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Notion of Business Criminal Law

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Business Criminal Law

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Abstract

The terminology used here must be explained at the beginning of this chapter. This work is under the guiding concept of “Business Criminal Law”. This term is largely unknown in scientific literature; in fact, other terms are much more commonly used in connection with business crime.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Exception: Hefendehl R (2004), 51, 55, 56.

  2. 2.

    See Heissner S (2015), 38: “The term white-collar crime can be highly misleading.”

  3. 3.

    For example: Ligeti K and Tosza S (2019); Rorie M (2020).

  4. 4.

    Boursier ME (2017), 465–480; Preuß T (2018), 98–106; Vidlička SR (2017), 851–884.

  5. 5.

    Ambos K (2018a), 499–566; Ambos K (2018b); Jeßberger F et al. (2015); Vidlička, SR (2017), 851–884.

  6. 6.

    Cuervo-Cazrrar A et a. (2016), 881–897; Hogarth RM and Reder MW (1986), 185–207.

  7. 7.

    Backhouse RE and Medema SG (2009), 221–233; Samuelson PA and Nordhaus WD (2010).

  8. 8.

    Adam C and Gollin D (2015), 1–7.

  9. 9.

    Davenport TH (2009), 2–6; Laamanen T et al. (2018), 213–219.

  10. 10.

    Booth RA (2008), 127–145.

  11. 11.

    Theile H (2019), 763–768.

  12. 12.

    Bundeskriminalamt (2019), 2.; cf. Heissner S (2015), 40.

  13. 13.

    Beckemper K (2019), 1105, 1109.

  14. 14.

    Kaiser G (1996), § 1 mn. 1: “Kriminologie ist die geordnete Gesamtheit des Erfahrungswissens über das Verbrechen, den Rechtsbrecher, die negativ soziale Auffälligkeit und über die Kontrolle dieses Verhaltens”; cf. Bock M (2008a), § 3 mn. 14–17, 18–26; Kunz KL and Singelnstein T (2016), § 1 mn. 2–4.

  15. 15.

    Cf. Heissner S (2015), 41–42; Schneider H (2008), § 25 mn. 4–15; Theile H (2016a), mn. 6–11.

  16. 16.

    See Hugendubel J (2016), 47–53.

  17. 17.

    For further information on the studies of Sutherland see Geis G (2016), 25, 26–28.

  18. 18.

    Sutherland EH (1940), 1–12; cf. Kaiser G (1996), § 72 mn. 4; Schneider (2008), § 25 mn. 2, 5; Theile H (2016a), mn. 6

  19. 19.

    Sutherland EH (1940), 1, 4–5.

  20. 20.

    Sutherland EH (1940), 1, 8–9; cf. Kaiser G (1996), § 72 mn. 3.

  21. 21.

    Sutherland EH (1940), 1, 5–8; Sutherland EH (1983), 7.

  22. 22.

    Theile H (2009), 38–40.

  23. 23.

    Theile H (2009), 35–36.

  24. 24.

    Nelken D (2012), 623, 628–630.

  25. 25.

    Heissner S (2015), 38; Kaiser G (1996), § 72 mn. 1; Kert R (2016), 1, 4; Theile H (2016a), mn. 7.

  26. 26.

    Geis G (2016), 25, 28–33.

  27. 27.

    Pieth M (2016), 18.

  28. 28.

    Clinard MB and Quinney R (1967), 188; cf. Schneider (2008), § 25 mn. 5.

  29. 29.

    Kaiser G (1996), § 72 mn. 15; Schneider (2008) § 25 mn. 5; Theile H (2016a), mn. 8.

  30. 30.

    See Schünemann B (1982), 41: Es ist “der Gesamtbereich der Wirtschaftsstraftaten gemeint, bei denen durch ein Handeln für ein Unternehmen externe Rechtsgüter und Interessen einschließlich der eigenen Rechtsgüter und Interessen der Unternehmensmitarbeiter verletzt werden.”

  31. 31.

    Simpson S (2002); Simpson S et al. (2014), 4: “Corporate crime, therefore, encompasses a wide array of illegal activities that are criminally, civilly, and administratively proscribed and which may be undertaken by individual managers/employees as well as by the firm (as an organizational actor) to achieve organizational goals. Corporate crimes are generally distinguished from other types of white-collar offences by the use of organizational resources and by who gains from the offence. Thus, when Raymond Scott Stevenson, head of Tyco’s tax department, directed a series of transactions designed to reduce Tyco’s state tax liability by back-dating transactions to avoid reporting a $ 170 million dollar federal capital gain, he used organisational resources to “benefit” the company’s bottom line but not himself.”

  32. 32.

    Theile H (2015), 1219, 1221.

  33. 33.

    Theile H (2009), 38–41.

  34. 34.

    Wittig P (2017), 7.

  35. 35.

    Theile H (2016a), mn. 9.

  36. 36.

    Hugendubel J (2016), 53–55; Kunz KL and Singelnstein T (2016), § 12 mn. 23.

  37. 37.

    Tutic A (2020).

  38. 38.

    Kunz KL and Singelnstein T (2016), § 12 mn. 22–25; Theile H (2009), 45–54.

  39. 39.

    Kunz KL and Singelnstein T (2016), § 12 mn. 25–33.

  40. 40.

    Becker G (1968), 169–217.

  41. 41.

    Bock M (2008b), § 10 mn. 95.

  42. 42.

    Cf. Bock M (2008b), § 10 mn. 94; Kunz KL and Singelnstein T (2016), § 12 mn. 33, 34–36, 37–42.

  43. 43.

    Bock M (2008b), § 10 mn. 95.

  44. 44.

    Heissner S (2015), 60–64; Kaiser G (1996), § 73 mn. 3–6; Klenowski P et al. (2016), 101, 107–126; Kunz KL and Singelnstein T (2016), § 18 mn. 9; Schneider H (2008) § 25 mn. 11; Wittig P (2017), 6.

  45. 45.

    Edelhertz H (1970).

  46. 46.

    Edelhertz H (1970), 3: White-collar crime “will be defined as an act or series of illegal acts committed by nonphysical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain money or property, to avoid the payment or loss of money or property, or to obtain business or personal advantage”; 4: “The character of white-collar crime must be found in its modi operandi and its objectives rather in the nature of the offenders.”

  47. 47.

    Shapiro SP (1990), 346–365.

  48. 48.

    Kaiser G (1996), § 72 mn. 6; see also Heissner S (2015), 42–50.

  49. 49.

    Heissner S (2015), 64–70.

  50. 50.

    Bundeskriminalamt (2019), 5.

  51. 51.

    Bundeskriminalamt (2019), 6; Schneider H (2008), § 25 mn. 36.

  52. 52.

    Kunz KL and Singelnstein T (2016), § 16 mn. 11–21; Schneider H (2008), § 25 mn. 35.

  53. 53.

    Bundeskriminalamt (2019), 5.

  54. 54.

    Kunz KL and Singelnstein T (2016), § 17 mn. 9.

  55. 55.

    Cf. Bock M (2008a), § 3 mn. 6.

  56. 56.

    For an in-depth study on the literature to organisational crime, see, for example, Needleman ML and Needleman C (1979), 517–628; Wong KM (2005).

  57. 57.

    Theile H (2016a), mn. 10.

  58. 58.

    Nelken D (2012), 623, 628–638.

  59. 59.

    The following is based on the summary by Pieth M (2016), 21.

  60. 60.

    Coleman JW (1987), 406–439: “Culture of Competition”; Schneider H (2008), § 25 mn. 23.

  61. 61.

    Heissner S (2015), 31: “Why is complexity a driver of white-collar crime? Because complexity creates a lack of transparency. And this lack of transparency offers fraudsters and manipulators niches of uncertainty that they can utilize for their own purpose.”

  62. 62.

    Cohen MA (2016), 78–96.

  63. 63.

    See, for example, Heissner S (2015), 54–60.

  64. 64.

    Cressey DR (1950), 738–743; Cressey DR (1953); see also Heissner S (2015), 52–54.

  65. 65.

    Madensen TD (2016), 382–408.

  66. 66.

    Schneider H (2008), § 25 mn. 26–31; Schneider H (2007), 555–562; Schneider H et al. (2009).

  67. 67.

    Urbanek J (2016), 43, 66–68.

  68. 68.

    Schneider H and John D (2013).

  69. 69.

    Dobrosz N (2020); Hefendehl R (2019), 705–717.

  70. 70.

    Hippel E (2005), 169–171; Thiele C (2003), 10–61.

  71. 71.

    Cf. Engelhart M (2021), 29–80.

  72. 72.

    Corte di Cassazione, Decision of 15.04.2020, No 12151.

  73. 73.

    Cf. Theile H (2016b), mn. 429 (“Am Ende stehen daher durchgreifende Zweifel, ob eine Unternehmensstrafbarkeit kriminalpolitisch das Mittel der Wahl darstellt oder ob eine derartige Sanktion nicht ein weiteres Beispiel für ein im schlechten Sinne symbolisch wirkendes Strafrecht bildet”).

  74. 74.

    Kölbel R and Singelnstein R (2020), 333, 337–339; cf. Anderson JM and Waggoner I (2014), 42–68.

  75. 75.

    Schneider (2008), § 25 mn. 3.

  76. 76.

    Anderson JM and Waggoner I (2014), 51; Hefendehl R (2004), 51–88; Heissner S (2015), 20–22.

  77. 77.

    Clikeman PM (2013), 235–255; Fusaro PC and Miller RM (2002); Healy PM and Palepu KG (2003), 3–26; Heissner S (2015), 18–20; Janke G (2008), 31–41; McLean B and Elkind P (2013); Schwercz SL (2002), 1309–1318; Thielemann U (2005), 37–45.

  78. 78.

    Clikeman PM (2013), 276–283; Janke G (2008), 41–43.

  79. 79.

    Klose B (2020a), 173: the legal infrastructure is an important factor for the production location.

  80. 80.

    See, for instance, Stolowy N (2016), 607–623.

  81. 81.

    Möllers T (2019), 279.

  82. 82.

    Anderson JM and Waggoner I (2014), 98–107; Dannecker G and Schröder T (2020), 285–320; Klose B (2020b), 41–49; Trüg G (2016), 307–332.

  83. 83.

    Singelnstein T (2020), 95, 102.

  84. 84.

    Theile H (2016b), mn. 414, 422–424.

  85. 85.

    Kölbel R (2017), 430–452, especially 432–433 (Command & Control), 433–434 (Self-Regulation).

  86. 86.

    Babiak P and Hare RD (2006).

  87. 87.

    Kölbel R (2017), 430, 436–438.

  88. 88.

    Kölbel R (2017), 430 (especially 440–446); see also Kölbel R (2014), 1424–1447.

  89. 89.

    Dannecker G (2020), 74, 79–81.

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  1. Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Lukas Staffler

  2. MCI ∣ The Entrepreneurial School, Innsbruck, Austria

    Lukas Staffler

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Staffler, L. (2022). Notion of Business Criminal Law. In: Business Criminal Law. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34472-6_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34472-6_3

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