Abstract
Visualization of flowing blood with MR is possible by means of two different methods, i. e., time-of-flight (TOF, also called inflow) and phase-contrast (PC, also called phase-sensitive) techniques. TOF in its two-or three-dimensional mode is very robust, fast, and easy to apply. This chapter will describe the basics of TOF together with the techniques employed in its realization. Shortcomings and possible artifacts will be discussed, and advice will be given on how to avoid misinterpretations by the proper choice of parameters and acquisition modes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Axel L (1984) Blood flow effects in magnetic resonance imaging. AJR 143:1157–1166
Axel L, Morton D (1987) A method for imaging blood vessels by phase compensated/uncompensated difference images. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11:31–34
Bernstein MA, Ikezaki Y (1991) Comparison of phase-difference and complex-difference processing in phase-contrast MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 1:725–729
Carr HY, Purcell EM (1954) Effects of diffusion on free precession in NMR experiments. Phys Rev 94:630–638
DumouHn CL, Hart HR (1986) Magnetic resonance angiography. Radiology 161:717–720
Dumoulin CL, Cline HE, Souza SP et al. (1989a) Three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography using spin saturation. Magn Reson Med 11:35–46
Dumoulin CL, Souza SP, Walker MF, Wagle W (1989b) Three-Dimensional phase contrast angiography. Magn Reson Med 9:139–149
Dumoulin CL, Yucel EK, Vock P et al. (1990) Two-and three-dimensional phase contrast MR angiography of the Abdomen. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14:779–784
DumouHn CL, Souza SP, Darrow RD et al. (1991) Simultaneous acqusition of phase-contrast angiograms and stationary-tissue images with Hadamard encoding of flow-induced phase shifts. J Magn Reson Imaging 1:399–404
Edelman RR, Wentz KU, Mattle HP (1989a) Projection arteriography and venography: initial clinical results using MR. Radiology 172:351–357
Edelman RR, Matfle HP, Kleefield J, Silver SM (1989b) Quantification of blood flow with dynamic MR imaging and presaturation bolus tracking. Radiology 171:551–556
Gullberg GT, Werh FW, Shimakawa A, Simons MA (1987) MR vascular imaging with a fast gradient refocusing pulse sequence and reformatting images from transaxial sections. Radiology 165:241–246
Haacke EM, Lenz GW (1987) Improving MR image quality in the presence of motion by using rephasing gradients. AJR 148:1251–1258
Haacke EM, Masaryk TJ, Wielopolski PA et al. (1990) Optimizing blood vessel contrast in fast three-dimensional MRI. Magn Reson Med 14:202–221
Hausmann R, Lewin JS, Laub G (1991) Phase-contrast MR angiography with reduced acquisition time: new concepts in sequence design. J Magn Reson Imaging 1:415–422
Keller PJ, Drayer BP, Fram EK et al. (1989) MR angiography with two-dimensional acquisition and three-dimensional display: work in progress. Radiology 173:527–532
Laub G, Kaiser WA (1988) MR angiography with gradient motion refocusing. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12:377–382
Laub G, Purdy DE (1992) Variable-tip-angle slab selection for improved three-dimensional MR angiography. J Mogn Reson Imaging 2:86c
Lewin JS, Laub G (1992) Intracranial MR angiography: a direct comparison of three time-of-flight techniques. AJNR 12:1133–1139
Lewin JS, Laub G, Hausmann R (1991) Three dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography: applications in the abdomen and thorax. Radiology 179:261–264
Masaryk TJ, Modic MT, Ross JS et al. (1989) Intracranial circulation: preliminary clinical results with three-dimensional (volume) MR angiography. Radiology 171:793–799
Mills CM, Brant-Zawadzky M, Crooks LE et al. (1983) NMR:
principles of blood flow imaging. AJNR 4:1161–1166
Moran PR (1982) A flow velocity zeugmatographic interlace for NMR imaging in humans. Magn Reson Imaging 1:197–203
Nishimura DG, Macovski A, Jackson JI et al. (1988) Magnetic resonance angiography by selective inversion recovery using compact gradient echo sequence. Magn Reson Med 8:96–382
Parker DL, Yuan C, Blatter DD (1991) MR angiography by multiple thin slab 3D acquisition. Magn Reson Med 17:434–451
Pelc NJ, Bernstein MA, Shimakawa A et al. (1991) Encoding strategies for three-direction phase-contrast MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1:405–413
Pernicone JR, Siebert JE, Potchen EJ et al. (1990) Three-dimensional phase contrast MR angiography in the head and neck: preliminary report. AJR 155:167–176
Ruggieri PM, Laub GA, Masaryk TJ, Modic MT (1989) Intracranial circulation: pulse sequence considerations in three dimensional (volume) MR angiography. Radiology 171:785–791
Singer JR (1959) Blood flow rates by nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Science 130:1652–1653
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hausmann, R. (1996). Imaging Techniques of Magnetic Resonance Angiography. In: Arlart, I.P., Bongartz, G.M., Marchal, G. (eds) Magnetic Resonance Angiography. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97926-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97926-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-97928-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-97926-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive