Abstract
This chapter presents the results of the experimental study and provides a direct comparison of the dependent variables in order to answer RQ 2.1.
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Notes
- 1.
e.g., the assumption of normality of the data
- 2.
The selection of methods for inferential statistics testing and the corresponding test statistics which enable the formulation of statistical hypotheses are described in section 5.2.
- 3.
Note that hypotheses on differences in picking and searching times between the professional order pickers and group VR were not formulated as they could not be answered in this thesis. This is due to the fact that the professional order pickers took part in the experiment before the implementation of infrared sensors and picking and searching times are therefore not available (see section 4.4.1).
- 4.
[Herzog et al. 2019, 56] even argue that the t-test is robust to non-normality as long as the distribution is unimodal.
- 5.
For example, normal distribution enables a direct comparison of means between two groups, which is not necessarily possible for non-normal data.
- 6.
Note that the standard Shapiro-Wilk test described in Shapiro and Wilk (1965) can be used for sample sizes of up to 50 data points. However, the extension by Royston (1982a) and Royston (1982b) makes it possible to use the test with sample sizes of up to 2000 data points.
- 7.
Note that the professional order pickers were not included in the ANOVA and the origin of participants was not added as an additional dependent variable, as all of the professional order pickers were assigned to group VR.
- 8.
The Welch’s test is based on the Student’s t-test and is therefore similar.
- 9.
The Mann-Whitney U test is also referred to as Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test but must not be confused with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, which is used for dependent samples.
- 10.
To do so, the Mann-Whitney U test can either calculate exact p-values or, in cases of very large data sets, use an approximation for the p-values by applying an asymptotic \(\chi ^2\) test statistic (Divine et al. 2018, p. 279). As the samples contain less than 60 data points, exact p-values are calculated in this thesis.
- 11.
Alternatively, permutation tests as described by Ernst (2004) can be computed to compare the datasets and test the hypotheses. Results of such an approach for a part of the data can be found in Seidel (2019). However, it can only be used if identical distributions can be assumed among all groups (Huang et al. 2006, p. 2247) and has therefore not been performed in this thesis.
- 12.
The complete results of the ANOVA can be found in Appendix J in the electronic supplementary material.
- 13.
Note that for calculating the repeated measures ANOVA on picking times, participants for which the data of one of the two blocks have been removed during data preparation (see section 4.4.3) have been excluded.
- 14.
The complete results of the ANOVA can be found in Appendix J in the electronic supplementary material.
- 15.
For calculating the repeated measures ANOVA on searching times, participants for which the data of one of the two blocks have been removed during data preparation (see section 4.4.3), have again been excluded.
- 16.
The complete results of the ANOVA can be found in Appendix J in the electronic supplementary material.
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Knigge, JK. (2021). Results of the Comparison Between Virtual and Real Order Picking. In: Virtual Reality in Manual Order Picking. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34704-8_5
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