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Contingency Analysis

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Multivariate Analysis

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Abstract

Contingency analysis is used to detect and investigate relationships between nominally scaled variables. Typical examples are the investigation of associations between income class, profession or gender and consumer behavior, or the examination of whether the level of education or the family background (social class) is associated with the membership in a particular political party. Questions arising in this context may include: Is there a significant association between the variables? Is it possible to make a statement about the strength or even the direction of the association? This chapter describes contingency analysis for the simple 2 × 2 case as well as for larger cross tables. Furthermore, the role of confounding variables is discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We are aware that both variables have more than just two categories. We use this simplification to illustrate the basic idea of the contingency analysis.

  2. 2.

    Another possibility is the computation of mean values or ratios (cf. Zeisel 1985). In addition, methods for the analysis of multidimensional tables such as log-linear models have been developed (cf. Fahrmeir and Tutz 2001 for a literature overview).

  3. 3.

    Visit www.multivariate-methods.info for more information.

References

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Further reading

  • Fienberg, S. (2007). The analysis of cross-classified categorical data (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.

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  • Kateri, M. (2014). Contingency table analysis – methods and implementation using R. New York: Birkhäuser.

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  • Wickens, T. (1989). Multiway contingency tables analysis for the social sciences. New York: Psychology Press.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Business-to-Business Marketing, Marketing Center Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

    Klaus Backhaus

  2. Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

    Bernd Erichson

  3. Chair for Value-Based-Marketing, Marketing Center Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

    Sonja Gensler

  4. Chair of Marketing and Innovation, University of Trier, Trier, Germany

    Rolf Weiber

  5. Munich, Germany

    Thomas Weiber

Authors
  1. Klaus Backhaus
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  2. Bernd Erichson
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  3. Sonja Gensler
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  4. Rolf Weiber
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  5. Thomas Weiber
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Klaus Backhaus .

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© 2021 Der/die Herausgeber bzw. der/die Autor(en), exklusiv lizenziert durch Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature

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Backhaus, K., Erichson, B., Gensler, S., Weiber, R., Weiber, T. (2021). Contingency Analysis. In: Multivariate Analysis. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32589-3_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32589-3_6

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  • Publisher Name: Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-658-32588-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-658-32589-3

  • eBook Packages: Business and Economics (German Language)

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