Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of current trends in international migration and displacement. Nearly all countries in the world experience significant out- or in-migration, however, the majority of migrants reside in a few countries, while a few major emigration countries account for a large share of the global emigrant stock. In addition to a brief demographic profile, the chapter discusses drivers and migration motivations, climate and environmentally induced migration, categories of entry, irregular migration, and unsafe migration routes.
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Notes
- 1.
For definitions cf. Preuß et al. in the introductory chapter.
- 2.
Diasporic actors are all persons who originate from a certain country, self-identify with that country, and who maintain a meaningful cultural and social relationship with the country (Sheffer 2003; Naujoks 2013: 12). This includes both citizens and non-citizens of the home country, as well as first and second-plus generation emigrants.
- 3.
- 4.
Cf. Warner’s contribution (Chap. 10) in this book.
- 5.
- 6.
Family migration encompasses four main subcategories, namely, family formation, accompanying family members of immigrating workers, family reunification, and international adoption (OECD 2017: 10).
- 7.
Based on World Bank Indicator database from UNHCR and UNRWA data.
- 8.
In addition, existing estimates vary greatly in their methodologies, making the data hard to compare. IOM (2020: 28) highlights that some reports that includes global estimates are “based on a lack of understanding of migration and displacement policy, practice and normative settings.”
- 9.
For a discussion of undocumented migrants in India and Malaysia, see Sadiq (2008).
- 10.
See UN (2017d: 3).
- 11.
Data sources include official records of coast guards and medical examiners, media stories, reports from non-governmental organizations and UN agencies, and interviews with migrants (IOM 2018).
- 12.
Adamson/Tsourapas (2019) expand on Hollifield’s conceptualizations and provide a classification for migration state regimes in the Global South.
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Naujoks, D. (2022). Trends, Drivers, and Dynamics of Flight and Migration. In: Preuß, HJ., Beier, C., Messner, D. (eds) Forced Displacement and Migration. Springer, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32902-0_2
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