Abstract
During the scrutiny of the characteristics of the social land programme, other integration models—such as the public employment programme, the start work programme in sub-regions, and social cooperatives—have also been analyzed. The reason the analysis of the competitive, alternative, or rather the mutually reinforcing nature of the connection between integrative programmes has become relevant recently is that the government has started to gradually focus support on social cooperatives, while other integrative models have started to gradually lose their significance. The results of our research in regard to the implementation and the relations of integrative models have proved that governments that perform well always operate complex systems. A multi-level programme system guarantees a way for entering and exiting the labor market that is adapted to needs and opportunities, furthermore, it guarantees the dynamics of the model and contributes to the development of smaller communities’ local economies, and to the improvement of locals’ living standards.
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With the cooperation of the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of National Economy, and the National Public Foundation of Employment Non-profit Kft., a new call for applications was published for establishing a new social cooperative system based on public employment on 21 June 2016 titled “In Focus: Social Cooperatives with Local Governmental Membership”. Out of the 340 billion Ft Start work programme appropriation of 2016, 10 billion Ft were allocated for this purpose, http://kozfoglalkoztatas.kormany.hu/palyazati-archivum. For more information regarding the programme, see: http://ofa.hu/hu/fokusz.
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Booklet number 8.001/1987. (MU K.15) ABMH-PM on community employment.
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In 1996, both public work (Regulation 6/1996. (VII. 6) by the Ministry of Labour on Support Stimulating Employment) community employment (Act XXII of 1996 on the Amendment of Laws regarding specific Social Benefits) had been introduced, which have become important parts of instruments of active employment policy in Hungary.
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National Public Employment Programme (2011): Government Regulation 375/2010. (XII. 31.).
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Government Regulation 463/2016. (XII. 23.) on the amendment of Government Regulation 170/2011. (VIII. 24.) on the determination of public employment wage and guaranteed public employment wage, and in conjunction, on the amendment of Government Regulation 63/2006. (III. 27.) on the rules of applying for and determining, as well as issuing monetary and non-monetary social benefits, https://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1600463.KOR×hift=fffffff4&txtreferer=00000001.TXT.
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In 2011, the Ministry of Interior announced the opportunity to participate in the programme to local governments of disadvantaged micro-regions listed in the Government Regulation 311/2007. (XI. 17.) on the classification of beneficiary regions, as well as in the appendix of the Government Regulation 240/2006. (XI. 30.) on communities falling behind in a socio-economic and infrastructural sense and suffering from unemployment much higher than the national average.
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The Ministry of Interior created a conception in 2013 where, in order to receive funds, local governments involved in the Start work programme were obliged to form social cooperatives. The “Focus” programme announced in 2016 allows the establishment and support of the new form of cooperation, in which the local government is an obligatory member.
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Excerpt from the response of Sándor Pintér on 24 February 2015 to the claim of Bernadett Szél, Member of Parliament, http://szoszov.hu/sites/default/files/letoltheto/k3005valasz20150224.pdf.
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There are, however, a few successful local models. See the successful cooperatives of e.g. the Focus programme. http://ofa.hu/hu/fokusz.
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The International Co-operative Alliance’s statement on cooperation identity (Manchester 1995): The international principles of cooperation. http://www.szoszov.hu/a-szovetkezes-nemzetkozi-alapelvei.
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The hypothesis primarily applies to “social cooperatives combined with public employment”. These make up 10% of all social cooperatives. Due to the endorsement of this model by the government, the increase of this percentage ought to be considered a real threat.
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In social cooperatives that formed from Start programmes, local governments are required to be members. Thus, they could even compensate for the lack of competence and capital present at the establishment of the cooperatives. In Hungary, however, from the creation of cooperatives, local governments are mainly assigned the role of central control instead of organic cooperation.
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Csoba, J. (2020). Integration Models—Complementing or Competing with Each Other? The Integration Strategies of Local Society. In: Revitalisation of the Household Economy. Prekarisierung und soziale Entkopplung – transdisziplinäre Studien. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29350-5_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29350-5_8
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