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Historische Entwicklung psychosozialer Behandlungsmaßnahmen und ihrer Wirksamkeit

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Behandlung im Strafvollzug
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Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Entwicklung der Straftäterbehandlung. Zuerst wird auf Konzepte der Abkehr von einem primär punitiven zu einem zukunftsorientierten (rückfallvermeidenden) Strafrecht im 19. Jahrhundert eingegangen. Dann wird der partiell unrealistische internationale Behandlungsoptimismus in den 1960er und 70er Jahren beschrieben, der u.a. zur Einrichtung der sozialtherapeutischen Anstalten in Deutschland führte. Verschiedene Gründe trugen dazu bei, dass es statt einer Maßregel- letztlich zu einer Vollzugslösung kam, wobei internationale Forschungssynthesen das Stereotyp des „nothing works“ förderten. Neuere Evaluationen und insbesondere Forschungssynthesen führten zur differenzierteren und evidenz-basierten Frage des „what works?“. In diesem Rahmen werden die wichtigsten neueren Konzepte der Straftäterbehandlung skizziert, die von der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie über komplexe systemische Ansätze bis zur manchmal indizierten medikamentösen Behandlung reichen. Insgesamt zeigen sich im Durchschnitt moderate positive Effekte, die aber von zahlreichen Merkmalen der Behandlungsinhalte, institutionellen Kontexte, Zielgruppen und Evaluationsmethoden abhängen. Neuere Behandlungsansätze basieren auf einem erweiterten Risk-Need-Responsivity-Modell sowie Konzepten der Desistance, Resilienz und partiell auf dem Good Lives Modell. Da man aus der Geschichte lernen kann, werden verschiedene Bereiche thematisiert, in denen die Forschung und Praxis der Straftäterbehandlung weitere Fortschritte machen sollte. Dazu gehören u.a. eine vermehrte Einbeziehung „natürlicher“ Schutzfaktoren, Arbeiten zum Benchmarking und Institutionsklima, die Differenzierung von Tätertypen und Erfolgskriterien sowie vermehrte Konzepte für ethnische, nationale und andere Minderheiten, die inzwischen einen Großteil der Klientel im Strafvollzug ausmachen.

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Lösel, F. (2023). Historische Entwicklung psychosozialer Behandlungsmaßnahmen und ihrer Wirksamkeit. In: Endres, J., Suhling, S. (eds) Behandlung im Strafvollzug. Edition Forschung und Entwicklung in der Strafrechtspflege. Springer, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36046-7_3

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