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Terrorismusabwehr und -bekämpfung im Zeitalter strategischer Ungewissheit

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Terrorismus als hybride Bedrohung des 21. Jahrhunderts

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Zusammenfassung

Im Jahr 2016 fanden insgesamt 142 Anschläge bzw. Anschlagsversuche in acht EU-Staaten statt, fünf davon in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Während die Anzahl der Anschläge im Vorjahresvergleich sank, stieg gleichzeitig die Anzahl der dschihadistischen Aktivitäten. 718 Verhaftungen fanden innerhalb der EU statt, während es 2014 noch 395 waren.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2017, European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (EUROPOL) The Hague, S. 10.

  2. 2.

    Martin, Gus, Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. California State University, Los Angeles, 2013, S. 245.

  3. 3.

    Popescu, Ionut, „Are Our Strategic Models Flawed? Strategic Uncertainty, the Third Offset, and US Grand Strategy“, Parameters 46(4), Winter 2016–2017, US Army War College Quarterly, Fort Leavenworth, S. 72–73.

  4. 4.

    Carrol, Jacinta (eds.), Counterterrorism Yearbook 2017, The Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Barton, February 2017, S. 138, https://www.aspi.org.au/publications/counterterrorism-yearbook-2017/ASPI-Counterterrorism-YB2017.pdf.

  5. 5.

    Orwin, C. (1994). The Humanity of Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  6. 6.

    Kaplan, Robert, Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos, Rando House, New York, 2002, S. 51.

  7. 7.

    Boot, Max, Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present, Norton & Company, New York, 2013, S. 523–524.

  8. 8.

    Carrol, Jacinta (eds.), Counterterrorism Yearbook 2017, The Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Barton, February 2017, S. 137, https://www.aspi.org.au/publications/counterterrorism-yearbook-2017/ASPI-Counterterrorism-YB2017.pdf.

  9. 9.

    Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2017, S. 12–13.

  10. 10.

    In „Paris and the fall of Rome“, The Boston Globe, 16 November 2015, https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2015/11/16/paris-and-fall-rome/ErlRjkQMGXhvDarTIxXpdK/story.html.

  11. 11.

    Shahid, Aroma, „Stories of terror: The need for a counter-narrative“, Pakistan Today, 13 August 2016, https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/08/13/stories-of-terror-the-need-for-a-counter-narrative/.

  12. 12.

    Lipka, Michael, „Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world“, Pew Research Centre, 26 May 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/26/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/.

  13. 13.

    „C4 survey and documentary reveals What British Muslims Really Think“, 11 April 2016, http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/c4-survey-and-documentary-reveals-what-british-muslims-really-think.

  14. 14.

    Münkler, Herfried, Kriegssplitter: Die Evolution der Gewalt im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert, Rowohlt, Berlin, 2015, S. 313–314.

  15. 15.

    Voelz, Glenn, „The Rise of I-War: Identity, Information, and the Individualization of Modern Warfare“, Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press, Fort Leavenworth, October 2015, S. 90.

  16. 16.

    Etzioni, Amitai, „Talking to the Muslim world: how, and with whom?“, International Affairs Magazine, Royal Institute for International Affairs, November 2016, Volume 92, Number 6, https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/ia/talking-muslim-world-how-and-whom.

  17. 17.

    Lakomy, Miron, „Cracks in the Online ‚Caliphate‘: How the Islamic State is Losing Ground in the Battle for Cyberspace“, Perspectives on Terrorism, Volume 11, Number 3, May/June 2017, http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/607/html.

  18. 18.

    Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2017, S. 12.

  19. 19.

    „Global Counter-Terror Finance Efforts are Still Failing“, Centre for Financial Crime and Security Studies, Global Security Issues, Terrorism, Information, Terrorism, 16 November 2015, https://rusi.org/commentary/global-counter-terror-finance-efforts-are-still-failing.

  20. 20.

    Neumann, Peter, „Don’t Follow the Money: The Problem With the War on Terrorist Financing“, Foreign Affairs Magazine, Volume 96, Number 4, July/August 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2017-06-13/dont-follow-money.

  21. 21.

    Gelb, Alan/ Clark, Julia: Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution, Washington D.C., Center for Global Development, Januar 2013, S. 7.

  22. 22.

    Voelz, S. 78.

  23. 23.

    Pinker, Steven, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, Penguin Press, New York, 2003; Pinker Steven, Gewalt: Eine neue Geschichte der Menschheit, S. Fischer Verlag, Berlin, 2013.

  24. 24.

    Heinsohn, Gunnar, Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen, Piper Verlag, München, 2011.

  25. 25.

    The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.

  26. 26.

    2013, S. 328.

  27. 27.

    Basra, Rajan; Neumann, Peter; Brunner, Claudia, Criminal Pasts, Terrorist Futures: European Jihadists and the New Crime-Terror Nexus, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, King’s College, London, 2016, S. 3.

  28. 28.

    Gökkaya, Hasan, „‚Islamischer Staat‘: Dschihad auf Ecstasy“, Zeit Online, 18. Juni 2017, http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2017-06/islamischer-staat-islamisten-kriminalitaet-rekruten.

  29. 29.

    Wood, Graeme, „What ISIS Really Wants“, The Atlantic, March 2015 Issue, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/what-isis-really-wants/384980/.

  30. 30.

    Comras, Victor, Flawed Diplomacy: The United Nations & the War on Terrorism, Potomac Books, Washington D.C., 2010, S. 216.

  31. 31.

    „What ISIS Really Wants“ Revisited: „Religion Matters in Jihadi Violence, but How?“, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 40, No. 6, 2016, S. 448.

  32. 32.

    „Why Youth Join al-Qaeda“, Special Report, United States Institute for Peace, 4 May 2010, https://www.usip.org/publications/2010/05/why-youth-join-al-qaeda.

  33. 33.

    Borum, Randy and Fein, Robert, „The Psychology of Foreign Fighters“, Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2016, S. 258.

  34. 34.

    ebd. S. 256.

  35. 35.

    Dawson, Lorne and Amarasingam, Amarnath, „Talking to Foreign Fighters: Insights into the Motivations for Hijrah to Syria and Iraq“, Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2016, S. 206.

  36. 36.

    Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2017, European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (EUROPOL), The Hague, S. 10.

  37. 37.

    Dülffer, Jost, „Alte und Neue Kriege: Gewaltkonflikte und Völkerrecht seit dem 19. Jahrhundert“, in Moderne Kriegsführung, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 35–36/2016, 29. August 2016, S. 4–10.

  38. 38.

    Gross, Michael, Moral Dilemmas of Modern War: Torture, Assassination and Blackmail in an Age of Asymmetric Conflict, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, S. 37.

  39. 39.

    Boot, 2013, S. 328.

  40. 40.

    Im Bereich der Terrorismusabwehr entstehen Drohnenstützpunkte in entlegenen Gebieten, z. B. West- und Ostafrika, wodurch die globale Aufklärungsreichweite und -qualität sehr viel höher ist als ohne den Einsatz dieser Technologie. Bei der Terrorbekämpfung wurden Aufständische und Terroristen gezwungen, im Rahmen der Drohnenprogramme, Ausbildung und Kommunikation stark einzuschränken, um sich vor Angriffen zu schützen.

  41. 41.

    „Gezielte Tötungen: Auf dem Weg zu einer globalen Norm? in Moderne Kriegsführung, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 35–36/2016, 29. August 2016, S. 33–38.

  42. 42.

    Bowden, Mark, „The killing Machines – How to Think About Drones“, The Atlantic Monthly Magazine, September 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434.

  43. 43.

    ebd.

  44. 44.

    Kurth-Cronin, Audrey „Why Drones Fail: When Tactics Drives Strategy“, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 92 (4), July/August 2013, S. 45.

  45. 45.

    Kober, Avi, „Targeted Killing during the Second Intifada: The Quest for Effectiveness“, Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2007), Greg Centre for the Study of War and Society, University of New Brunswick, https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/8292/9353.

  46. 46.

    „Attacking the Leader, Missing the Mark: Why Terrorist Groups Survive Decapitation Strikes“, International Security, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Spring 2014), pp. 7–38, Belfer Centre for Science and International Affairs, Cambridge (MA), http://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/IS3804_pp007-038_rev.pdf.

  47. 47.

    Freedman, Lawrence, „The Drone Revolution: Less Than Meets the Eye“, Foreign Affairs Vol. 95 Nr. 6, November/December 2016, S. 154.

  48. 48.

    Rayner, Gordon (et al.), „Paris attacks: Seven hours and 5000 bullets – the full story of the Saint-Denis shootout“, 18 November 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/12003186/Saint-Denis-siege-was-Paris-attacks-mastermind-Abdelhamid-Abaaoud-hiding-in-French-capital-all-along.html.

  49. 49.

    Omand, David, „Keeping Europe Safe“, Foreign Affairs Vol. 95 Nr. 5, September/October 2016, S. 85.

  50. 50.

    ebd.

  51. 51.

    Hufelschulte, Josef, „Merkel ließ sich von Briten über Terrorbedrohung informieren“, Focus Online, 14. März 2017, http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/empoerung-bei-deutschen-sicherheitsbehoerden-vertraut-die-kanzlerin-ihren-eigenen-leuten-nicht-mehr-merkel-liess-sich-von-briten-ueber-terrorbedrohung-informieren_id_6958858.html.

  52. 52.

    Lazarus, Liora, „Do Human Rights Impede Effective Counterterrorism?“, UK Constitutional Law Association, London, 17 June 2017, https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2017/06/15/liora-lazarus-do-human-rights-impede-effective-counterterrorism/.

  53. 53.

    Fereirra-Pereira, Laura and Martins, Bruno (eds.), The European Union’s Fight Against Terrorism, Routledge Publishing, New York, 2014.

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  1. Lübeck, Deutschland

    Stephan Maninger

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  1. Akademie für Krisenmanagement, Notfallplanung und Zivilschutz, Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany

    Dirk Freudenberg

  2. Fachbereich Bundespolizei, Hochschule des Bundes, Lübeck, Germany

    Stefan Goertz

  3. Fachbereich Bundespolizei, Hochschule des Bundes , Lübeck, Germany

    Stephan Maninger

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Maninger, S. (2019). Terrorismusabwehr und -bekämpfung im Zeitalter strategischer Ungewissheit. In: Freudenberg, D., Goertz, S., Maninger, S. (eds) Terrorismus als hybride Bedrohung des 21. Jahrhunderts. Sicherheit – interdisziplinäre Perspektiven. Springer, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20919-3_4

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