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Kambodscha

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Die politischen Systeme Südostasiens

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Zusammenfassung

Das Königreich Kambodscha ist eine von zwei Wahlmonarchien in Südostasien. Kambodscha durchlief in den 1990er Jahren einen Demokratisierungsprozess unter Aufsicht der Vereinten Nationen. Allerdings wurde die fragile Demokratie bereits nach wenigen Jahren von einem kompetitiv-autoritären Regime abgelöst, das institutionelle Elemente von Demokratie mit autoritären Herrschaftspraktiken kombiniert. Eingebettet in einen historischen Überblick beschreibt das Kapitel zunächst die Entwicklung Kambodschas während der UNTAC-Mission und analysiert anschließend die Verfassungs-, Regierungs- und Staatsstrukturen des politischen Systems. Es wird herausgearbeitet, wie die Existenz von Wahlen, politischen Parteien und des Parlaments, die Kontrolle über den Sicherheitsapparat, sowie Legitimationsstrategien nach Innen und Außen zur Persistenz der Autokratie beitragen. Die Analyse zeichnet das Bild einer stark personengebundenen Diktatur, deren Beharrungskraft besonders auf der Kooptation von Eliten und der mit ihnen verbundenen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen beruht. Damit hängt das politische Überleben des autoritären Regimes stärker als in „Weltanschauungsdiktaturen“ oder sozioökonomisch leistungsstarken Autokratien von der fortgesetzten Fähigkeit zur Verteilung materieller und immaterieller Vorteile ab.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Front Uni National pour un Cambodge Indépendant, Neutre, Pacifique, et Coopératif.

  2. 2.

    Vorgängerverfassungen wurden 1947, 1972, 1976 und 1981 verabschiedet. Letztere war 1989 reformiert worden (Croissant 2014).

  3. 3.

    Alle Angaben basieren auf der englischsprachigen Übersetzung zum Stand März 2008 (Hill und Menzel 2008).

  4. 4.

    Der Indikator berechnet sich wie folgt: Teff = 75/(M + 1), wobei M die Zahl der Mandate bezeichnet (Taagepera 1998).

  5. 5.

    Die Namensgebung erklärt sich daraus, dass sich 1998 eine kleine Gruppe von der KNP abspaltete, den Parteinamen aber für sich beanspruchte. Das zwang den Mehrheitsflügel unter der Führung des Ex-Finanzministers der FUNCINPEC, Sam Rainsy, dazu, die Partei unter seinem Namen neu zu registrieren, um bei den Parlamentswahlen antreten zu können.

  6. 6.

    Der Westen der Provinz Kampung Cham wurde im Dezember 2013 als Provinz Tbong Khmum ausgegliedert. Die drei provinzfreien Städte sind Sihanoukville, Pailin und Kep.

  7. 7.

    Alle Angaben nach NEC (2014).

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    Aurel Croissant

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Croissant, A. (2022). Kambodscha. In: Die politischen Systeme Südostasiens. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38708-2_5

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