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Die strategische Bedeutung von Weltraumsiedlungen. Eine Neue Welt?

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Strategischer Wettbewerb im Weltraum

Part of the book series: Sicherheit, Strategie & Innovation ((SSI))

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Zusammenfassung

Artemis hat ihre Jugendfahrt erfolgreich abgeschlossen! Ihr Endziel ist es, Menschen auf den Mond zurückzubringen. Sie findet Unterstützung im Gateway, das im Erfolgsfall die Expansion der Menschheit zum Mars und darüber hinaus erleichtern soll. Die Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Weltraumorganisation schließen sich an, indem sie ihre Pläne für den Bau eines Monddorfes nach dem Erfolg von Artemis vorstellen. Diese neuen Bestrebungen wecken den lange schlummernden Wunsch der Menschheit nach dauerhaften menschlichen Siedlungen im Kosmos. Angesichts eines möglichen Wettlaufs zum Mond und zum Mars in naher Zukunft versucht dieses Kapitel, einen grundlegenden Beitrag zur Klärung der strategischen Bedeutung von Weltraumsiedlungen, ihres derzeitigen rechtlichen Status und möglicher künftiger Governance-Fragen zu leisten. Zu diesem Zweck werden vier verschiedene Fragen behandelt: erstens, warum diese Einheiten als Weltraumsiedlungen bezeichnet werden sollten, zweitens, welchen Wert solche Außenposten im Weltraum haben, drittens, welcher rechtliche Rahmen für solche Aktivitäten besteht und viertens, welche Herausforderungen sich die Weltraumsiedlungen stellen werden. Im Rahmen der letzten Frage wird das Kapitel einen Überblick über die Schlüsselelemente geben, die ein zukünftiges Governance-System berücksichtigen muss, um eine friedliche menschliche Existenz im Weltraum zu gewährleisten, wobei Fragen zum Status von Siedlungen, zu den Rechten von Siedlern und zum Einsatz von Drohnen in Siedlungen behandelt werden.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Vgl. de Bergerac, Cyrano. 1650. Histoire comique des états et empires de la lune.

  2. 2.

    Vgl. Grünfeld, Katja; Hobe, Stephan. 2022. Hermann Potočnik Noordung – A Great Pioneer of Space Travel. ZLW. 3: 401–417.

  3. 3.

    European Space Agency. o. J. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky.

  4. 4.

    Vgl. Novak, Matt. 2012. 50 Years of the Jetsons: Why the Show Still Matters. Smithsonian Magazin, 19. September. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/50-years-of-the-jetsons-why-the-show-still-matters-43459669/.

  5. 5.

    Vgl. Blount, P. J. 2021. Settling in Outer Space. In: A Research Agenda for Space Policy. Hrsg. Schrogl, Kai-Uwe; Giannopapa, Christina; Antoni, Ntorina. 187–203. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, S. 187.

  6. 6.

    Vgl. Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt. 2019. Future missions to the Moon. https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/moon-special/future-missions.html; Blount (2021), S. 188.

  7. 7.

    Vgl. China National Space Administration. 2021. International Lunar Research Station. (ILRS) Guide for Partnership http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6812150/content.html.

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    Vgl. Noordung, Hermann Potočnik. 1993. Problem of Space Flight: The Rocket Motor. Langley: NASA, S. 1–88.

  9. 9.

    Für bisherige Streitfälle vgl. Böckstiegel, Karl-Heinz et al. 2005. Space Law: Basic Legal Documents. Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing.

  10. 10.

    Smith, Kelly C. et al. 2019. The Great Colonization Debate. Futures. 110: 4–14, S. 5.

  11. 11.

    Vgl. Blount (2021), S. 188.

  12. 12.

    Vgl. Smith et al. (2019), Blount (2021), S. 188.

  13. 13.

    Vgl. Britannica Dictionary. Settlement. https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/settlement; Cambridge English Dictionary. o. J. Settlement. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/settlement.

  14. 14.

    Für technische Möglichkeiten vgl. Beech, Martin; Seckbach, Joseph; Gordon, Richard. 2022. Terraforming Mars. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. und Scrivener Publishing LLC.

  15. 15.

    Zum Weltraum vgl. Hobe, Stephan. 2019. Space Law. Baden-Baden: Nomos, S. 1–5; zu den Himmelskörpern vgl. Vitt, Elmar. 1989. Die Marskolonie. Cologne: University of Cologne, S. 132–139.

  16. 16.

    Vgl. Blount (2021), S. 187–203.

  17. 17.

    Vgl. Noordung (1929), S. 122; Houston Lay, S.; Taubenfeld, Howard J. 1970. The Law Relating to Activities of Man in Space. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  18. 18.

    Vgl. Oberth, Hermann. 1923 [2013]. Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen. [Reprint der 5. Auflage von 1984]. Oldenbourg: De Gruyter.

  19. 19.

    Vgl. Orwig, Jessica. 2015. 5 undeniabe reasons why humans need to colonise Mars – even though it’s going to cost billions. Insider, 21. April. https://www.businessinsider.com/5-undeniable-reasons-why-humans-should-go-to-mars-2015-4.

  20. 20.

    Vgl. Hobe (2019), S. 32–33.

  21. 21.

    Vgl. zum Beispiel Verne, Jules. 1865. De la Terre à la Lune, trajet direct en 97 heures 20 min.

  22. 22.

    Vgl. Blount (2021), S. 190.

  23. 23.

    Vgl. Lee, Ricky. 2012. Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space. Heidelberg: Springer, S. 52.

  24. 24.

    Vgl. Kulcinski, Gerald L. 1989. Importance of Helium-3 for the Future. Report of NASA Lunar Energy Enterprise Case Study Task Force. 150–171, S. 168.

  25. 25.

    Vgl. Hobe, Stephan. 2009. Article I. In: Cologne Commentary on Space Law: Volume I. Hrsg. Hobe, Stephan et al. 25–43. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, S. 34.

  26. 26.

    Vgl. Blount (2021), S. 190.

  27. 27.

    Vgl. Petrova, Magdalena. 2022. The first crop of space mining companies didn’t work out, but a new generation is trying again. CNBC, 9. Oktober. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/09/space-mining-business-still-highly-speculative.html; Blount (2021), S. 109.

  28. 28.

    Vgl. Berichte von European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) und BryceTech.

  29. 29.

    Vgl. den Beitrag von Lisa Maria Storck in diesem Band.

  30. 30.

    Vgl. Houston Lay und Taubenfeld (1970), Noordung (1929), S. 122.

  31. 31.

    Vgl. Lachs, Manfred. 2010. The Law of Outer Space. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, S. 128.

  32. 32.

    Vgl. Hobe (2019), S. 5.

  33. 33.

    Vgl. allgemein Hobe (2009).

  34. 34.

    Vgl. Sancin, Vasilka; Grünfeld, Katja; Cvetkovič, Iva Ramuš. 2021. Contemporary Challenges of International Law-Making for Outer Space. Pravnik. 138: 7–52; Hobe, Stephan. 1997. The Legal Framework for a Lunar Base Lex Data and Lex Ferenda. In: Outlook on Space Law over the Next 30 Years. Hrsg. Lafferranderie, Gabriel; Crowther, Daphné. 135–143. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

  35. 35.

    Vgl. Böckstiegel, Karl-Heinz. 1991. Handbuch des Weltraumrechts. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag.

  36. 36.

    Vgl. Bini, Antonella. 2008. The Moon Agreement: Its effectiveness in the 21st century. European Space Policy Institute. ESPI Perspectives 14, S. 1–7.

  37. 37.

    Vgl. Sancin et al. (2021), S. 23.

  38. 38.

    Vgl. Hobe (2019), S. 58–69.

  39. 39.

    Vgl. Tobias, Paul. 2005. Opening the Pandora’s Box of Space Law. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review. 28 (2): 299–318.

  40. 40.

    Vgl. Hobe (1997).

  41. 41.

    Vgl. ebd.

  42. 42.

    Vgl. Blount (2021).

  43. 43.

    Vgl. von der Dunk, Frans. 2020. ‚For All Moonkind‘: Legal Issues of Human Settlements on the Moon: Jurisdiction, Freedom and Inclusiveness. In: Proceedings of the International Institute of Space Law 2020. Hrsg. Blount, P.J et al. 77–89. Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing; Blount (2021).

  44. 44.

    Vgl. Blount (2021).

  45. 45.

    Vgl. Lachs (2010), S. 42–46; Freeland, Steven; Jakhu, Ram. 2009. Article II. In: Cologne Commentary on Space Law: Volume I. Hrsg. Hobe, Stephan et al. 44–64. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag.

  46. 46.

    Vgl. Hobe (2009), S. 34; Hobe 2019, S. 74.

  47. 47.

    Vgl. Lachs (2010), S. 41–53; Hobe (2009), S. 37.

  48. 48.

    Vgl. Hobe (2019), S. 74.

  49. 49.

    Vgl. Permanent Court of International Justice. 1927. The S.S. Lotus Case (French republic v. the Turkish Republic). Judgement. Series A – No. 10, S. 18–19.

  50. 50.

    Vgl. Hobe (2019), S. 74.

  51. 51.

    UNOOSA. 2017. International Space Law: United Nations Instruments, S. 4.

  52. 52.

    Vgl. Freeland und Jakhu (2009), S. 44–64.

  53. 53.

    Gorove, Stephen. 1969. Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty. Fordham Law Review. 37: 349–354, S. 353.

  54. 54.

    Vgl. Freeland und Jakhu (2009), S. 53.

  55. 55.

    Vgl. ebd. S. 50.

  56. 56.

    Vgl. ebd. S. 50 ff.

  57. 57.

    Vgl. District Court for the District of Nevada. 2004. Nemitz v US, 2004 WL 316704, 26. April; Haidian District People’s Court. 2005. Lunar Embassy to China. http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/203329.htm/.

  58. 58.

    Vgl. auch Vitt (1989).

  59. 59.

    Vgl Tronchetti, Fabio. Importance and Relevance of the Use of Space Resources. In: A Research Agenda for Space Policy. Hrsg. Schrogl, Kai-Uwe; Giannopapa, Christina; Antoni, Ntorina. 171–177. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

  60. 60.

    Vgl. Masson-Zwaan, Tanja; Richards, Bob. 2015. Op-ed/International Perspectives on Space Resource Rights. Space News, 8. Dezember. https://spacenews.com/op-ed-international-perspectives-on-space-resource-rights/.

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    Vgl. Lee (2012), S. 274.

  62. 62.

    Vgl. Shaw, Malcolm. 2021. International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 464.

  63. 63.

    Vereshchetin, V. S. 1981. International Space Law and Domestic Law: Problem of Interrelations. Journal of Space Law. 9 (31).

  64. 64.

    Vgl. Cheng, Bin. 1997. Studies in International Space Law. Oxford: Claredon Press, S. 467.

  65. 65.

    Vgl. Lachs (2010), S. 65–75.

  66. 66.

    Vgl. International Court of Justice. 1986. Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. the USA). Judgment, ICJ Reports.

  67. 67.

    Vgl. Chung, Gordon. 2019. Jurisdiction and Control Aspects of Space Debris Removal. In: Space Security and Legal Aspects of Active Debris Removal, Hrsg. Froehlich, Annette. 31–47. Heidelberg: Springer, S. 38; Lachs (2010), S. 69; Cheng (1997), S. 72, 86.

  68. 68.

    Vgl. Sancin et al. (2021).

  69. 69.

    Vgl. Lachs (2010), S. 45.

  70. 70.

    Vgl. Hobe (2019), S. 111 f.

  71. 71.

    Vgl. Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard und Stephan Mick, Article VIII. In: Cologne Commentary on Space Law: Volume I. Hrsg. Hobe, Stephan et al. 146–168. Cologne: Carl Heymanns Verlag, S. 154.

  72. 72.

    Vgl. Hobe (2019, S. 111); Stubbe, Peter. 2018. State Accountability for Space Debris. The Hague: Brill.

  73. 73.

    Vgl. allgemein Chung (2019); Jakhu, Ram. 2012. Active Debris Removal – An Essential Mechanism for Ensuring the Safety and Sustainability of Outer Space. 49th Session of the STSC of the UN COPUOUS 14.

  74. 74.

    Vgl. Hobe (1997).

  75. 75.

    Vgl. Lafferranderie, Gabriel. 2005. Jurisdiction and Control of Space Objects and the Case of an International Intergovernmental Organisation (ESA). ZLW. 54: 228–235, S. 231.

  76. 76.

    Schmidt-Tedd und Mick (2009), S. 157.

  77. 77.

    UNOOSA. 2017. International Space Law: United Nations Instruments. United Nations. S. 34.

  78. 78.

    Vgl. Schmidt-Tedd und Mick (2009), S. 147.

  79. 79.

    International Court of Justice. 1997. Gabčikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia). Judgment. I.C.J. Reports.

  80. 80.

    Gorove (1969), S. 352.

  81. 81.

    Vgl. Blount (2021).

  82. 82.

    Vgl. United Nations. 1994. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Art. 69; International Maritime Organization. 1989. Guidelines and Standards for the Removal of Offshore Installations and Structures on the Continental Shelf and in the Exclusive Economic Zone. Resolution A.672(16), 19. Oktober.

  83. 83.

    Vgl. Lee (2012), S. 179; Force, M. K. 2013. The Need to Define „Use“ Of Outer Space in Order to Distinguish „Appropriation“. In: Proceedings of the International Institute of Space Law 2019, Hrsg. Blount, P. J. et al. 404–421. Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing.

  84. 84.

    Vgl. UNOOSA. 2007. Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines. https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/st_space_49E.pdf.

  85. 85.

    Vgl. Blount (2021).

  86. 86.

    Vgl. Hobe (1997).

  87. 87.

    Vgl. ebd.; Dunk (2020).

  88. 88.

    Vgl. Blount (2021), Vitt (1989), S. 139.

  89. 89.

    Vgl. Beck, Kellen. 2021. Every rover, ranked by distance traveled on the moon and Mars. Mashable, 14. August. https://mashable.com/article/moon-mars-rover-distance-driven; Starlust. 2020. How many countries have been to the Moon? https://starlust.org/countries-that-have-been-to-the-moon/.

  90. 90.

    Vgl. Vergano, Dan. 2022. This little Mars helicopter has opened a new frontier in space exploration. The Messager, 7. April. https://themessenger.com/grid/this-little-mars-helicopter-has-opened-a-new-frontier-in-space-exploration.

  91. 91.

    Vgl. Schnitker, Ronald; Kaar, Dick. 2021. Drone Law and Policy: Integration into the Legal Order of Civil Aviation. Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing, S. 133.

  92. 92.

    Vgl. Snouffer, Elizabeth. 2022. Six places where drones are delivering medicines. Nature Medicine, 13. April. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41591-022-00053-9.

  93. 93.

    Vgl. Boyle, Michael. J. 2017. Legal and Ethical Implications of Drone Warfare. Routledge; Bergen, Peter; Rothenberg, Daniel. 2015. Drone Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  94. 94.

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  95. 95.

    Vgl. Schnitker und Kaar (2021).

  96. 96.

    Vgl. Sancin et al. (2021).

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  1. Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland

    Katja Grünfeld

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  1. Katja Grünfeld
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Correspondence to Katja Grünfeld .

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  1. Institut für Politikwissenschaft, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Deutschland

    Antje Nötzold

  2. CASSIS, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland

    Enrico Fels

  3. München, Deutschland

    Andrea Rotter

  4. CASSIS, Universität Bonn, Bonn/Hamburg, Deutschland

    Moritz Brake

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Grünfeld, K. (2024). Die strategische Bedeutung von Weltraumsiedlungen. Eine Neue Welt?. In: Nötzold, A., Fels, E., Rotter, A., Brake, M. (eds) Strategischer Wettbewerb im Weltraum. Sicherheit, Strategie & Innovation. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42602-6_19

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42602-6_19

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