Abstract
We describe three major cognitive systems: (1) emotional intuition, (2) deliberate thinking, and (3) intuitive reasoning. Although we argue for the superiority of the third level in most cases, we indicate the value of each level in different circumstances. Not all levels are possible in all circumstances. The distinction between these levels is illustrated in everyday life, moral behavior, romantic relationships, and in leadership and management. While the ability to use all three systems in an optimal manner is to a great extent a matter of natural talent, this ability can be acquired and improved. An essential step is to understand the nature of each system. We offer some such understanding.
“Only dead fish swim with the stream.”
(Malcolm Muggeridge)
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Ben-Ze’ev (2000).
- 3.
Bergson (1907, p. 155).
- 4.
- 5.
Smith und Lazarus (1990, p. 629).
- 6.
- 7.
Dijksterhuis et al. (2006).
- 8.
- 9.
See Ben-Ze’ev (1993).
- 10.
Segal (2004).
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
Gigerenzer (2007, p. 18).
- 14.
Aristotle, On dreams: 460b; see also Nicomachean Ethics: 1149a26–29.
- 15.
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1103b12–20; Ewin (1992, p. 142).
- 16.
Kant (1797). Metaphysics of Morals, § 17.
- 17.
- 18.
Coontz (2005, p. 15, 18).
- 19.
Bruckner (2013).
- 20.
Gigerenzer (2007).
- 21.
Simsion (2013).
- 22.
Ben-Ze’ev und Goussinsky (2008).
- 23.
- 24.
- 25.
Wittgenstein (1967, p. 504).
- 26.
- 27.
- 28.
Jones und Adams (1999).
- 29.
Stanley et al. (2006).
- 30.
Stanley et al. (2006).
- 31.
- 32.
- 33.
Eisenberg und Fabes (1992).
- 34.
Hochschild (1983).
- 35.
Hochschild (1983).
- 36.
For review, see Van Putten et al. 2013.
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Ben-Ze’ev, A., Krebs, A. (2016). Do only dead fish swim with the stream?. In: Fröse, M., Kaudela-Baum, S., Dievernich, F. (eds) Emotion und Intuition in Führung und Organisation. uniscope. Publikationen der SGO Stiftung. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12350-5_3
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