Zusammenfassung
Kommunikations- und Erdbeobachtungssatelliten, Raketen und zukünftige Serviceinfrastrukturen im Erdorbit sind auf kollisionsfreie Flugbahnen angewiesen. Schon jetzt, zu Beginn des Aufbaus gigantischer Satellitenkonstellationen ist es eine große technische und kommerzielle Herausforderung, die Nutzung der knappen Ressource „Umlaufbahn“ zu sichern und aufrecht zu erhalten. Weltraumschrott wie Raketenoberstufen bzw. nicht mehr kontrollierbare Satelliten führt zwangsläufig zu Kollisionen und damit zu einer kaskadierenden Zunahme kleinerer Objekte des Weltraummülls, wie bereits mehrfach geschehen. Die aktive Beseitigung des derzeitigen Weltraumschrotts (Active Debris Removal) ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die Weiterentwicklung des Ökosystems erdnaher Weltraum. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt Technologien, die heute schon dazu geeignet sind, die Kollisionsrisiken von aktuellem Weltraumschrott mit funktionierenden Weltraumsystemen zu reduzieren. Ihr Anwendungspotential geht deutlich über reines Active Debris Removal hinaus: Sie können auch signifikant zum nachhaltigen Ausbau des Ökosystem Weltraums beitragen, wenn sie in dessen ökonomischen und ökologischen Kontext eingebettet werden.
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Notes
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Vgl. u. a. die Beiträge von Antje Nötzold, Andrea Rotter sowie Nina Stary und Maria Jahnke in diesem Band.
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Die Bogensekunde ist eine Einheit, um die Größe von Winkeln im Gradmaß anzugeben.
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Vgl. Bonnal (2022).
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Foust, Jeff. 2022. House committee questions FCC orbital debris rule. Space News, 29. September. https://spacenews.com/house-committee-questions-fcc-orbital-debris-rule. Zugriff 30. September 2022.
Hakima, Houman; Emami, Reza M. 2018. Assessment of active methods for removal of LEO debris. Acta Astronautica. 144: 225–243.
Kucharski, Daniel et al. 2018. High Sampling Rate Photometry of Spinning Satellites for Nano-Perturbation Detection. 2018 AMOS Conference Proceedings.
Mc Knight, Darren et al. 2021. Identifying the 50 statistically-most-concerning derelict objects in LEO, Acta Astronautica. 181: 282–291.
Nussbaum, Max et al. 2022. Spectral Light Curve Simulation for Parameter Estimation from Space Debris. Aerospace. 9 (8): 403.
OECD. 2020. Space Sustainability – the Economics of Space Debris in Perspective. OECD Science, Technology, and Industry Policy Papers.
Phipps, Claude R. 2014. A laser-optical system to re-enter or lower low Earth orbit space debris. Acta Astronautica. 93: 418–429.
Phipps, Claude R. et al. 2010. Review: Laser-Ablation Propulsion, Journal of Propulsion and Power. 26 (4): 609–637.
Rubenchik, A. M.; Erlandson, A. C.; Liedahl, D. 2012. Laser system for space debris cleaning. AIP Conference Proceedings. 1464 (1): 448–455.
Scharring, Stefan et al. 2021a. Ablative collision avoidance for space debris in the Low Earth Orbit by a single multi-kJ pulse from a ground-based laser. 2021 AMOS Conference Proceedings.
Scharring, Stefan et al. 2021b. LARAMOTIONS: a conceptual study on laser networks for near-term collision avoidance for space debris in the low Earth orbit. Applied Optics. 60 (31): 24–36.
Soulard, Rémi et al. 2014. ICAN: A novel laser architecture for space debris removal. Acta Astronautica. 105 (1): 192–200.
Vananti, A.; Schildknecht, T.; Krag, H. 2017. Reflectance spectroscopy characterization of space debris. Advances in Space Research. 59 (10): 2488–2500.
Wagner, Paul; Clausen, Tim. 2022. APPARILLO: a fully operational and autonomous staring system for LEO debris detection, CEAS Space Journal. 14: 303–326.
Weeden, Brian; Samson, Victoria. 2022. Global Counterspace Capabilities – An Open Source Assessment. Secure World Foundation.
Yanagisawa, T.; Kurosaki, H. 2012. Shape and motion estimate of LEO debris using light curves. Advances in Space Research. 50 (1): 136–145.
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Albu-Schäffer, A.O., Dekorsy, T., Grunwald, G., Riede, W., Scharring, S., Roa, M.A. (2024). Aktive Beseitigung von Weltraumschrott zur Aufrechterhaltung und Weiterentwicklung des Ökosystems Weltraum. In: Nötzold, A., Fels, E., Rotter, A., Brake, M. (eds) Strategischer Wettbewerb im Weltraum. Sicherheit, Strategie & Innovation. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42602-6_22
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