p. 87–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vine, F. J., 1966, Spreading of the ocean floor. new evidence. Science, Vol. 154, no. 3755, p. 1405–1415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andel, T. H., and Matthews, D. H., 1963, Magnetic anomalies over ocean ridges. Nature, Vol. 199, p. 947–949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rad, U., and Rosch, H., 1972, Mineralogy and origin of clay minerals, silica and authigenic silicates, in Leg 14 sediment, in Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 14. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, p. 727–751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R. G., 1973, Mopping up the turbidite mess, in Ginsburg, R. N., ed., Evolving concepts in sedimentology. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, p. 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, A. R., 1895, Island Lift. London, Macmillan and Co., 563 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, N. D., 1972, Review of the development of the geomagnetic polarity time scale and discussion of prospects for its finer definition. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 83, p. 551–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wattenberg, H., 1935, Kalkauflösung und Wasserbewegung am Meeresboden. Ann. Hydr. Marit. Meteorology, Vol. 63, p. 387–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegener, A., 1966, The origin of continents and oceans; Engl., Trani., Biram, J., ( 1929 ). New York, Dover.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. T., 1965, A new class of faults and their bearing upon continental drift. Nature, Vol. 207, p. 343–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windom, H. L., 1969, Atmospheric dust records in permanent snowfields. implications to marine sedimentation. Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vol. 80, p. 761–782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterer, E. L., 1971, History of the Pacific Ocean Basin (abstr.). Geol. Soc. America, Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterer, E. L., 1973, Sedimentary facies and plate tectonics of Equatorial Pacific. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. Bull., Vol. 57, no. 2, p. 265–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winterer, E. L., Ewing, J. I., Douglas, R. G., Jarrard, R. D., Lancelot, Y., Moberly, R. M., Moore, T. C., Roth, P. H., and Schianger, S. O., 1973, Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 17; Washington, D.D., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 930 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wise, S. W., Buie, B. F., and Weaver, F. M., 1972, Chemically precipitated sedimentary cristobalite and the origin of chert. Eclogae Geol. Helv., Vol. 65, no. 1, 1 p. 157–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wollast, R., 1974, The silica problem, in Goldberg, E. D., ed., The sea, Vol. 5. New York, Wiley-Interscience, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wollast, R., Mackenzie, F. T., and Bricker, O. P., 1968, Experimental precipitation and genesis of sepiolite at earth-surface conditions. Am. Mineralogist, Vol. 53, p. 1645–1662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yount, J, and Berger, W. H., 1974, Modelling of differential dissolution of planktonic foraminifera. Cushman Found. Foram. Res. Spec. Publ., (in press).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. W. H. Berger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mobil Oil Corporation, 221 Nassau Street, 08540, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

    Creighton A. Burk (Chief Geologist) (Chief Geologist)

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, 03755, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA

    Charles L. Drake (Professor of Earth Sciences) (Professor of Earth Sciences)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Berger, W.H. (1974). Deep-Sea Sedimentation. In: Burk, C.A., Drake, C.L. (eds) The Geology of Continental Margins. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01141-6_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01141-6_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-01143-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-01141-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation