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GG-Institutionen – Organisationen, Regime, Netzwerke

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Zusammenfassung

Das nachfolgende Kapitel bietet aus einer institutionalistischen Perspektive eine Übersicht über die Strukturelemente globaler Governance und zeigt deren Entwicklung seit Ende des Kalten Krieges. Um Ordnung in die große Vielfalt der Forschungsaktivitäten zu Themen der globalen Governance zu bringen, werden vier Analyseperspektiven, die institutionelle und die systemische sowie die sektorale und die Mehrebenenperspektive eingeführt. Mit einem aus diesen Perspektiven (Dimensionen) gebildeten Klassifikationssystem lassen sich Themen und Schwerpunkte der GG-Forschung ermitteln. Die Klassifikation der Ansätze folgt einer institutionalistischen Logik. Internationale Organisationen, Regime und Netzwerke bilden die basalen Institutionen globaler Governance. Die drei Institutionen werden jeweils definiert. Gouvernementale, transnationale und hybride Formen werden unterschieden. Jeweils werden quantitative Angaben zu deren Wachstum sowie zu den an ihnen beteiligten GG-Akteuren gemacht. Die Daten bestätigen die These, dass nach dem Ende des Kalten Krieges eine neue Phase internationaler Beziehungen einsetzte, die mit einer Zunahme von GG-Akteuren (NSA) und neuen Formen globaler Governance verbunden ist. Am Ende des Kapitels wird der global ausgerichtete systemische Analyseansatz vorgestellt, bei dem das GG-System hinsichtlich Entstehung, Stabilität und Wandel untersucht wird. Dabei werden zwei Forschungsrichtungen betrachtet: zum einen die Erdsystemgovernance und zum anderen die Analyse von Weltordnungen, hier speziell die der liberalen internationalen Ordnung.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Siehe die Homepage des Galtung-Instituts: https://www.galtung-institut.de/de/home/johan-galtung/ (26.05.2021).

  2. 2.

    Siehe den Artikel in Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein sowie seine ehemalige Homepage: https://iwallerstein.com/ (26.05.2021).

  3. 3.

    Siehe den Artikel zur Vita und Wirkungsgeschichte in Wikipedia: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedley_Bull (26.05.2021).

  4. 4.

    Zu anderen Versuchen, GG-Arbeiten in eine Typologie zu bringen, siehe Hofferberth, 2015, S. 608; Hoffmann & Ba, 2005; Dingwerth & Pattberg, 2006; Weiss & Wilkinson, 2019.

  5. 5.

    Siehe einführend Cutler, Haufler & Porter, 1999; Cutler & Gill, 2014; Cutler & Dietz, 2017.

  6. 6.

    Die Gründungsdokumente von IOs bedürfen in der Regel der Ratifikation durch die jeweiligen nationalen Parlamente.

  7. 7.

    Die Gründungsdokumente von Regimen bedürfen, je nach Rechtsform des Regimes und nationaler Verfassung, förmlicher Regierungsbeschlüsse.

  8. 8.

    Gouvernementale Netzwerke kommen bereits durch informelle Regierungsbeschlüsse zustande.

  9. 9.

    Nicht alle intergouvernementalen multilateralen Regelungsstrukturen können behandelt werden. Beispielsweise werden institutionalisierte Programme, wie das UN-Umweltprogramm, oder politisch-ökonomische Koordinationsinstrumente, wie die Emissionshandelssysteme des Kyoto-Protokolls, platzbedingt ausgespart.

  10. 10.

    Prof. em. für Völkerrecht und Internationale Beziehungen an der Arizona State University; zahlreiche Publikationen.

  11. 11.

    Siehe die Homepage der WMO und die Geneva Declaration (2019): https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-congress-backs-new-public-private-engagement-plan (29.04.2020).

  12. 12.

    Natürlich mit der großen Ausnahme der EU!

  13. 13.

    Das Konzept der Soft Power, der weichen Machtinstrumente (Diplomatie, Vereinbarung von Standards, Monitoring) wurde von Joseph S. Nye (Nye, 2004; Nye, 2011) entwickelt und zur Analyse der amerikanischen Außenpolitik herangezogen.

  14. 14.

    Jessica F. Green untersucht die Delegation von regulativen Funktionen am Beispiel der globalen Umweltgovernance und speziell am Fall des Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) im Rahmen des Kyoto Protokolls, bei dem das ausführende Organ (Art. 12.4) als eine Körperschaft privaten Rechts vorgesehen wurde (Green, 2014, Kap. 2 und 4).

  15. 15.

    Vgl. Albert O. Hirschman (2004 (1970)).

  16. 16.

    Die G7 wurde, nach einem dreijährigen Vorlauf, 1975 etabliert. Von 1998–2014 (G8) nahm Russland an den jährlichen Treffen teil. Siehe die Plattform des G7 Information Centres: http://www.g8.utoronto.ca.

  17. 17.

    Das G20-Netzwerk (19 Staaten + EU) wurde 1999 zunächst als Treffen der Finanzminister, ab 2009 zur Governance der Finanzkrise, auf der Ebene der Regierungschefs gegründet. Siehe auch das G20 Information Centre: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca sowie das Portal des Lowy Institute: http://www.lowyinstitute.org/issues/g20.

  18. 18.

    Die jährlichen Treffen der Regierungschefs (Gipfeldiplomatie) der BRIC (Brasilien, Russland, Indien, China) wurden 2009 vereinbart und 2011 durch die Aufnahme Südafrikas zur BRICS-Gruppe (G5) erweitert.

  19. 19.

    Anne-Marie Slaughter (geb. 1958), Professorin für Politikwissenschaft an der Universität Princeton, von 2009 bis 2011 Leiterin des Planungsstabs des US-Außenministeriums; zahlreiche Publikationen, darunter der provokante Aufsatz „Why Women Still Can’t Have It All“ (Slaughter, 2012); wichtigste Veröffentlichung: Slaughter, 2009.

  20. 20.

    Siehe https://uia.org/yearbook. Das Yearbook enthält Informationen zu 72.500 Organisationen, von denen 40.300 aktiv sind, aus 300 Ländern und Territorien (Union of International Associations, seit 1907).

  21. 21.

    Siehe das Portal der UNFCCC, speziell: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/parties-non-party-stakeholders/non-party-stakeholders/statistics-on-non-party-stakeholders#eq-1 (02.03.2020).

  22. 22.

    Hier ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass es eine breite meist historisch oder politisch-ökonomisch angeleitete Diskussion über Weltordnungen und Weltsysteme gibt. Diese Arbeiten sind jedoch nicht aus einer steuerungstheoretischen Governanceperspektive verfasst und müssen uns daher an dieser Stelle nicht weiter interessieren. Die umfangreiche Literatur zur Entstehung, zu den Funktionsbedingungen und dem Niedergang von Hegemonialstaaten oder den Stabilitätsbedingungen internationaler Ordnungen, die Schnittstellen zur Governancetheorie besitzen, ist dagegen einschlägig (s. Overbeek, 2008).

  23. 23.

    Die Formulierung ist ein viel zitiertes Erbe eines der Urväter der amerikanischen Politikwissenschaft. Zu dessen Wirken siehe Muno, 2007.

  24. 24.

    Hal Brands (1983), Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Forschungsguppenleiter am American Enterprise Institute (AEI). 2015/1016 Special Assistent to the Secretary of Defense for Strategic Planning. Zahlreiche Publikationen.

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Simonis, G. (2022). GG-Institutionen – Organisationen, Regime, Netzwerke. In: Global Governance. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36462-5_8

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