Zusammenfassung
Die Sicherheitspolitik führte im Rahmen der Strategischen Partnerschaft zwischen Indien und der Europäischen Union (EU) lange ein Schattendasein. Jüngste Entwicklungen legen allerdings nahe, dass sich dies ändert. Der westliche Indische Ozean (WIO) könnte eine zentrale Rolle als potenzieller sicherheitspolitischer Kooperationsraum spielen, ist er doch aus Perspektive Neu-Delhis ein primäres Interessengebiet; und auch die EU lässt der Region immer mehr Aufmerksamkeit zukommen. Der Beitrag analysiert die Entwicklung der Sicherheitspolitik Indiens gegenüber dem WIO, um ein umfassendes Bild Indiens als Sicherheitsakteur in der Region zu zeichnen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird auf dieser Basis die EU-Indien-Kooperation im WIO in den Blick genommen. Die Auslotung ihrer Potenziale und Herausforderungen wird dabei verwoben mit einer knappen Skizzierung der EU-Sicherheitspolitik in der Region sowie einer konzisen Inventur bestehender indisch-europäischer Aktivitäten.
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Notes
- 1.
Siehe hierzu auch den Beitrag von Ummu Salma Bava in diesem Band.
- 2.
Siehe hierzu den Beitrag von Manuel Pietzko in diesem Band.
- 3.
In Hintergrundgesprächen verwendeten indische Regierungsvertreterinnen und -vertreter auch dem Autor gegenüber häufig dieses Wortspiel.
- 4.
Grundlage aller Daten in diesem Absatz: Eigene Berechnungen auf Basis der Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) des International Monetary Funds (IMF), https://data.imf.org/.
- 5.
Die India Development Initiative wurde 2003 ins Leben gerufen. Seitdem vergibt Indien Kreditlinien nicht mehr auf government-to-government-Basis und aus dem Staatshaushalt; vielmehr nimmt die staatseigene Export–Import Bank of India das Kapital für die ausländischen Akteure gewährten Lines of Credit ihrerseits auf dem internationalen Finanzmarkt auf (Gieg 2023, S. 57–60).
- 6.
Grundlage aller Daten in diesem Absatz: Eigene Berechnungen auf Basis der Statistiken der Exim Bank of India, https://www.eximbankindia.in/lines-of-credit.
- 7.
Eigene Berechnungen auf der Grundlage von Daten aus verschiedenen Pressemitteilungen der Reserve Bank of India, siehe Reserve Bank of India (2023).
- 8.
Über die Sicherheitspolitik hinaus hat die indische Regierung natürlich auch mehrere auf die Staaten des WIO ausgerichtete außenpolitische Initiativen ins Leben gerufen. So zielte zum Beispiel das Programm Focus Africa, das 2002 ins Leben gerufen wurde, auf sieben afrikanische Länder, darunter die fünf WIO-Staaten Äthiopien, Kenia, Tansania, Südafrika und Mauritius im Indischen Ozean (vgl. ausführlich Gieg 2023, S. 78–80).
- 9.
In diesem Zusammenhang sei nur auf die Rüstungsabkommen verwiesen, die beispielsweise den Kauf der französischen Rafale-Jets durch die indische Luftwaffe hervorbrachten.
- 10.
Indien ist auch an der United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) beteiligt, die zumindest mittelbaren Bezug zur Verbesserung der maritimen Security Governance in Somalia hat – seit längerem allerdings nur mit einem (1) Expert on Mission (vgl. United Nations Peacekeeping 2023 sowie vorhergehende Berichte). Große indische Truppenkontingente sind in anderen UN-Missionen auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent anzutreffen, so in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo (Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en République démocratique du Congo, MONUSCO) und im Südsudan (United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan, UNMISS) (vgl. Gieg 2023, S. 264–265).
- 11.
Es fand sogar Eingang in Modis Rede im UN-Sicherheitsrat, als das Thema maritime Sicherheit im August 2021 unter indischem Vorsitz zum ersten Mal alleiniger Gegenstand einer Debatte war (Bhattacharya 2021).
- 12.
Hintergrundgespräch mit einer indischen Expertin, April 2020.
- 13.
Siehe hierzu den Beitrag von Manuel Pietzko in diesem Band.
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Gieg, P. (2023). Indien als sicherheitspolitischer Akteur im westlichen Indischen Ozean: Ein Kooperationspartner mit Potenzial für die Europäische Union?. In: Gieg, P., Lowinger, T., Pietzko, M., Rüger, C., Scheuermann, M., Zürn, A. (eds) Jenseits der Krisen: Potenziale der europäischen Integration im 21. Jahrhundert. Forschungen zur Europäischen Integration. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-41608-9_5
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