Abstract
One contribution of this study was to develop an age-specific paper-and-pencil test involving a set of tasks that measured the construct of small-scale spatial abilities with the two subclasses object-based transformation abilities (OB) and egocentric perspective transformation abilities (EGO).
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Notes
- 1.
The term test will be used to address the collection of individual tasks that were developed to reflect the latent constructs. From a psychometric point of view, they are tests, but they will be referred to as tasks when the emphasis is on the children’s perspective and what children need to do. Since the analyses of the pilot test resulted in data, they are referred as measures when reporting statistical results.
- 2.
A short description of the tasks can be found in the ESM, p. 1
- 3.
Complex Multiple Choice scores an item only with one point if a certain subset of ‘miniitems’ is correctly solved.
- 4.
The tasks are presented in German. A translation of the tasks instructions is provided in the ESM, p. 1.
- 5.
Tasks that demand for model-rotation, turning and reconstruction tasks were omitted since they rely explicitly on concrete operations with material which was beyond the score of this study.
- 6.
Item question ask vice versa for the specification of a feature, given the spatial relation (left/right) with respect to the point of view in a given position.
- 7.
The tasks Anna, Ben, Meadow, Which Way, Claudia, and Dirk were designed using Sweet Home 3D, copyright (c) 2005–2017 E. Puybaret. The Software includes 3D models and textures distributed under a free license.
- 8.
As outlined in Section 5.2.2, variables with more than 5 categories can, technically spoken, be considered as continuous, therefore being normally distributed. This study uses this expression, but understands the different categories as sampling from a normal distribution.
- 9.
5 children stopped sorting after the first picture
- 10.
Claudia and Boxes were entered into the analyses with the initially proposed scoring (since both measures underwent revisions in the main study), Cruise with the revised scoring.
- 11.
Pearson correlations are slightly smaller than polychoric correlations that have been computed when treating all the variables as categorical. Because subsequent analyses were conducted with MLR-estimations that rely on continuous variables, Pearson-correlations are reported here.
- 12.
Standardized estimates are based on both the variances of latent variables and indicators being rescaled to 1.0.
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Heil, C. (2020). Testing Material for Small-Scale Spatial Abilities. In: The Impact of Scale on Children’s Spatial Thought. Studien zur theoretischen und empirischen Forschung in der Mathematikdidaktik. Springer Spektrum, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32648-7_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32648-7_6
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