Abstract
Nowadays such a wide range of biological entities are considered to be viruses that most recent definitions of viruses have been outdated within a year or so, and it is increasingly difficult to devise a general definition that would be accepted by most virologists. In this chapter we will only discuss viruses that are transmissible parasites, whose nucleic acid genome is less than 3 x 108 daltons in weight, and that need ribosomes and other components of their host cells for replication.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, J. M., Jeppesen, P. G. N., Sanger, F., Barrell, B.G.: Nature 223, 1009 (1969).
Amman, J., Delius, H., Hofschneider, P. H.: J. Mol. Biol. 10, 557 (1964).
Anonymous: Nature New Biol. 231, 33 (1971).
Anonymous: Nature New Biol. 239, 223 (1972).
Arnott, S., Hutchinson, F., Spencer, M., Wilkins, M. H. F., Fuller, W., Langridge, R.: Nature 211, 227 (1966).
Bachrach, H. L.: J. Mol. Biol. 8, 348 (1964).
Ball, L.A.: J. Theoret. Biol. 36, 313 (1972).
Baltimore, D.: Nature 226, 1209 (1970).
Bancroft, J.B.: Adv. Virus Res. 16, 99 (1970).
Bancroft, J.B., Kaesberg, P.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 39, 519 (1960).
Barwise, A. H., Walker, I.O.: FEBS Lett. 6, 13 (1970).
Bawden, F. C., pirie, N. W.: Biochem. J. 34, 1278 (1940).
Bellett, A.J.D.: J. Virol. 1, 245 (1967).
Bernardi, A., Spahr, P.-F.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69, 3033 (1972).
Billeter, M. A., Dahlberg, J. E., Goodman, H. M., Hindley, J., Weissmann, C.: Nature 224, 1083 (1969).
Bishop, D. H. L., Roy, P., Bean, W.J., Simpson, R. W.: J. Viral. 10, 689 (1972).
Blumenthal, T., Landers, T. A., Weber, K.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69, 1313 (1972).
Bol, J.F., Vloten-Doting, L. VAN: Virology 51, 102 (1973).
Bol, J. F., Vloten-Doting, L. VAN, Jaspars, E. M. J.: Virology 46, 73 (1971).
Bos, L., Jaspars, E.M.J.: C.M.I./A.A.B. Descrip. Plant Viruses 46 (1971).
Bratt, M.A., Robinson, W.S.: J. Mol. Biol. 23, 1 (1967).
Breck, L.O., Gordon, M.P.: Virology 40, 397 (1970).
Brown, F., Martin, S.J., Cartwright, B., Crick, J.: J. Gen. Virol. 1, 479 (1967).
Burge, B. W., Pfefferkorn, E. R.: Nature 210, 1397 (1966).
Burgess, R.R.: Ann. Rev. Biochem. 40, 711 (1971).
Burgess, R. R., Travers, A. A., Dunn, J. J., Bautz, E. K. F.: Nature 221, 43 (1969).
Butler, P.J. G., Klug, A.: Nature New Biol. 229, 47 (1971).
Butler, P.J. G., Klug, A.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69, 2950 (1972).
Canaani, E., Duesberg, P.: J. Virol. 10, 23 (1972).
Carpenter, J. M., Kleczkowski, A.: Virology 39, 542 (1969).
Caspar, D.L.D., Klug, A.: Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 27, 1 (1962).
Chamberlain, M., Mcgrath, J., Waskell, L.: Nature 228, 227 (1970).
Choppin, P. W., Compans, R. W.: J. Virol. 5, 609 (1970).
Contreras, R., Ysebaert, M., MinJou, W., FIERS, W.: Nature New Biol. 241, 99 (1973).
Cooper, P.D., Geissler, E., Scotti, P.D., Tannock, G.A.: In: Strategy of the viral genome, Ciba Found. Symp. ( Wolstenholme, G.E.W., O’connor, M.), p. 75. London: Churchill 1971.
Crick, F.H. C., Watson, J.D.: In: The nature of viruses,Ciba Found. Symp. ( Wolstenholme, G.E. W., ed.), p. 5. Boston: Little and Brown 1957.
Daniel, V., Sarid, S., Littauer, U. V.: Science 167, 1682 (1968).
Darby, G., Minson, A. C.: J. Gen. Virol. 14, 199 (1972).
Delbrück, M., Bailey, W.T.: Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 11, 33 (1946).
Diener, T.O.: Virology 50, 606 (1972).
Dobrov, E.N., Kust, W.V., Tikchonenko, T.I.: J. Gen. Virol. 16, 161 (1972).
Eikhom, T. S., Spiegelman, S.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 57, 1833 (1967).
Eiserling, F.A., Dickson, R.C.: Ann. Rev. Biochem. 41, 467 (1972).
Finch, J.T., Gibes, A.J.: J. Gen. Virol. 6, 141 (1970).
Fraenkel-Conrat, H.: The chemistry and biology of viruses, p. 76. London and New York: Academic Press 1969.
Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Williams, R.C.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 41, 690 (1955).
Franklin, R. E., Klug, A., Holmes, K. C.: In: The nature of viruses, Ciba Found. Symp. ( Wolstenholme, G.E.W., ed.), p. 39. Boston: Little and Brown 1957.
Franklin, R.M.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 55, 1504 (1966).
Gibbs, A.: Advan. Virus Res. 14, 263 (1969).
Gillespie, D., Marshall, S., Gallo, R. C.: Nature New Biol. 236, 227 (1972).
Gillies, S., Bullivant, S., Bellamy, A. R.: Science 174, 694 (1972).
Glitz, D.G., Eichler, D.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 238, 224 (1971).
Goldberg, M.: Tohoku Math. J. 43, 104 (1937).
Gomatos, P.J., Tamm, I., Dales, S., Franklin, R.M.: Virology 17, 441 (1962).
Green, M.: Ann. Rev. Biochem. 39, 701 (1970).
Green, M., Cartas, M.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69, 791 (1972).
Groner, Y., Pollack, Y., Berissi, H., Revel, M.: Nature New Biol. 239 16 (1972 a).
Groner, Y., Scheps, R., Kamen, R., Kolakofsky, D., Revel, M.: Nature New Biol. 239 19 (1972 b).
Guilley, M.H., Stussi, C., Hirth, L.: Compt. Rend. 272, 1181 (1971).
Harris, W.F.: Nature 240, 294 (1972).
Harrison, B.D.: C.M.I./A.A.B. Descrip. Plant Viruses 12 (1970).
Hayashi, M., Hayashi, M.N., Spiegelman, S.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 50, 664 (1963).
Horst, J., Content, J., Mandeles, S., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Duesberg, P.: J. Mol. Biol. 69, 209 (1972)
Huang, A.S., Baltimore, D., Bratt, M.: J. Virol. 7, 389 (1971).
Huang, A.S., Baltimore, D., Stampfer, M.: Virology 42, 946 (1970).
Itoh, H., Melnick, J. L.: J. Exp. Med. 109, 393 (1959).
Jacobson, M.F., Asso, J., Baltimore, D.: J. Mol. Biol. 49, 656 (1970).
Johnston, M. C., Martin, S.J.: J. Gen. Virol. 11, 71 (1971).
Johnston, R.E., Bose, H.R.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69, 1514 (1972).
Joklik, W.K., Skeiiel, J.J., Zweerink, H.J.: Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35, 791 (1970).
Kacian, D.L., Watson, K.F., Burny, A., Spiegelman, S.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 246, 365 (1971).
Kado, C. I., Knight, C.A.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 55, 1276 (1966).
Kado, C.I., Knight, C.A.: J. Mol. Biol. 36, 15 (1968).
Kalmakoff, J Lewandowski, L.J., Black, D. R.: J. Virol. 4 851 (1969).
Kamel, T., Rubio-Huertos, M., Matsui, C.: Virology 37, 507 (1969).
Kamen, R.: Nature 228, 527 (1970).
Kaper, J. M.: In: Molecular basis of virology (FRAENKEL-CONRAT, H., ed.), A.C.S. Monograph 164, p. 1. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation 1968.
Kassanis, B.: C.M.I./A.A.B. Descrip. Plant Viruses 15 (1971).
Kassanis, B., Conti, M.: J. Gen. Virol. 13, 361 (1971).
Kates, J.: Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35, 743 (1970).
Kennedy, S.I.T.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 48, 1254 (1972).
Kingsbury, D. W.: J. Mol. Biol. 18, 195 (1966).
Kondo, M., Gallerani, R., Weissmann, C.: Nature 228, 525 (1970).
Kushner, D. J.: Bacteriol. Rev. 33, 302 (1969).
Lane, L. C., Kaesberg, P.: Nature New Biol. 232, 40 (1971).
Langridge, R., Gomatos, P. J.: Science 141, 694 (1963).
Laskey, R. A., Gurdon, J. B., Crawford, L. V.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69, 3665 (1972).
Leberman, R.: In: The molecular biology of viruses, Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. (Crawford, L.V., Stoker, M.G.P.), 18, p. 183. London: Cambridge University Press 1968.
Ledinko, N., Hirst, G. K.: Virology 14, 207 (1961).
Lister, R. M., Bracker, C. E.: Virology 37, 262 (1969).
Littauer, U. Z., Daniel, V., Sarid, S.: In: Strategy of the viral genome ( Wolstenholme, G. E. W., O’Connor, M.), p. 169. London: Churchill 1971.
Litvak, S., Tarrago, A., Tarrago-Litvak, L., Allende, J.E.: Nature New Biol. 241, 88 (1973).
Martelli, G. P., Quacquarelli, A., Russo, M.: C.M.I./A.A.B. Descrip. Plant Viruses 69 (1971).
Michel, M. R., Hirst, B., Weil, R.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 58, 1381 (1967).
Min Jou, W., Haegeman, G., Ysebaert, M., Fiers, W.: Nature 237, 82 (1972).
Mizutani, S., Boettiger, D., Temin, H.M.: Nature 228, 424 (1970).
Mundry, K. W.: Molec. Gen. Genet. 105, 361 (1969).
Nathans, D., Oeschger, M.P., Polmar, S. K., Eggen, K.: J. Mol. Biol. 39, 279 (1969).
Nichols, J.L., Bellamy, A.R., Jokllx, W. K.: Virology 49, 562 (1972).
Oda, K., Joklix, W. K.: J. Mol. Biol. 27, 395 (1967).
Oberg, B., Philipson, L.: J. Mol. Biol. 58, 725 (1971).
Oberg, B.F., Shatkin, A.J.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69, 3589 (1972).
Ohno, T., Inoue, H., Okada, Y.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69, 3680 (1972).
Okada, Y., Ohashi, Y., Ohno, T., Nozu, Y.: Virology 42, 243 (1970).
Pedersen, I. R.: Nature New Biol. 234, 112 (1971).
Pettijohn, D.E.: Nature New Biol. 235, 204 (1972).
Philipson, L., Wall, R., Glickman, G., Darnell, J. E.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 68, 2806 (1971).
Pinck, M., Yot, P., Chapeville, F., Duranton, H. M.: Nature 226, 954 (1970).
Poco, B.G.T., Dales, S., Bergoin, M., Roberts, D.W.: Virology 43, 306 (1971).
Pons, M. W.: Virology 47, 823 (1972).
Price, R., Penman, S.: J. Mol. Biol. 70 435 (1972 a).
Price, R., Penman, S.: J. Virol. 9 621 (1972 b).
Pridgen, C., Kingsbury, D.W.: J. Virol. 10, 314 (1972).
Prochiantz, A., Haenni, A.L.: Nature New Biol. 241, 168 (1973).
Ralph, R. K., Bergquist, P.L.: In: Methods in virology (Maramorosch, K., Koprowski, H.), vol. 2, p. 463. London-New York: Academic Press 1967.
Roberts, J. W.: Nature 224, 1168 (1969).
Robertson, H. D., Jeppesen, P. G. W.: J. Mol. Biol. 68, 417 (1972).
Rochow, W.F.: Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 10, 101 (1972).
Roeder, R.G., Reeder, R.H., Brown, D.D.: Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35, 727 (1970).
Roeder, R. G., Rutter, W.J.: Nature 224, 234 (1969).
Roeder, R. G., Rutter, W. J.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 65, 675 (1970).
Rosenberg, H., Diskin, B., Oron, L., Traub, A.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69, 3815 (1972).
Rushizky, G.W., Knight, C.A.: Virology 11, 236 (1960).
Sänger, H. L.: J. Virol. 3, 304 (1969).
sakuma, S., Watanabe, Y.: J. Virol. 10, 628 (1972).
Salser, W., Ricard, B.: Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35, 19 (1970).
Schachter, E. M., Bendet, I. J., Lauffer, M.A.: J. Mol. Biol. 22, 165 (1966).
Schekman, R Wickner, W., Westergaard, O., Brutlag, D., Gelder, K., Bertsch, L. L., Kornberg, A.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 69 2691 (1972).
Shatkin, A. J.: In: Molecular basis of virology (Fraenkel-Conrat, H., ed.), A.C.S. Monograph 164, p. 351. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation 1968.
Shepherd, R.J., Wakeman, R.J., Romanko, J.J.: Virology 36, 150 (1968).
Siegel, A.: Virology 46, 50 (1971).
Simmons, D. T., Strauss, J.H.: J. Mol. Biol. 71, 599 (1972).
Singer, B., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.: Virology 39, 395 (1969).
Sinsheimer, R.L.: J. Mol. Biol. 1, 37 (1959).
Sinsheimer, R.L., Starmann, B., Nagler, C., Guthrie, S.: J. Mol. Biol. 4, 142 (1962).
Skehel, J.J.: Virology 45, 793 (1971).
Skehel, J.J.: Virology 49, 23 (1972).
Smith, E., Zweerink, H.J., Joklik, W.K.: Virology 39, 791 (1969).
Staples, D.H Hindley, J.: Nature New Biol. 234 211 (1971).
Staples, D.H., Hindley, J., Billeter, M.A., Weissmann, C.: Nature New Biol. 234, 202 (1971).
Stavis, R.L., August, J.T.: Ann. Rev. Biochem. 39, 527 (1970).
Steitz, J. A.: Nature New Biol. 236, 71 (1972).
Sugiyama, T., Korant, B. D., Lonberg-Holm, K. K.: Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 26, 467 (1972).
Summers, D.F., Maizel, J. V.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 59, 966 (1968).
Summers, D. F., Maizel, J.V.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 68, 2852 (1971).
Summers, D.F., Maizel, J. V., Darnell, J. E.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 54, 505 (1965).
Summers, M.D., Anderson, D.L.: J. Virol. 9, 710 (1972).
Suzuxl, J., Haselkorn, R.: J. Mol. Biol. 36, 47 (1968).
Symons, R.H., Rees, M. W., Short, M. N., Markham, R.: J. Mol. Biol. 6, 1 (1963).
Taber, R., Rekosh, C., Baltimore, D.: J. Virol. 8, 395 (1971).
Temin, HM.: Virology 20 577 (1963).
Temin, H Mizutani, S.: Nature 226 1211 (1970).
Thouvenel, J.-C., Guilley, H., Stussi, C., hirth, L.: FEBS Lett. 16, 204 (1971).
Tillack, T. W., Smith, D. E.: Virology 36, 212 (1968).
Tinoco, I., Uhlenbeck, O.C., Levine, M.D.: Nature 230, 362 (1971).
Travers, A.A.: Nature 225, 1009 (1970).
Travers, A.A.: In: Strategy of the viral genome ( Wolstenholme, G.E.W., O’connor, M.), p. 155. London: Churchill 1971.
Travers, A.A., Kamen, R.I., Schleif, R.F.: Nature 228, 748 (1970).
VAN Kammen, A.: Virology 34, 312 (1968).
VAN Ravenswaay Claasen,J.C., VAN Leeuwen, A.B. J., Duijts, L., Bosch, L.: J. Mol. Biol. 23, 535 (1967).
VAN Vloten-Doting, L., Bol, J. F., Dingjan-Versteegh, A., Jaspars, E. M.J.: Int. Virol. 2, 2nd Int. Congr. Virol. Budapest, p. 232. Basel: Karger 1972.
VAN Vloten-Doting, L., Jaspars, E. M.J.: Virology 33, 684 (1967).
VAN Vloten-Doting, L., Jaspars, E. M.J.: Virology 48, 699 (1972).
Varma, A., Gibes, A.J., Woods, R.D., Finch, J.T.: J. Gen. Virol. 2, 107 (1968).
Verhoef, N.J., Bosch, L.: Virology 45, 75 (1971).
Verhoef, N.J., Lupker, J. H., Cornelissen, M. C. E., Bosch, L.: Virology 45, 85 (1971)
Verma, I. M., Menth, N.L., Baltimore, D.: J. Viral. 10, 622 (1972).
Vicier, P.: Progr. Med. Virol. 12, 240 (1970).
Vogt, P.K.: Virology 32, 708 (1967).
wagner, G. W., Bancroft, J.B.: Virology 45, 321 (1971).
Walter, G., Seifert, W., Zillig, W.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 30, 240 (1968).
Watanabe, Y., Millward, S., Graham, A. F.: J. Mol. Biol. 36, 107 (1968).
Weber, K., Rosenbusch, J., Harrison, S. C.: Virology 41, 763 (1970).
Weiss, S. B., hsu, W.-T., Foft, J. W., Scherberg, N.H.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 61, 114 (1968).
Weissmann, C., Feix, G., Slor, H.: Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 33, 83 (1968).
Wildy, P.: Classification and nomenclature of viruses, Monographs in Virology (Melnick, J. L., ed.), vol. 5. Basel: Karger 1971.
Wilson, J.H., Abelson, J. N.: J. Mol. Biol. 69, 57 (1972).
Wilson, J. H., Kells, S.: J. Mol. Biol. 69, 39 (1972).
Wimmer, E.: J. Mol. Biol. 68, 537 (1972).
Wimmer, E., Chang, A. Y., Clark, J. M., Reichmann, M. E.: J. Mol. Biol. 38, 59 (1968).
Winocour, E.: Virology 34, 571 (1968).
Wrigley, N.G.: J. Gen. Virol. 5, 123 (1969).
Zillig, W., Zechel, L., Rabussay, D., Schachner, M., Sethi, V. S., Palm, P., Heil, A., Seifert, W.: Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35, 47 (1970).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1973 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gibbs, A.J., Skehel, J.J. (1973). Viral RNA. In: Stewart, P.R., Letham, D.S. (eds) The Ribonucleic Acids. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00499-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00499-9_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-00501-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-00499-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive