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“Yaşa Mustafa Kemal”

Various causes of support for the nation-state building process in Izmir during the Early Republic

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Grenzräume, Grenzgänge, Entgrenzungen
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Zusammenfassung

Dieser Aufsatz versucht die Gründe für die Unterstützung zu bestimmen, die der Aufbau eines türkischen Nationalstaats in Izmir zu Beginn der Türkischen Republik erhielt. Da die Stadt durch ihre Rolle als Handelshafen eine wichtige multiethnische Identität im Osmanischen Reich hatte, ist ihr Identitätswandel ein wichtiger Fokus, um die Bedingungen einer Unterstützung von Nationalstaatsgründungen zu verstehen. Die Ideen von Özkırımlı und Sofos (2008) über die Entstehung einer nationalistischen Identität durch das Auslöschen der Vergangenheit und Handals (2006) Theorie einer „place identity“ dienen als der theoretische Hintergrund der Arbeit. Aufgrund der kosmopolitischen, vielfältigen Bevölkerung der Stadt am Ende des Osmanischen Reiches ist die Unterstützung für das nationale Projekt auf den ersten Blick verwirrend. Die Ereignisse zwischen diesen zwei Zeitpunkten deuten jedoch auf die Veränderungen in der Stadt hin, die das Auslöschen der Vergangenheit, die Entstehung beziehungsweise Konstruktion einer nationalistischen Identität und damit die Unterstützung für das Nationalstaatsprojekt gefördert haben. Aus diesem Grund werden die drei größten Ereignisse in der damaligen Stadtgeschichte – die griechische Besetzung und anschließende Befreiung durch die türkische Armee (1919-1922), der Brand von 1922 und der Bevölkerungsaustausch von 1923 – analysiert. Zudem werden sowohl die letzten Jahre des Osmanischen Reiches (1838-1919) als auch die frühen Jahre der Republik (1923-1945) in Bezug auf die Stadt demographisch, wirtschaftlich und städtebaulich untersucht. Dabei wird die textkritische Methode auf die entsprechende Literatur angewandt. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit deuten darauf hin, dass Izmir ein idealer Ort war, um das Nationalstaatsprojekt durchzuführen, da die Stadt durch die Befreiung, den Brand und den Bevölkerungsaustausch zu einem homogenen, ethnisch türkischen Ort geworden war. Diese Eigenschaften machten die Stadt zur potentiellen Hochburg für die Unterstützung des neuen Nationalstaats.

Abstract

This essay examines the causes of support for the nation-building process in Izmir during the early Turkish Republic. As the city had an important multi-ethnic identity during the Ottoman Empire due to its role as a commercial port city, its identity shift is an important focus in order to understand the conditions for support of nation-states. Özkırımlı and Sofos’ (2008) ideas concerning the development of a national identity through the erasure of the past, and Handal’s (2006) theory of place identity serve as the theoretical framework of the essay. Due to the city’s cosmopolitan, diverse population at the end of the Ottoman Empire, its support is confusing at first glance. Yet the events which took place in between point to the changes that led to the erasure of the past, the development (creation) of a national identity and support for the nation-building project. With this in mind, the three largest events in the city – the Greek occupation and subsequent liberation by the Turkish army, the fire of 1922 and the Population Exchange of 1923 – will be analyzed. Then, both the final years of the Ottoman Empire (1838-1919) and the early years of the Republic (1923-1945) will be compared demographically, economically and in terms of city planning. This will be conducted through a literature review. The results of the essay indicate that Izmir was an ideal place to implement the nation-building project, because the city had become a homogenous, ethnically Turkish place following liberation, fire and population exchange. These events made Izmir a stronghold of support for the nation-state project.

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Correspondence to Matthew Kasper .

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Kasper, M. (2018). “Yaşa Mustafa Kemal”. In: Hohberger, W., Karadag, R., Müller, K., Ramm, C. (eds) Grenzräume, Grenzgänge, Entgrenzungen. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20451-8_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20451-8_10

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