Zusammenfassung
Der Boden ist eine poröse Oberflache der Erde und besteht aus drei Phasen: fest, flüssig und gasförmig. Er wurde durch verschiedene Prozesse in Tausenden von Jahren geformt, der häufigste davon ist die Verwitterung. Das Rohmaterial für diese Prozesse ist ein Ausgangsgestein, entweder ein solider Fels oder ein lockeres Sediment. In der primären Bodenbildung bewirkt die jahrelange Einwirkung von Wind, Sonne und Niederschlägen unter verschiedenen Temperaturen, dass das Ausgangsgestein physikalisch und chemisch in immer kleinere Teile zerlegt wird. In der Vergrößerung unter einer Lupe sieht der Boden wie ein komplexes Gebilde aus, in dem mehrere natürliche physikalische, chemische und thermische Prozesse ablaufen, die die Veränderungen physikalischer Bodeneigenschaften verursachen. Die mineralischen Bestandteilen des Bodens, die aus Körnern verschiedener Größen und Formen bestehen, bilden Strukturen mit Poren. Die Bodenart beschreibt den Boden in Bezug auf die Korngrößenzusammensetzung der mineralischen Bodenteile (Körnen). Davon geht eine primäre Klassifikation der Böden aus, in der die nachfolgenden Bodenarten unterschieden werden: Sand, Schluff, Ton und Lehm. Bei der sekundären Bodenbildung geht es überwiegend um verschiedene Vorgänge, die die Humusbildung beeinflussen, wie z. B. Vergleyung oder Pseudovergleyung oder Auswaschung von Bodenbestandteilen in tiefere Schichten. Unterschiedliche Erscheinungsformen von Böden, die sich in Form von Bodenhorizonten zeigen (Abb. 2.1), werden als Bodentypen bezeichnet und werden weltweit in der Bodenklassifikation bzw. der Bodensystematik nach verschiedenen Systemen klassifiziert.
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Pytka, J. (2024). Der Boden. In: Terramechanik und Geländefahrzeuge. ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32013-3_2
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