Zusammenfassung
Der im Jahr 2018 zum Präsidenten Brasiliens gewählte Jair Bolsonaro verkörpert einen auch in anderen Ländern der Region anzutreffenden Typus eines Law-and-order-Populisten, der ein diffuses, jedoch vorwiegend aus der Mittelschicht stammendes Elektorat mit Kulturkampf-Themen anspricht. Die bisherigen zwei Regierungsjahre Bolsonaros liefern erste Erkenntnisse über die Regierungspraxis eines Rechtspopulisten an der Macht. Zu seiner vorläufigen Bilanz zählt eine Verschlechterung der Menschenrechtslage, aber keine Konzentration der Macht in der Exekutive und auch keine inflationäre Patronagepolitik. Im Zuge der Covid-19-Krise erwies sich der populistische Regierungsstil zunächst als ineffektiv, aber dank verstärkter sozialpolitischer Maßnahmen konnte Bolsonaro seine Zustimmungsraten verbessern, insbesondere auch innerhalb der unteren Einkommensschichten. Sollte es ihm gelingen, diesen Rückhalt zu festigen, könnte hierin ein Erfolgsrezept für den Rechtspopulismus in Brasilien und darüber hinaus liegen.
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Notes
- 1.
Aus stilistischen Gründen ziehen wir die Nennung beider generischer Formen der Verwendung von Asterisken o.ä. vor.
- 2.
- 3.
Weitere Beispiele aus Lateinamerika sind Rafael Correa (Ecuador) Andrés Manuel López Obrador (Mexiko) und der Kirchnerismus in Argentinien (siehe dazu auch den Beitrag von Muno in diesem Band).
- 4.
Angesichts dieser Ambivalenz gegenüber dem Demokratieprinzip würde Bolsonaro ggf. aus der Definition Pappas‘ (2019, S. 40–78) herausfallen, da dieser den Populismus als eine Subkategorie von Demokratie betrachtet und autoritäre Parteien bzw. Akteure explizit ausschließt. Allerdings ergeben sich daraus Abgrenzungsschwierigkeiten, da unter Demokratie sehr unterschiedliche Dinge verstanden werden können und insbesondere im Falle populistischer Regierungen die Berufung auf die Demokratie meist nicht zum Nennwert zu nehmen ist. Zudem verändern Populistinnen und Populisten im Zeitverlauf häufig ihre Haltung zur Demokratie.
- 5.
Von José María Velasco Ibarra, der zwischen 1934 und 1972 fünfmal als Präsident Ecuadors amtierte, stammt der Satz „Gebt mir einen Balkon und das Land ist mein“, der den in Lateinamerika häufig anzutreffenden direkten Herrschaftsstil sehr treffend versinnbildlicht (Hofmeister 2002).
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Bennech, A., Zago, M., Kestler, T. (2021). Die Regierung Bolsonaro in Brasilien: Populistisches Intermezzo oder Modell eines neuen Rechtspopulismus in Lateinamerika?. In: Muno, W., Pfeiffer, C. (eds) Populismus an der Macht. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33263-1_8
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