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Resilienz von Raumfahrtsystemen – Grundsätze und Praxis

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Strategischer Wettbewerb im Weltraum

Part of the book series: Sicherheit, Strategie & Innovation ((SSI))

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Zusammenfassung

Angesichts der zunehmenden Komplexität des Weltraumumfelds hat sich die Resilienz zu einem allgegenwärtigen Konzept in der heutigen Weltraumsicherheit entwickelt. Dieses Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die Grundsätze und die Praxis der Resilienz von Weltraumsystemen und -operationen. Es betrachtet das entstehende Feld aus zwei unterschiedlichen, aber komplementären Blickwinkeln: Missionssicherheit und Abschreckung sowie hohe Zuverlässigkeit und Resilienztechnik. Das Kapitel stützt sich auf zeitgenössische Überlegungen aus ziviler und militärischer Sicht und stellt Resilienz als einen eigenständigen, aber formbaren Begriff an der Schnittstelle von Weltraumsicherheit und -schutz dar und hebt spezielle Bereiche hervor, die für politische Entscheidungsträger, Systemanalytiker und Betreiber von Interesse sind.

Dieser Beitrag ist eine leicht aktualisierte Übersetzung von: Peldszus Regina. 2020. Resilience of Space Systems: Principles & Practice. In: Handbook of space security: Policies Applications and programs. Hrsg. Schrogl Kai-Uwe et al. 2. Aufl. Cham: Springer

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Vgl. Pace, Scott. 2015. Security in space. Space Policy. 33 (2): 51–55.

  2. 2.

    Vgl. Perrow, Charles. 2007. The next catastrophe: reducing our vulnerabilities to natural, industrial, and terrorist disasters. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press.

  3. 3.

    Vgl. Haimes, Yacov Y. 2009. On the definition of resilience in systems. Risk Analysis. 29 (4): 498–501; Air Force Space Command. 2016. Resiliency and disaggregated space architectures: a white paper.

  4. 4.

    Vgl. Haimes (2009).

  5. 5.

    Nachrichtendienstlicher Verbund Australien, Kanada, Neuseeland, Großbritannien, Vereinigte Staaten.

  6. 6.

    Arnold, David Christopher; Hays Peter L. 2013. Strategy and the security space enterprise. In: Space strategy in the 21st century: theory and policy. Hrsg. Sadeh, Eligar. 120–158. London: Routledge, London, S. 121.

  7. 7.

    Office of the President of the United States. 2010. National Space Policy of the United States of America, 28. Juni, S. 9.

  8. 8.

    Vgl. Pawlikowski, Ellen; Loverro, Doug; Cristler, Tim. 2012. Space: disruptive challenges, new opportunities and new strategies. Strategic Studies Quarterly. 6 (1): 27–54.

  9. 9.

    US Department of Defense. 2012. Directive 3100.10: Space Policy. Incorporating Change 1, Effective November 4, 2016, S. 4, 14.

  10. 10.

    Vgl. ebd.

  11. 11.

    Johnson-Freese, Joan. 2016. Space Warfare in the 21st Century: Arming the Heavens. NewYork: Routledge.

  12. 12.

    Ministry of Innovation, Science and Economic Development. 2019. A New Space Strategy for Canada, S. 16; HM Government. 2015. National Space Policy.

  13. 13.

    Vgl. HM Government (2015); HM Government. 2014. National Space Security Policy.

  14. 14.

    Vgl. HM Government (2014), S. 4.

  15. 15.

    Ebd.

  16. 16.

    Vgl. Robinson, Jana et al. 2018. Europe’s preparedness to respond to space hybrid operations. Prague Security Studies Institute. PSSI Report; European Space Policy Institute. 2018. Security in outer space: rising stakes in Europe. Report 64; Pellegrino, Massimo; Stang, Gerald. 2016. Space security for Europe. EU Institute for Security Studies. Report No. 29, S. 8.

  17. 17.

    Vgl. Ministère des Armées. 2019. Stratégie Spatiale de Défense. Rapport du groupe de travail „Espace“; Parly, Florence. 2018. Espace et défense. Discours de Mme Florence Parly, ministre des armées, le 7 septembre 2018. Ministère des Armées. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/direct-florence-parly-s-exprime-sur-les-enjeux-de-l-espace-pour-la-defense.

  18. 18.

    Vgl. Bundesministerium der Verteidigung. 2016. Weissbuch zur Sicherheitspolitik und Zukunft der Bundeswehr. S. 58, 60.

  19. 19.

    Vgl. European Commission. 2016. A space strategy for Europe. COM/2016/0705 final.

  20. 20.

    Vgl. ebd., S. 8 f.

  21. 21.

    Vgl. Pellegrino und Stang (2016).

  22. 22.

    Vgl. Europäischer Rat. 2022. Ein strategischer Kompass für Sicherheit und Verteidigung. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7371-2022-INIT/de/pdf. Vgl ebenfalls die 2023 veröffentlichte EU-Strategie für Sicherheit und Verteidigung im Weltraum sowie Borrell, Josep. 2023. European Space Conference: Opening speech by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell, 24. Januar. European Union External Action. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/european-space-conference-opening-speech-high-representativevice-president-josep-borrell_en.

  23. 23.

    Vgl. Bendiek, Annegret. 2017. A paradigm shift in the EU’s common foreign and security policy: from transformation to resilience. SWP Research Paper. RP 11, S. 14.

  24. 24.

    Vgl. Prior, Tim. 2017. NATO: pushing the boundaries for resilience. Center for Security Studies. CSS Analysis in Security Policy. No. 213.

  25. 25.

    Vgl. Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security. 2015. Space Domain Mission Assurance: A Resilience Taxonomy. A White Paper.

  26. 26.

    Vgl. ebd., S. 3 f.

  27. 27.

    Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security (2015), S. 2.

  28. 28.

    Vgl. Air Force Space Command (2016).

  29. 29.

    Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security (2015), S. 3.

  30. 30.

    Vgl. Perrow (2007), S. 6, 261.

  31. 31.

    Vgl. Pawlikowski et al. (2012).

  32. 32.

    Vgl. Johnson-Freese (2016), S. 171; McLeod, Gary. et al. 2016. Enhancing Space Resilience Through Non-Material Means. RAND Corporation, S. xii.

  33. 33.

    Vgl. Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security (2015).

  34. 34.

    Ebd., S. 8.

  35. 35.

    Vgl. US Department of Defense; Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2011. National Security Space Strategy: Unclassified Summary.

  36. 36.

    Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security (2015), S. 8.

  37. 37.

    Vgl. Jakhu, Ram S.; Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. Global Space Governance: An International Study. NewYork: Springer, S. 296.

  38. 38.

    Vgl. Pawlikowski et al. (2012), S. 47.

  39. 39.

    Vgl. Aerospace. 2018. Resilience for space systems: concepts, tools and approaches (ATR-2017-02226). Washington, DC: Aerospace Corporation.

  40. 40.

    Vgl. US Department of Defense. 2011. Fact sheet: resilience of space capabilities.

  41. 41.

    Vgl. McLeod et al. (2016).

  42. 42.

    Vgl. Perrow (2007).

  43. 43.

    Vgl. Haavik, Torgeir K. et al. 2019. HRO und RE: a pragmatic perspective. Safety Science. 117: 479–489.

  44. 44.

    Dekker, Sidney. 2012. Just culture: balancing safety and accountability, 2. Aufl. Burlington: Ashgate; US Department of Defense (2011).

  45. 45.

    Weick, Karl E.; Sutcliffe, Kathleen M. 2001. Managing the unexpected: assuring high performance in an age of complexity. New York: Wiley, S. 9–14.

  46. 46.

    Vgl. Leveson, Nancy G. 2012. Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Hollnagel, Erik; Nemeth, Cristopher P.; Dekker, Sidney. 2008. Remaining sensitive to the possibility of failure. Resilience engineering perspectives, Volume 1. Burlington: Ashgate.

  47. 47.

    Dekker, Sidney. 2005. Ten questions about human error: a new view of human factors and system safety. New York: CRC Press.

  48. 48.

    Reason, James T. 2008. The Human Contribution: Unsafe Acts, Accidents and Heroic Recoveries. Farnham: Ashgate, S. 8.

  49. 49.

    Vgl. Hollnagel et al. (2008).

  50. 50.

    Vgl. Hollnagel, Erik; Woods, David D.; Leveson, Nancy. 2006. Resilience Engineering: concepts and precepts. Burlington: Ashgate.

  51. 51.

    Vgl. Dekker (2012).

  52. 52.

    Vgl. Reason (2008).

  53. 53.

    Vgl. Dekker. (2005), S. 12 f.

  54. 54.

    Vgl. Hollnagel et al. (2008).

  55. 55.

    Vgl. ebd.

  56. 56.

    Vgl. Leveson (2012), S. 42.

  57. 57.

    Vgl. Hollnagel et al. (2008).

  58. 58.

    Vgl. McLeod et al. (2016); Peldszus, Regina. 2015. The Human Element and System Resilience at the European Space Operations Centre. AMCO-TN-0006 und AMCO-TN-00011. ESOC. Internal Report.

  59. 59.

    Vgl. McLeod et al. (2016).

  60. 60.

    Vgl. Haimes (2009).

  61. 61.

    Vgl. Pellegrino und Stang (2016), S. 9.

  62. 62.

    Vgl. McCormick, Patricia K. 2013. Space debris: Conjunction opportunities and opportunities for international cooperation. Science and Public Policy. 40 (6): 801–813.

  63. 63.

    Vgl. Jakhu und Pelton (2017), S. 269.

  64. 64.

    Vgl. Defense Science Board. 2017. Task Force on Defense Strategies for Ensuring the Resilience of National Space Capabilities. Office of the Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics.

  65. 65.

    Vgl. US Department of Defense (2012), S. 14.

  66. 66.

    Vgl. Pawlikowski et al. (2012).

  67. 67.

    Vgl. Healey, Mark P.; Hodgkinson, Gerard P. 2008. Troubling futures: scenarios and scenario planning for organizational decision making. In: The Oxford handbook of organizational decision making. Hrsg. Hodgkinson, Gerard P.; Starbuck, William H. 565–585. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  68. 68.

    Vgl. Peldszus, Regina. 2018. Foresight methods for multilateral collaboration in space situational awareness (SSA) policy and operations. Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 5 (2): 115–120.

Literatur

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  1. Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Bonn, Deutschland

    Regina Peldszus

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  1. Institut für Politikwissenschaft, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Deutschland

    Antje Nötzold

  2. CASSIS, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland

    Enrico Fels

  3. München, Deutschland

    Andrea Rotter

  4. CASSIS, Universität Bonn, Bonn/Hamburg, Deutschland

    Moritz Brake

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Peldszus, R. (2024). Resilienz von Raumfahrtsystemen – Grundsätze und Praxis. In: Nötzold, A., Fels, E., Rotter, A., Brake, M. (eds) Strategischer Wettbewerb im Weltraum. Sicherheit, Strategie & Innovation. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42602-6_23

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