Abstract
In this chapter we will discuss the general principles of lasers and study the most important tunable lasers that are of primary spectroscopic interest. Since many tunable lasers are optically pumped by fixed-frequency lasers we will also describe the most useful types of such lasers. For a more thorough account of laser physics we refer the reader to standard textbooks [8.1–10].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
A. Yariv: Introduction to Quantum Electronics, 2nd. ed. (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York 1976)
A. Yariv: Quantum Electronics, 3rd edn. (Wiley, New York 1989)
M. Sargent III, M.O. Scully, W.E. Lamb, Jr.: Laser Physics (Addison Wesley, London 1974)
O. Svelto: Principles of Lasers, 3rd edn. (Plenum, New York 1989)
A.E. Siegman: Lasers (University Science Books, Mill Valley, Calif. 1986)
H. Haken: Laser Theory (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1983)
K. Shimoda: Introduction lo Laser Physics, 2nd. ed. Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.44 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1984)
M. Young: Optics and Lasers, 3rd. ed. Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.5 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986)
M.J. Weber (ed.): CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vols.1 and 2 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1982)
Laser Handbook, Vols.1 and 2, ed. by F.T. Arecchi, E.O. Schulz-Dubois (1972); Vol.3, ed. by M.L. Stitch (1979); Vol.4, ed. by M.L. Stitch, M. Bass (1985); Vol.5, ed. by M. Bass, M.L. Stitch (1986) (North-Holland, Amsterdam)
T.H. Maiman: Stimulated optical radiation in ruby. Nature 187, 493 (1960)
A.L. Schawlow, C.H. Townes: Infrared and optical masers. Phys. Rev. 112, 1940 (1958)
J.P. Gordon, H.J. Zeiger, Ch.H. Townes: The maser — new type of microwave amplifier, frequency standard and spectrometer. Phys. Rev. 99, 1264 (1955)
C.H. Townes: In Nobel Lectures in Physics (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1972) Vol.4
N.G. Basov: In Nobel Lectures in Physics (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1972) Vol.4
A.M. Prokhorov: In Nobel Lectures in Physics (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1972) Vol.4
D.L. Matthews, P.L. Hagelstein, M.D. Rosen, M.J. Eckart, N.H. Ceglio, A.U. Hazi, H. Medicki, B.J. Maowan, J.E. Trebes, B.L. Witten, E.M. Campbell, W. Hatcher, A.H. Hawryluk, R.L. Kaufmann, L.D. Pleasance, G. Rambach, J.H. Scoefield, G. Stone, T.A. Weaver: Demonstration of a soft X-ray amplifier. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 110 (1985)
D.L. Matthews, P.L. Hagelstein, M.D. Rosen, M.J. Eckart, N.H. Ceglio, A.U. Hazi, H. Medicki, B.J. Maowan, J.E. Trebes, B.L. Witten, E.M. Campbell, W. Hatcher, A.H. Hawryluk, R.L. Kaufmann, L.D. Pleasance, G. Rambach, J.H. Scoefield, G. Stone, T.A. Weaver J. Opt. Soc. Am. 4, 575 (1987)
S. Suchewer, C.H. Skinner, M. Milchberg, C. Keane, D. Voorhees: Amplification of stimulated X-ray emission in a confined plasma column. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1753 (1985)
D.L. Matthews, R.R. Freeman (eds.): The generation of coherent XUV and soft X-ray radiation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B4, 529–618 (1987) (feature issue)
D.L. Matthews, M.D. Rosen: Soft X-ray lasers. Sci. Am. 256/6, 60 (1988)
H. Kogelnik, T. Li: Laser beams and resonators. Proc. IEEE 54, 1312 (1966)
H.K.V. Lotsch: The confocal resonator system. Optik 30, 1, 181, 217, 563 (1969/70)
G.D. Boyd, J.P. Gordon: Bell Syst. Tech. J. 40, 489 (1961)
G.D. Boyd, H. Kogelnik: Bell Syst. Tech. J. 41, 1347 (1962)
S. Svanberg: Lasers as probes for air and sea. Contemp. Phys. 21, 541 (1980)
W. Koechner: Solid-State Laser Engineering, 2nd edn. Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.1 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988)
D.C. Brown: High-Peak-Power Nd:Glass Laser Systems, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.25 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1981)
A.A. Kaminskii: Laser Crystals, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.14 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1990)
A.F. Gibson: Lasers for compression and fusion. Contemp. Phys. 23, 285 (1982)
R.S. Craxton, R.L. Mrory, J.M. Sources: Progress in laser fusion. Sci. Am. 255/2, 60 (1986)
N.G. Basov, Yu. A. Zakharenkov, N.N. Zorev, G.V. Sklizkov, A.A. Rupasov, A.S. Shikanov: Heating and Compression of Thermonuclear Targets by Laser Beams (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1986)
J.E. Eggleston, T.J. Kane, K. Kuhn, J. Unternahrer, R.L. Byer: The slab geometry laser. IEEE J. QE-20, 289 (1984)
D. Findlay, D.W. Goodwin: The neodymium in YAG laser, in Advances in Quantum Electronics, ed. by D.W. Goodwin (Academic, London 1970) Vol.1
B. Zhou, T.J. Kane, G.J. Dixon, R.L. Byen Efficient, frequency-stable laserdiode-pumped NAG laser. Opt. Lett. 10, 62 (1985)
A. Owyoung, G.R. Hadley, P. Esherick: Gain switching of a monolithic singlefrequency laser-diode-excited Nd:YAG laser. Opt. Lett. 10, 484 (1985)
W.R. Trutna, D.K. Donald, M. Nazarathy: Unidirectional diode-laser-pumped Nd:YAG ring laser with a small magnetic field. Opt. Lett. 12, 248 (1987)
R.L. Byer, G.J. Dixon, T.J. Kane, W. Kozlovsky, B. Zhou: Frequency-doubled, laser diode pumped, miniature Nd:YAG oscillator — progress toward an all solid state sub-kilohertz linewidth coherent source, in Laser Spectroscopy VII, ed. by T.W. Hänsch, Y.R. Shen, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.49 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1985) p.350
C.K. Rhodes (ed.): Excimer Lasers, 2nd. ed., Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.30 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1984)
M.H.R. Hutchinson: Excimers and excimer lasers. Appl. Phys. 21, 15 (1980)
C.K. Rhodes, H. Egger, H. Plummer (eds.): Excimer Lasers, Conf. Proc. Series No. 100 (Am. Inst. Phys., New York 1983)
A. Javan, W.R. Bennet, Jr., D.R. Herriott: Populadon inversion and continous optical maser oscillation in a gas discharge containing a He-Ne mixture. Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 48 (1961)
W.T. Silfvast, J.J. Macklin, O.R. Wood II: High-gain inner-shell photoionization laser in Cd vapor pumped by soft X-ray radiation from a laser produced plasma source. Opt. Lett. 8, 551 (1983)
W.T. Silfvast, O.R. Wood II: Photoionization lasers pumped by broadband soft-X-ray flux from laser-produced plasmas. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 4, 609 (1987)
R.A. Lacy, A.C. Nilsson, R.L. Byer, W.T. Silfvast, O.R. Wood II, S. Svanberg: Photoionization-pumped gain at 185 nm in a laser-ablated indium plasma. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1209 (1989)
H.C. Kapteyn, R.W. Lee, R.W. Falcone: Observation of a short-wavelength laser pumped by Auger decay. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2939 (1986)
M.H. Sher, J.J. Macklin, J.F. Young, S.E. Harris: Saturation of the XeIII 109-nm laser using traveling-wave laser-produced-plasma excitation. Opt. Lett. 12, 891 (1987)
C.C. Davis, T.A. King: Gaseous ion lasers, in Advances in Quantum Electronics, ed. by D.W. Goodwin (Academic, London 1975) Vol.3
S.D. Smith, R.B. Dennis, R.G. Harrison: The spin-flip Raman laser. Prog. Quant. Electr. 5, 205 (1977)
M.J. Colles, C.R. Pigeon: Tunable lasers. Rep. Prog. Phys. 38, 329 (1975)
A. Mooradian: Tunable infrared lasers. Rep. Prog. Phys. 42, 1533 (1979)
J. White, L. Mollenauer (eds.): Tunable Lasers, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.59 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986)
P.P. Sorokin, J.R. Lankard: Stimulated emission observed from an organic dye, chloro-aluminium phthalocyanine. IBM J. Res. Dev. 10, 306 (1966)
F.P. Schäfer, W. Smidt, J. Volze: Organic dye solution laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 306 (1966)
B.H. Soffer, B.B. Marland: Continously tunable narrow-band organic dye laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 266 (1967)
T.W. Hansch: Repetitively pulsed tunable dye laser for high resolution spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 11,895 (1972)
M.G. Littman, H.J. Metcalf: Spectrally narrow pulsed dye laser without beam expander. Appl. Opt. 25, 375 (1978)
I. Shoshan, U. Oppenheim: The use of a diffraction grating as a beam expander in a dye laser cavity. Opt. Commun. 25, 375 (1978)
M.G. Littman: Single-mode operation of grazing incidence pulsed dye laser. Opt. Lett. 3, 138 (1978)
H.S. Saikan: Nitrogen laser pumped single mode dye laser. Appl. Phys. 17, 41 (1978)
M.G. Littman: Single mode pulsed tunable dye laser. Appl. Opt. 23, 4465 (1984)
R. Wallenstein, T.W. Hänsch: Powerful dye laser oscillator-amplifier system for high-resolution spectroscopy. Opt. Commun. 14, 353 (1975)
R. Wallenstein, H. Zacharias: High-power narrowband pulsed dye laser oscillator-amplifier system. Opt. Commun. 32, 429 (1980)
O.G. Peterson, S.A. Tuccio, B.B. Snavely: CW Operation of an organic dye solution laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 245 (1970)
J. Evans: The birefringent filter. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 229 (1949)
F.P. Schäfer (ed.):Dye Lasers, 3rd edn. Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.1 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1990)
T.F. Johnston: Tunable dye lasers, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Vol.14 (Academic, New York 1987)
T.F. Johnston, R.H. Brady, W. Proffitt: Powerful single-frequency ring dye laser spanning the visible spectrum. Appl. Opt. 21, 2307 (1982)
M. Maeda: Laser Dyes (Academic, Orlando 1984)
K. Brackman: Lambdachrome Laser Dyes (Lambda Physik, Göttingen 1986)
L.F. Mollenauer: Tunable lasers, in [Ref.8.44, Chap.6]
L.F. Mollenauer: In [Ref.8.10, Vol.4, Chap.2]
R.L. Byer (ed.): Special issue on tunable solid state lasers. IEEE J. QE-21, 1567–1636 (1985)
B. Henderson, G.F. Imbusch: Optical processes in tunable transition-metal-ion lasers. Contemp. Phys. 29, 235 (1988)
P. Hammerling, A.B. Budgor, A. Pinto (eds.):Tunable Solid-State Lasers, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.47 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1985)
A.B. Budgor, L. Esterowitz, L.G. Dhazer (eds): Tunable Solid-State Lasers II, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.52 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986)
D.C. Tyle: Carbon dioxide lasers, in Advances in Quantum Electronics, ed. by D.W. Goodwin (Academic, New York 1970) Vol.1
W.J. Witteman: The CO 2 Laser, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.53 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1987)
F. O’Neill, W.T. Whitney: A high-power tunable laser for the 9–12.5 µm spectral range. Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 271 (1977)
R. Beck, W. Englisch, K. Gürs: Table of Laser Lines in Gases and Vapors, 3rd. edn. Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.2 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978)
R.M. Measures: Laser Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Applications (Wiley, New York 1984)
H. Kressel, J.K. Buden: Semiconductor Lasers and Heterojunction LEDs (Academic, New York 1977)
H.C. Lasey, M.B. Panisch: Heterostructure Lasers I and II (Academic, New York 1978)
J.C. Camparo: The diode laser in atomic physics. Contemp. Phys. 26, 443 (1985)
E.D. Hinkley, K.W. Nill, F.A. Blum: Infrared spectroscopy with tunable lasers, in Laser Spectroscopy of Atoms and Molecules, ed. by H. Walther, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol.2 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1976)
R. Lang: Recent progress in semiconductor lasers, in Laser Spectroscopy VIII, ed. by W. Persson, S. Svanberg, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.55 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1987) p. 434
T.F. Johnston, Jr., T.J. Johnston: Angle matched doubling in LiIO3 intracavity to a ring dye laser, in Laser Spectroscopy VI, ed. by H.P. Weber, W. Lüthy, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.40 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1983) p. 417
B. Couillaud, L.A. Bloomfield, T.W. Hänsch: Generation of continous-wave radiation near 243 nm by sum frequency mixing in an external ring cavity. Opt. Lett. 8, 259 (1983)
A.S. Pine: IR spectroscopy via difference-frequency generation, in Laser Spectroscopy III, ed. by J.L. Hall, J.L. Carlsten, Springer Ser. Opt. Ser., Vol.7 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1977) p.376
S. Singe: In Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, ed. by M.J. Weber (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1986) Vol.3
D.S. Chemla, J. Zyss (eds): Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Vols.1 and 2 (Academic, Orlando 1987)
R.C. Eckardt, Y.X. Fan, M.M. Fejer, W.J. Kozlovsky, C.N. Nabors, R.L. Byer, R.K. Route, R.S. Feigelson: Recent developments in nonlinear optical materials, in Laser Spectroscopy VIII, ed. by W. Persson, S. Svanberg, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.55 (Springer, Bedin, Heidelberg 1987) p.426
S.E. Harris: Tunable optical parametric oscillators. Proc. IEEE 57, 2096 (1969)
Y.X. Fan, R.L. Byen: Progress in optical parametric oscillators. SPIE 461, 27 (1984)
P.P. Sorokin, J.A. Armstrong, R.W. Dreyfus, R.T. Hodgeson, J.R. Lankard, L.H. Manganaro, J.J. Wynne: Generation of vacuum ultraviolet radiadon by nonlinear mixing in atomic and ionic vapors, in Laser Spectroscopy, ed. by S. Haroche, J.C. Pebay-Peyroula, T.W. Hänsch, S.E. Harris, Lecture Notes Phys., Vol.43 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1975) p.46
J.F. Rentjes: Nonlinear Optical Parametric Processes in Liquids and Gases (Academic, New York 1984)
W. Jamroz, B.P. Stoicheff: Generation of tunable coherent vacuum-ultraviolet radiation. Progress in Optics XX, 325 (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1983)
B. Ya. Zel’dovich, N.F. Pilipetsky, V.V. Shkunov:Principles of Phase Conjugation, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.42 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1985)
V.V. Shkunov, B. Ya. Zel’dovich: Optical phase conjugation. Sci. Am. 253/6, 40
D.M. Pepper Applications of optical phase conjugation. Sci. Am. 254/1, 56
H.J. Eichler, P. Gunther, D.W. Pohl: Laser Induced Dynamic Gratings, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.50 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986)
C.R. Vidal: Coherent VUV sources for high-resolution spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 19, 3897 (1980).
R. Hilbig, G. Hilber, A. Lago, B. Wolff, R. Wallenstein: Tunable coherent VUV radiation generated by nonlinear optical frequency conversion in gases. Comments At. Mol. Phys. 18, 157 (1986)
R. Hilbig, G. Hilber, A. Timmermann, R. Wallenstein: Generation of coherent tunable VUV radiation, in Laser Spectroscopy VI, ed. by H.P. Weber, W. Lüthy, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.40 (Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin 1983) p.387
G. Hilber, A. Lago, R. Wallenstein: Generation and application of coherent tunable VUV radiation at 60 to 200 nm, in Laser Spectroscopy VIII, ed. by W. Persson, S. Svanberg, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.55 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1987) p.446
T.J. Mcllrath, R.R. Freeman (eds): Laser Techniques for Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, Conf. Proc. Series, No.90 (Am. Inst. Phys., New York 1982)
S.E. Harris, T.B. Lucatorto (eds.): Laser Techniques in the Extreme Ultraviolet, Conf. Proc. Series, No.1 19 (American Inst, of Physics, New York 1984)
D.T. Attwood, J. Bokor (eds.): Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application, Conf. Proc. Series, No.147 (Am. Inst. Phys., New York 1986)
R.W. Falcone, J. Kirz (eds.): Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1988)
Yamanaka (ed.): Short-Wavelength Lasers, Springer Proc. Phys., Vol.30 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988)
V. Wilke, W. Smidt Tunable coherent radiation source covering a spectral range from 185 — 880 nm. Appl. Phys. 18, 177 (1979). See also Appl. Phys. 18, 235 (1979)
J. Paisner, S. Hargrove: A tunable laser system for UV, visible, and IR regions, in Energy and Technology Review (Lawrence Livermore Nat’l Lab., Livermore 1979)
A.P. Hickman, J.A. Paisner, W.K. Bishel: Theory of multiwave propagation and frequency conversion in a Raman medium. Phys. Rev. A33, 1788 (1986)
F. Moya, S.A.J. Druet, J.P. Taran: Rotation-vibaration spectroscopy of gases by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering: Application to concentration and temperature measurements, in Laser Spectroscopy, ed. by S. Haroche, J.C. Pebay Peyroula, T.W. Hänsch, S.E. Harris (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1975)
M. Alden, H. Edner, S. Svanberg: Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) applied to combustion probing. Phys. Scripta 27, 29 (1983)
A.C. Eckbreth: BOXCARS: Crossed beam phase-matched CARS generation in gases. Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 421 (1978)
N. Bloembergen: Nonlinear Optics, 3rd Pr. (Benjamin, New York 1977)
Y.R. Shen: The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York 1984)
M. Schubert, B. Wilhelmi: Nonlinear Optics and Quantum Electronics, Theoretical Concepts (Wiley, New York 1986)
V.S. Letokhov, V.P. Chebotayev: Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., Vol.4 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1977)
M.D. Levenson, S. Kano: Introduction to Nonlinear Spectroscopy, 2nd. edn. (Academic, New York 1988)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Svanberg, S. (1991). Lasers. In: Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy. Springer Series on Atoms + Plasmas, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97258-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97258-4_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-97260-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-97258-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive