Introduction

Abstract

Nowadays, modern vehicles, like hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), are equipped with many electronic control units (ECUs) such as an engine control unit or a battery management system (BMS). In general, among the main tasks of such a unit are monitoring the state of a component, controlling various of its functions, and protecting it from abnormal use. For this purpose, an ECU reads data that are measured by sensors and calculates control values and statistics that describe the component’s load, e.g., load spectrum data [61], based on the sensor input.