Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hirn, Gesichtsschädel und Hals

  • Chapter
Book cover Magnetresonanztomographie

  • 82 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

In der neuroradiologischen Diagnostik bewirkte die MRT einen Fortschritt auf dem Gebiet der Darstellung feiner anatomischer Beziehungen ohne Anwendung ionisierender Strahlung. Durch die direkte multiplanare Abbildung ohne sekundäre Datenverarbeitung und durch das hervorragende Auflösungsvermögen im Weichteilgewebe lassen sich Schnittbilder erstellen, die nahezu anatomische Qualität haben. Der Einsatz flußkompensierter Gradientenschaltungen unterstützt diese Eigenschaft, da nahezu bewegungsartefaktfreie Schnitte angefertigt werden können. Diese Möglichkeiten der MRT ließen das Verfahren inzwischen zum optimalen Screeninginstrument für Erkrankungen des ZNS werden [2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Tabelle 3.1 zeigt die gerätetechnischen Grundvoraussetzungen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  1. Atlas SW, Zimmermann RA, Bilaniuk LT, Rorke L, Hackney DB, Goldberg HI, Grossman RI (1986) Corpus callosum and limbic system: neuroanatomic MR evaluation of developmental anomalies. Radiology 160: 355–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bradley WG, Waluch V, Yadley RA, Wycoff RR..(1984) Comparison of CT and MR in 400 patients with suspected disease ofthe brain and cervical spinal cord. Radiology 152: 695–702

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bradley WG, Korman KE, Crues J (1985) Central nervous system high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging: effect of increasing spatial resolution on resolving power. Radiology 156: 93–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Brant-Zawadzki M (1988) MR imaging of the brain. Radiology 167: 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  5. Brant-Zawadzki M, Davis PL, Crooks LE, Mills CM, Norman D, Newton TH, Sheldon P, Kaufman L..(1983) NMR demonstration of cerebral abnormalities: comparison with CT. AJR 140: 847–854

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Brant-Zawadzki M, Badami JP, Mills CM, Norman D, Newton TH (1984a) Primary intracranial tumor imaging: a comparison of magnetic resonance and CT. Radiology 150: 435–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Brant-Zawadzki M, Norman D, Newton T et al...(1984b) Magnetic resonance of the brain: the optimal screening technique. Radiology 152: 71–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Childe AE, Penfield W (1937) Anatomic and pneumographic studies of the temporal horn. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 37: 1021

    Google Scholar 

  9. Childe AE, Penfield W (1944) The role of X-rays in the study of local atrophic lesions of the brain. Am J Psychiatry 101: 30

    Google Scholar 

  10. Drayer BP, Burger P. Darwin R, Riederer S, Herfkens R, Johnson GA (1986) Magnetic resonance imaging of brain iron. Am J Neuroradiol 7: 373–380

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hallgren B, Sourander P (1958) The effect of age on nonhaemin iron in the human brain. J Neurochem 3: 41–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kilgore DP, Breger RK, Daniels DL, Pojunas KW, Williams AL, Haughton VM (1986) Cranial tissues: normal MR appearance after intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA. Radiology 160: 757–761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Last RJ, Tompsett DH (1953) Casts of the cerebral ventricles. Br J Surg 40: 525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lingren E (1947) The normal temporal horn and its deformities by tumors in the middle cerebral fossa. Proc R Soc Med 40: 859

    Google Scholar 

  15. Arendt A (1975) Ependymomas. In: Vinken JP, Bruyn GW (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology. vol XVIII/3. North Holland, Amsterdam, p 105

    Google Scholar 

  16. Arasaki K, Kwee IL, Nakada T (1987) Limbic lymphoma. Neuroradiol 29: 389–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Atlas SW, Grossman RI, Gomori JM, Guerry DP, Hackney DB, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1987) MR Imaging of intracranial metastatic melanoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11: 577–582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Atlas SW, Bilaniuk LT, Zimmermann RA (1988) Orbit. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 570–613

    Google Scholar 

  19. Atlas SW, Grossman RI, Hackney DB et al. (1988) Calcified intracraniallesions: Detection with gradient-echo-acquisition rapid MR imaging. AJR 150: 1383–1389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Baierl P, Fink U, Mayr B, Bauer WM, Oeckler R..(1987) Kernspintomographie bei Kraniopharyngeomen. ROFO 147: 386–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Bottomley PA, Forster TH, Arsinger RE, Pfeifer LM (1984) A review of normal tissue hydrogen NMR relaxation times and relaxation mechanism from 1-100 MHz: dependence of tissue type, NMR frequency, temperature, species, excision, and age. Med Phys 11:425–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bottomley PA, Hardy CJ, Arsinger RE, Allen Moore G (1987) A review of 1H nuc1ear magnetic resonance in pathology: Are Tl and TI diagnostic? Med Phys 14: 1–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bradley WG (1988) MRI ofhemorrhage and iron in the brain. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 359–374

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bradley WG, Waluch V, Yadley RA, Wycoff RR..(1984) Comparison of CT and MR in 400 patients with suspected disease of the brain and cervical spinal cord. Radiology 152: 695–702

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Brant-Zawadzki M, Kelly W (1987) Brain tumors. In: Brant-Zawadzki M, Norman D (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. Raven, NewYork,pp 151–185

    Google Scholar 

  26. Brant-Zawadzik M, Norman D, Newton TH, Kelly W, Kjos B, Mills CM, Dillon W, Sobel D, Crooks LE..(1984) Magneticresonance ofthe brain: the optimal screening technique. Radiology 152: 71–77

    Google Scholar 

  27. Brant-Zawadzki M, Weinstein P, Bartkowsky H, Moseley M (1987) MR imaging and spectroscopy in clinical and experimental cerebral ischemia: a review. AJNR 8: 39–48

    Google Scholar 

  28. Braun M, Jung WJ, Lutz O, Oeschey R (1987) Selective non-excitation of water or fat protons in magnetic resonance imaging. Z Naturforsch 42a: 1391–1395

    Google Scholar 

  29. Brown EW, Riccardi VM, Mawad M, Handel S, Goldman A, Bryan RN (1987) MR imaging of optic pathways in patients with neurofibromatosis. AJNR: 1031–1036

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bydder GM (1988) Clinical application of Gadolinium-DTPA. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 182–200

    Google Scholar 

  31. Claussen C, Laniado M, Schörner W, Niendorf HP, Weinmann HJ, Fiegler W, Felix R (1985) The use of Gadolinium-DTPA in magnetic resonance imaging of glioblastomas and intracranial metastases. AJNR 6: 669–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Curati WL, Graif M, Kingsley DPE, Niendorf HP, Young IR (1986) Acoustic ne uromas: Gd-DTPA enhancement in MR imaging. Radiology 158: 447–451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Daniels DL, Millen SJ, Meyer GA et al. (1987) MR detection of tumor in the internal auditory canal. AJNR 8: 249–252

    Google Scholar 

  34. Daniels D, Haughton VM, Czervionke LF (1988) Skull base. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds): Magnetic resonanca imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 524–569

    Google Scholar 

  35. Davis PC, Friedman NC, Frey SM, Malko JA, Hoffman JC, Braun IF (1987) Leptomeningeal metastasis: MR imaging. Radiology 163: 449–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Destian S, Sze G, Krol G, Zimmerman RD, Deck MD F (1988) MR imaging of hemorrhagic intracrani al neoplasms. AJNR 9: 1115–1122

    Google Scholar 

  37. Earnest F, Kelly PJ, Scheithauer BW, Kall BA, Caseino TL, Ehman RL, Forbes GS, Axley PL (1988) Cerebral astrocytomas: histopathological correlation of MR and CT contrast enhancement with steroetatic biopsy. Radiology 166: 823–827

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Elster AD, Arthur DW (1988) Intracranial hemangioblastomas: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12: 736–739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Enzmann DR, O’Donohue J (1987) Optimizing MR imaging for detecting sm all tumors in the cerebellopontine angle and the internal auditory canal. AJNR 8: 99–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Freeman MP, Kessler RM, Allen JH, Price AC..(1987) Craniopharyngeoma: CT and MR imaging in nine cases. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11: 810–814

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Fullerton GD (1988) Physiologie basis of magnetic relaxation. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 36–55

    Google Scholar 

  42. Galanski M, Peters PE (1986) Hirnschädel. In: Frommhold W, Dihlmann W, Stender H-S, Thurn P (Hrsg) Schädel-Gehirn, Thieme, Stuttgart (Radiologische Diagnostik in Klinik und Praxis, Bd V/I)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gomori JM, Grossmann RI, Goldberg HI, Hackney DB, Zimmermann RA, Bilaniuk LT (1986) Occult cerebral vascular malformations: high field MR imaging. Radiology 158: 707–713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Greco A, Jelliffe AM, Maher EJ, Leung AW L..(1988) MR imaging of lymphomas: impact on therapy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12: 785–791

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Grodd W, Brasch RC (1986) Magnetopharmazeutisehe Kontrastver,nderungen in der Kernspintomographie. ROFO 145: 130–139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Grodd W, Klose U (1988) Sodium-MR-imaging of the brain: initial clinical results. Neuroradiology 30: 399–407

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Guhl L, Mironov A, Schroth G (1987) Contribution of MRI to the diagnosis haemangioblastomas. J Neurol 235: 95–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Haacke EM, Lenz GW, Nelson AD (1987) Improving image qualitiy in the presence of motion by using rephasing gradients. AJR 148: 1251–1258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Haase A, Frahm J, Hänicke W, Matthaei D (1985) 1H NMR chemical shift seIective (chess) imaging. Phys Med Biol 30: 341–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Haase A, Frahm J, Matthaei D, Häenicke W, Merboldt KD (1986) FLASH imaging: rapid NMR imaging using low flip angle pulses. J Magn Res 67: 258:266

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hasso AN, Fahmy JL, Hinshaw DB (1988) Tumors of the posterior fossa. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 425–450

    Google Scholar 

  52. Healy ME, Hesselink JR, Press GA, Middleton MS..(1987) Increased detection of intracranial metastases with intravenous Gd-DTPA. Radiology 165: 619–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hilal SK, Maudsley AA, Ra JB, Simon HE, Röschmann P, Wittekoek S, Cho ZH, Mun SK (1985) In vivo imaging of sodium-23 in the human head. J Comp Assist Tomogr 9: 1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hilger HP, Bielke G (1986) Gewebecharakterisierung mit Tl, TI und Protonendichte: Traum und Wirklickeit. ROFO 144: 597–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Holland BA (1987) Diseases ofthe white matter. In: Brant-Zawadzki M, Norman D (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. Raven, New York, pp 259–277

    Google Scholar 

  56. Jack CR, Sharbrough FW, Marsh WR (1988) Use of MR for quantitative evaluation of resection for temporallobe epilepsy. Radiology 166: 463–468

    Google Scholar 

  57. Just M, Higer HP, Grigat M etal. (1987) MR-Tomographie intrakranieller Meningeome. ROFO 146:705–710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Just M, Higer HP, Vahldiek G, Bohl J, Kunze S, Hey O, Pfannenstiel P (1987) MR-Tomographie benigner Hirntumoren. ROFO 147: 386–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kazner E, Wende S, Grumme T, Stochdorph O, Felix R, Claussen C (1988) Computer-und Kernspin tomographie intrakranieller Tumoren aus kli nischer Sicht. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kean DM, Smith MA, Douglas RHB, Martyn CN, Best JJK (1985) Two examples of CNS lipomas demonstra ted by computet tomography and low field (0.08T) MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9: 494–496

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kilgore DP, Breger RK, Daniels DL, Pojunas KW, Williams AL, Haughton VM (1986) Cranial tissue: normal MR appearance after intravenous injection ofGd-DTPA. Radiology 160: 757–761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kjos BO, Ehman RL, Brant-Zawadzki M, Kelly WM, Norman D, Newton TH (1985) Reproducibility of relaxation times and spin density calculated from routine MR imaging sequences: clinical study ofthe CNS. AJR 144: 1165–1170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Köhler/Zimmer AE (1982) Grenzen des Normalen und Anfänge des Pathologischen im Röntgenbild des Skeletts, 12. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kölbel G, Klose U, Hess CF, Küper K, Grodd W..(1988) Parametergewichtete MR-Bilder und ihre Optimierung: Theorie und Bildbeispiele für die FLASH-Sequenz im Vergleich zur Spinecho-Sequenz. ROFO 148: 674–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Koenig SH, Brown RD (1984) Relaxation ofsolvent protons by paramagnetic ions and its dependence on magnetic field and chemical environment: implications for NMR imaging. Magn Reson Med 1:478–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Komiyama M, Yagura H, Baba M, Yasui T, Hakuba A, Nishimura S, Inoue Y (1987) MR imaging: possibility of tissue characterization of brain tumors using T1 and T2 values. AJNR 8: 65–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kortman KE, Bradley WG (1988) Supratentorial neoplasm. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds): Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 375–424

    Google Scholar 

  68. Krayenbühl H, Yasargil MG (1975) Cranial chordomas. Prog Neurol Surg 6: 435–463

    Google Scholar 

  69. Lange S, Grumme T, Kluge W, Ringel K, Meese W..(1988) Zerebrale und spinale Computertomographie. Schering AG, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  70. Larson TC, Houser OW, Laws ER (1987) Imaging of cranial chordomas. Mayo Clinic Proc 62: 886–893

    Google Scholar 

  71. Lennert K (1978) In: Lymph Nodes; Part B: Malignant Lymphomas. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, Bd I/3)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Marquardt B, Voigt K (1986) Kraniozerebrale Tumoren. In: Frommhold W, Dihlmann W, Stender H-S, Thurn P (Hrsg) Schädel-Gehirn, Thieme, Stuttgart (Radiologische Diagnostik in Klinik und Praxis,Bd V/1)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Masaryk TJ, Modic MT, Ross JS et al. (1989) Intracranial circulation: preliminary clinical results with three-dimensional (volume) MR angiography. Radiology 171: 793–799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. McMurdo SK, Moore SG, Brant-Zawadski M, Berg BO, Koch T, Newton TH, Edwards MSB (1987) MR imaging of intracranial tuberous sc1erosis. AJNR 8: 77–82

    Google Scholar 

  75. Mödder U (1986) Nase, Nasennebenhöhlen und Parapharyngealraum. In: Frommhold W, Dihlmann W, Stender H-S, Thurn P (Hrsg) Schädel-Gehirn. Thieme, Stuttgart (Radiologische Diagnostik in Klinik und Praxis, Bd V/1)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Müller-Forell W, Schroth G, Egan PJ (1988) MR imaging in tumors of the pineal region. Neuroradiology 30: 224–231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mumenthaler M (1986) Neurologie, 8.Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  78. Oot RF, Melville GE, New PF et al. (1988) The role of MR and CT in evaluating clival chordomas and chondrosarcomas. AJR 151: 567–575

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Pattany PM, Phillips J, Chiu LC, Lipcamon JD, Duerk JL, McNally JM, Mohaptra SN (1987) Motion artefact suppression technique (MAST) for MR imaging. J Comp Assist Tomogr 11: 369–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pfeiffer J (1984) Neuropathologie. In: Remmele W (Hrsg) Pathologie, Bd 4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  81. Petersen D, Schmidt B (1986) Strahlentherapie intrakranieller und spinaler Manifestationen maligner Lymphome. In: Pirschel J, Hübener KH (Hrsg) Radiologische Diagnostik und Strahlentherapie maligner Lymphome. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 250–255

    Google Scholar 

  82. Petersen D, Voigt K (1986) Neuroradiologische Diagnostik maligner Lymphome. In: Pirschel J, Hübener KH (Hrsg) Radiologische Diagnostik und Strahlentherapie maligner Lymphome. Thieme, Stuttgart,S 174–189

    Google Scholar 

  83. Petersen D, Thron A, Grodd W (1988) MR imaging of cerebral radiation necrosis: Gyriform subcortical enhancement with Gd-DTPA. Radiology 169 (P): 142

    Google Scholar 

  84. Poeck K (1987) Neurologie, 7. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  85. Pomeranz SJ, Shelton JJ, Tobias J, Soila K, Altman D, Viamonte M (1987) MR of visual pathwaysin patients with neurofibromatosis. AJNR 8: 831–836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Pusey E, Kortman KE, Flannigan BD, Bradley WG..(1987) MR of craniopharyngeomas: tumor delineation and characterization. AJNR 8: 439–444

    Google Scholar 

  87. Regenbogen VS, Zinreich SJ, Kim KS, Kuhajda FP, Applebaum BI, Price JC, Rosenbaum AE (1988) Hyperostotic esthesioneuroblastoma: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12: 52–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Roosen N, Gahlen D, Stork W et al. (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging of olloid cysts of the third ventricle. Neuroradiology 29: 10–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Russell EJ, Geremia GK, Johnson CE, Huckman MS, Ramsey RG, Washburn-Bleck J, Turner DA, Norusis M (1987) Multiple cerebral metastases: detectability with Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 165: 609–617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sato Y, Waziri M, Smith W, Frey E, Yuh WTC, Hanson J, Franken EA (1988) Hippel-Lindau disease: MR imaging. Radiology 166: 241–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Schörner W, Laniado M, Niendorf HP, Schubert C, Felix R (1986) Time-dependent changes in image contrast in brain tumors after Gadolinium-DTPA. AJNR 7: 1013–1020

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Schörner W, Meencke HJ, Felix R (1987) Temporal lobe epilepsy: comparison of CT and MR imaging. AJR 149: 1231–1239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Schroth G, Voigt K (1986) Entzündliche kraniozerebrale Erkrankungen. In: Frommhold W, Dihlmann W, Stender H-S, Thurn P (Hrsg) Schüdel-Gehirn. Thieme, Stuttgart (Radiologische Diagnostik in Klinik und Praxis, Bd V/l)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Schroth G, Grodd W, Guhl L, Grauer M, Klose U, Niendorf H-P (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging in smallIesions of the central nervous system: improvement by Gd-DTPA. Acta Radiologica 28: 667–672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Scotti G, Scialfa G, Colombo N, Landoni L (1987) MR in the diagnosis of colloid cyts of the third ventriele. AJNR 8: 370–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Shuman WP, Griffin BR, Haynor DR, Jones DC, Johnson JS, Cromwell LD, Laramore GE (1987) The utility of MR in planning the radiation of oligo dendrogliomas. AJNR 8: 93–98

    Google Scholar 

  97. Spagnoli MV, Goldberg HI, Grossman RI, Bilaniuk LT, Gomori JM, Hackney DB, Zimmermann RA..(1986) Intracranial meningeomas: High field MR imaging. Radiology 161: 369–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Stark DD, Bradley WG (1988) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  99. Steffey DJ, De Filipp GJ, Spera T, Gabrielsen TO..(1988) MR imaging of primary epidermoid tumors. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12: 438–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Sze G, Uichanco LS, Brant-Zawadzki M et al...(1988) Chordomas: MR imaging. Radiology 166: 187–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Sze G, Shin L, Krol G, Johnson C, Liu D, Deck MD..(1988) Intraperenchymal brain metastases: MR imaging versus contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology 168:187–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Taveras JM, Ferrucci JT (1986) Radiology, diagnosis-imaging-intervention, vol 3. Lippincott. Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  103. Treisch J, Schömer W, Laniado M, Felix R (1987) Charakteristika intrakranieller Meningeome in der magnetischen Resonanztomographie. ROFO 146: 207–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Triulzi F, Franceschi M, Fazio F, Del Mascio A..(1988) Nonrefractory temporal lobe epilepsy: 1,5-T MR imaging. Radiology 166: 181–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Van der Hoeve J (1933) Les phacomatoses de Boumeville, de Recklinghausen et de von Hippel-Lindau. Acta Neurol Psychiatr Belg 33: 752–762

    Google Scholar 

  106. Vion-Dury J, Vincentelli F, Jiddane M, Van Brunnen Y, Rumeau C, Grisoli F, Salamon G (1987) MR imaging of epidermoid cysts. Neuroradiology 29: 333–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Vries LS, Bydder GM (1988) Tumors of the central nervous system. In: Partain CL, Price RR, Patton JA, Kulkami MY, James AE (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  108. Wehrli FW, Fall JR, Glover GH, Grigsby N (1984) The dependence of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) image contrast on intrinsic and pulse sequence timing parameters. Magn Reson Imag 2: 3–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Wehrli FW, Fall JR, Shutts D, Berger R, Herfkens RJ (1984) Mechanism of contrast in NMR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8: 369–380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Williams AL, Haughton VM (1985) Cranial computed tomography. Mosby. St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  111. Woodruff WW, Djang WT, McLendon RE, Heinz ER, Voorhees DR (1987) Intracerebral malignant melanoma. Highfield-strength MR imaging. Radiology 165: 209–213

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Young IR (1988) Special pulse sequences and techniques. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  113. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1988) Pediatric central nervous system. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 683–714

    Google Scholar 

  114. Zülch KJ (1986) Brain tumors. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Book  Google Scholar 

  115. Atlas SW, Grossman RJ, Gomori JM, Hackney DB, Goldberg HJ, Zimmermann RA, Bilaniuk LT (1987) Hemorrhagic intracranial malignant neoplasms: spin-echo MR-imaging. Radiology 164: 71–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Augustyn GT, Scott JA, Olson E, Gilmor RL, Edwards MK (1985) Cerebral venous angiomas: MR imaging. Radiology 156: 391–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Bradley WG, Waluch V, Brant-Zawadzki M, Yadley RA, Wycoff RR (1984) Patchy, periventricularwhite matter lesions in the elderly: a common observation during NMR imaging. Noninvas Med Imaging 1: 35–41

    Google Scholar 

  118. Brant-Zawadzki M, Fein G, Van Dyke C, Kiernan R, Davenport L, DeGroot J (1985) Magnetic resonance imaging of the aging brain: patchy white matter lesions and dementia. AJNR 675–682

    Google Scholar 

  119. Brant-Zawadzki M, Solomon M, Newton TH, Weinstein P, Schmidley J, Norman D (1985) Basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging in cerebral ischemia and initial clinical experience. Neuroradiology 27: 517–520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Brant-Zawadzi M, Pereira B, Weinstein P et al. (1986) MRI of acute experimental ischemia in rats. AJNR 7:7–11

    Google Scholar 

  121. Brückmann H, Ferbert A, del Zoppo GJ, Hacke W, Zeumer H (1986) Acute vertebral-basilar thrombosis: angiological-clinical comparison and therapeutic implications. Acta Radiol 369: 38–42

    Google Scholar 

  122. Cammarata C, Han JS, Haaga JR, Alfidi RJ, Kaufmann B (1985) Cerebral venous angiomas imaged by MR. Radiology 155: 639–643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Chakeres DW, Bryan RN (1986) Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: in vitro comparison of magnetic resonance and computed tomography. AJNR 7: 223–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Di Chiro G, Brooks RA, Girton ME, Caporale T, Wright DC, Dwyer AJ, Horne III MK (1986) Sequential MR studies of intracerebral hematomas in monkeys.AJNR 7: 193–199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Dooms GC, Uske A, Brant-Zawadzki M et al. (1986) Spin-echo MR imaging of intracranial hemorrhage. Neuroradiology 28: 132–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Dumoulin CL, Hart HR (1986) Magnetic resonance angiography. Radiology 161:717–720

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Hackney DB, Zimmermann RA, Bilaniuk LT (1986) Occult cerebral vascular malformations: high-field MR imaging. Radiology 158: 707–713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HJ, Zimmermann RA, Bilaniuk LT (1985) Intracranial hematomas: imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 157: 87–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Hackney DB, Goldberg HI, Zimmermann RA, Bilaniuk LT (1987) Variable appearance of subacute intracranial hematomas on high-field spin-echo MR, AJNR 8: 1019–1026

    Google Scholar 

  130. Griffin C, DeLaPaz R, Enzmann D (1987) Magnetic resonance appearance of slow flow vascular malformations of the brainstem. Neuroradiology 29: 506–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Hornig CR, Dorndof W, Agnoli AL (1986) Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction — a prospective study. Stroke 17: 179–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Katz BH, Quencer RM, Kaplan JO, Hinks RS, Post MJD (1989) MR imaging of intracranial carotid occlusion. AJNR 10: 345–350

    Google Scholar 

  133. Komiyama M, Baba M, Hakuba A, Nishimura S, Inoue Y (1988) MR imaging of brainstem hemorrhage. AJNR 9: 261–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Lee BCP, Herzberg L, Zimmerman RD, Deck MDF..(1985) MR imaging of cerebral vascular malformations. AJNR 6: 863–870

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Lemme-Plaghos L, Kucharczyk W, Brant-Zawadzki M, Uske A, Edwards M, Norman D, Newton TH..(1986) MR imaging of angiographically occult vascular malformations. AJNR 7: 217–222

    Google Scholar 

  136. Lobato RD, Perez C, Rivas JJ, Cordobes F (1988) Clinical, radiological, and pathological spectrum of angiographically occult intracranial vascular malformations. J Neurosurg 68: 518–531

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Macchi PJ, Grossman RI, Gomori JM, Goldberg HI, Zimmermann RA, Bilaniuk LT (1986) High-field MR imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10: 10–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Noorbehesht B, Fabrikant JI, Enzmann DR (1987) Size determination of supratentorial arteriovenous malformation by MR, CT and angio. Neuroradiology 29:512–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Rapacki TF, Brantley MJ, Furlow TW, Geyer CA, Toro VE, George ED (1990) Heterogeneity of cerebral cavernous hemangiomas diagnosed by MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14: 18–25)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Ringelstein EB, Zeumer H, Schneider R (1985) Der Beitrag der zerebralen Computertomographie zur Differentialtypologie und Differentialtherapie des isch,mischen Hirninfarktes. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 53: 315–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Satoh S, Kadoya S (1988) Magnetic resonance imaging of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology 30: 361–366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Sze G, Krol G, Olsen WL et al. (1987) Hemorrhagic neoplasms: MR mimics of occult vascular malformations. AJNR 8: 795–802

    Google Scholar 

  143. Thron A, Petersen D, Voigt K (1982) Neuroradiologie, Klinik und Pathologie der zerebralen venösen Angiome. Radiologe 22: 389–399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Thron A, Wessel K, Linden D, Schroth G, Dichgans J..(1986) Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis: neuroradiological evaluation and clinical findings. J Neurol 233:283–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Young IR, Bydder GM, Hall AS, Steiner RE, Worthington BS, Hawkes RC, Holland GN (1983) Extracerebral collections: recognition by NMR imaging. AJNR 4: 833–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Zeumer H, Schonsky B, Sturm KW (1980) Predominant white matter involvement in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger’s Disease). J Comput Assist Tomogr 4: 14–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Zimmermann RD, Heier LA, Snow RB, Liu DPC, Kelly AB, Deck MDF (1988) Acute intracranial hemorrhage: intensity changes on sequential MR scansatO,5 T. AJNR 9:47–57

    Google Scholar 

  148. Anand AK, Halthore SN (1987) MRI in the evaluation of post viral encephalitis. In: Calabró A, Leonardi M (eds) Computer aided neuroradiology. CIC, Roma,p 154

    Google Scholar 

  149. Bauer WM, Obermüller H, Vogl T, Lissner J (1984) MR bei zerebraler alveol,rer Echinokokkose. Digit Bilddiagn 4: 129–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Bauer WM, Gutheil R, Heywand SH, Fink U, Tilling R, Hilbertz T, Vogl T (1988) Diagnostic potential of TZ-weighted gradient echo (FLASH) sequences in MRI of the brain. Soc of Magn Reson in Med, 7th annual meeting. Book of abstracts. Vol 1, p 63

    Google Scholar 

  151. Brasch RC, Weinmann HJ, Wesbey GE (1984) Contrast-enhanced NMR imaging: animal studies using gadolinium-DTPA complex. AJR 142: 625–630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Davis PC, Hoffmann JC, Braun IF, Ahmann P, Krawiecki N (1987) MR of Leigh’s disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy). AJNR 8: 71–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Dietemann JL, Beigelmann C, Vouge M et al. (1989) Multiple sclerosis and corpus callosum atrophy: relationship of MRI findings to clinical data. In: Nadjmi M (ed) Imaging of brain metabolism. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 405–407

    Google Scholar 

  154. Drayer BP (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis. BNI Q Vol 3/4: 65–73

    Google Scholar 

  155. Dunn V, Bale JF, Zimmerman RA, Perdue Z, Bell WE (1986) MRT in children with postinfectious disseminated encephalomyelitis. Magn Reson Imaging 4:25–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Enzmann DR, Britt RR, Obana WG, Stuart J, Murphy-Irwin K (1986) Experimental staphylococcus aureus brain abscess. AJNR 7: 395–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Gordillo T, Millan JM, Escudero L, Orduna M, Roger R, de la Fuente M (1986) Multiple intracranial hydatid cysts. Neuroradiology 28: 285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Grossmann RI, Wolf G, Biery D et al. (1984) Gadolinium enhanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance images of experimental brain abscess. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8/2: 204–207

    Google Scholar 

  159. Grossmann RI, Gonzalez-Scarano F, Atlas SW, Galetta S, Silberberg DH (1986) Multiple Sclerosis: Gadolinium Enhancement in MR imaging. Radiology 161: 721–725

    Google Scholar 

  160. Henkes H, Schörner W, Sander B, Felix R (1988) MRI of the meninges: normal and pathological findings. In: Felix R, Claussen CD (eds) Second European congress of NMR in medicine and biology, Berlin, June 23-26. Abstract book, p 24

    Google Scholar 

  161. Kappos L, Städt D, Rohrbach E, Heun R, Keil W, Ratzka M (1989) Gadolinium-DTPA enhanced MRI in multiple sclerosis: a new method to monitor disease activity and treatment efficacy. In: Nadjmi M (ed) Imaging of brain metabolism. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 409–412

    Google Scholar 

  162. Kermode AG, Tofts PS, Mc Donald WI, Mac Manus DG (1988) Towards quantification of GadoliniumDTPA leakage in multiple sclerosis. Soc of Magn Reson in Med, 7th annual meeting. Works in progress, p21

    Google Scholar 

  163. Leung AWL, Greco A (1987) MRI findings in cerebral sarcoidosis. In: Calabró A, Leonardi M (eds) Computer aided neuroradiology. CIC, Roma, pp 251–253

    Google Scholar 

  164. Levy RM, Rosenbloom S, Perrett LV (1986) Neuroradiologic findings in AIDS: a review of 200 cases. AJNR 7: 833–839

    Google Scholar 

  165. Marshall V, Flannigan BD, Bradley WG (1986) The MR appearance of gliosis: correlation with histopathology. Soc of Magn Reson in Med, 5th annual meeting. Book of abstracts, pp 799–800

    Google Scholar 

  166. Martin N, Masson C, Henin D, Mompoint D, Marsault C, Nahum H (1989) Idiopathic cranial pachymeningitis. Assessment with CT and MR imaging. In: Nadjmi M (ed) Imaging of brain metabolism. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, p492

    Google Scholar 

  167. Miller DH, Ormerod IEC, Mc Donald WT et al. (1986) A clinical and MRI follow up study of isolated optic neuritis. Soc of Magn Reson in Med, 5th annual meeting. Book of abstracts, vol3. p774–775

    Google Scholar 

  168. Miller DH, Johnson G, McDonald WI, MacManus D, duBoulay EPGH, Kendall BE, Moseley IF (1986) Detection of optic nerve lesions in optic neuritis with magnetic resonance imaging. Soc of Magn Reson in Med, 5th annual meeting. Works in progress, p99–100

    Google Scholar 

  169. Offenbacher H, Fazekas F, Schmidt R, Payer F, Lechner H (1988) MRI in tuberculous meningitis: areport of two cases. Soc of Magn Reson in Med, 7th annual meeting. Works in progress, p 4

    Google Scholar 

  170. Post MJD, Tate LG, Quencer RM, Hensley GT, Berger JR, Sheremata WA, Maul G (1988) CT, MR und pathology in HIV encephalitis and meningitis. AJNR 9:469–476

    Google Scholar 

  171. Rodiek SO, Rupp N, Gräfin von Einsiedei H (1987) MR-und CT-Muster der Neurozystizerkose. ROFO 146:570–577

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Sartor K, Geyer CA, Prensky AJ, Abramson CL, Hodges III FJ, Gado MH (1986) Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in children with rare movement disorders. Acta Radiol [Suppl] 369: 658–663

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Schörner W, Baum K, Henkes H, Girke W, Felix R..(1988) Früherkennung der multiplen Sklerose: MRBefunde bei der Erstmanifestation der multiplen Sklerose. ROFO 149/1: 63–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Schroth G, Kretschmar K, Gawehn J, Voigt K (1987) Advantage of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cerebral infections. Neuroradiology 29: 120–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Steinbrich W, Heindei W, Glathe S (1988) MR imaging in the evaluation of intracranial infections. Soc of Magn Reson in Med, 7th annual meeting. Book of abstracts, vol 1, p 6

    Google Scholar 

  176. Tarr RW, Edwards KM, Kessler RM, Kulkarni MV..(1987) MRI of mumps encephalitis: comparison with CT evaluation. Pediatr Radiol 17: 59–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Valk J, van der Knaap MS (1987) The role of T2w images in the assessment of progress of myelination in infants and children. Soc of Magn Reson in Med, 6th annual meeting. Works in progress, p1

    Google Scholar 

  178. Venger BH, Dion FM, Rouah E, Handel SF (1987) MR imaging of pontine tuberculoma. AJNR 8: 1149–1150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Zee Ch-S, Segall HD, Roger C, Ahmadi J, Apuzo M, Rhodes R (1985) MR imaging of cerebral toxoplasmosis: correlation of computed tomography and pathology. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9/4: 797–799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Bakay L, Lee JC, Lee GC, Peng JR (1977) Experimental cerebral contusion. J Neurosurg 47:525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Barron SA, Jakobs L, Kinkel WR (1976) Changes in size of normal lateral ventricles during aging determined by computerized tomography. Neurology 26:1011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Craig JR, Johnson L, Lundberg GD, Tatter D, Edmondson HA, McGah S (1980) An autopsy survey of clinical and anatomical diagnoses assoeiated with alcoholism. Arch Pathol Lab Med 104: 452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Cutler J, Page L, Galicich J, Watters GV (1968) Formation and absorbtion of cerebrospinal fluid in man. Brain 91:707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Dewes W, Moskopp D, Kurthen M, Solymosi L, Harder T (1989) MR-Tomographie nach Schädel-HirnTrauma: Vergleich mit Computertomographie, Elektro-Enzephalographie und neurologischem Status. ROFO 150: 316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Dewes W, Krahe T, Klingmüller D, Harder T (1987) MR-tomographische Befunde beim Kallmann-Syndrom. ROFO 147: 400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Dirnhofer R, Sigrist T (1979) Zur Rolle — hämorrhagisch infarzierter — Arachnoidalzotten beim posttraumatischen Hirnödem. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 45: 161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Dijk van P (1986) Multiphase mode imaging and eine display permit dynamic flow MR imaging. Diagn Imaging Oct: 163

    Google Scholar 

  188. Drayer BP (1988) Imaging of the aging brain: Part I. Normal findings. Radiology 166: 785

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Drayer BP (1988) Imaging ofthe aging brain: Part II. Pathologic conditions. Radiology 166: 797

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Earnest MP, Heaton RK, Wilkinson WE, Manke WF..(1979) Cortical atrophy, ventricular enlargement and intellectual impairment in the aged. Neurology 29: 1138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Eichler H, Dewes W, Buer R (1989) MR-Tomographie einer akuten hämorrhagischen Leukoenzephalitis im Kindesalter. ROFO 150: 480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Fischer AQ, Azis E (1987) Diagnosis of cerebral atrophy in infants by near-field cranial sonography. Radiology 163: 838

    Google Scholar 

  193. Gammal TE, Allen MB, Brooks BS, Mark EK..(1987) MR evaluation of hydrocephalus. AJR 149: 807

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Gieseke J, Dewes W, Träber F, de Last F (1988) CSF Fluß mit Cine MRT und geschwindigkeitssensitive Gradientenschaltung. Biomed Tech (Berlin) 3/2: 163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Hachinski VC, Potter P, Merskey H (1987) Leuko Araiosis. Arch N eurol 44: 21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Hirner A (1969) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur formalen Genese der Balkenläsionen nach experimenteller Cyanidvergiftung. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 13: 350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Inzelberg R, Treves T, Reider I (1987) Computed tomography brain changes in Parkinsonian dementia. Neuroradiology 29: 535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Jack CR, Mokri B, Laws ER, Houser OW, Baker HL, Paterson RC (1987) MR-findings in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: significance and comparison with other forms of dementia. J Comput Assist Tomograph 11: 923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Kazner E, Wende S, Grumme T, Stochdorph O, Felix R, Claussen C (1988) Computer-und Kernspintomographie intrakranieller Tumoren aus klinischer Sicht. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  200. Katzman R, Karasu TB (1975) Differential diagnosis of dementia. In: Fields WS (ed) Neurological and sensory disorders in the elderly. Stratton Intercontinental Medical Book, New York

    Google Scholar 

  201. Kido DK, Caine ED, LeMay M (1989) Temporal lobe atrophy in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a CT study. AJNR 10: 551

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Köster O, Dewes W, Klehr U, Träber F (1989) MRT des Gehirns bei Patienten unter Langzeitdialyse. ROFO 150: 598

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Lorenzo AV, Page LK, Watters GV (1970) Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid formation, absorbtion and pressure in human hydrocephalus. Brain 93: 679

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Machen BC, Williams JP, Lum GB (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. CT 11:160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Maytal J, Alvarez LA, Elkin CM, Shinnar S (1987) External hydrocephalus: Radiologic spectrum and differentiation from atrophy. AJR 148: 1223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Ostertun B, Dewes W, Süß H, Steudel A, Harder T..(1988) MR-Tomographie nichttumoröser Erkrankungen des Gehirns und des Zervikalrnarks. ROFO 148:408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Peiffer J (1984) Neuropathologie. In: Remmele W (Hrsg) Pathologie Bd. 4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  208. Povlishock JT, Becker DP, Miller JD, Jenkins LW, Dirtrich WD (1979) The morphopathologic substrat of concussion? Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 47: 1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Sandbank U, Lerman P (1972) Progressive cerebral poliodystrophy — Alper’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35: 749

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Savazzi GM, Cusmano F, Degasperi T (1985) Cerebral atrophy in patients with long-term hemodialysis treatment. Clin Nephrol23: 89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Scheffner D, Lipinski C (1980) Nichteitrige Enzephalitis, Meningoenzephalitis, Enzephalomeningitis und Enzephalopathie. In: Bachmann KD, Everbeck, H, Joppich G, Kleihauer E, Rossi E, Stalder GR (Hrsg) Pädiatrie in Praxis und Klinik. Bd3. Thieme, Stuttgart S 810

    Google Scholar 

  212. Seitelberger F.. 1969 General neuropathology of degenerative processes of the nervous system. In Neurosciences research 2. Academic Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  213. Shabo AL, Maxwell DS (1968) The morphology of arachnoidal villi. A light and electron microskopic study in the monkey. J Neurosurg 29: 451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Starkstein SE, Folstein SE, Brandt J (1989) Brain atrophy in Huntington’s disease: a CT-scan study. Neuroradiology 31: 156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Stochdorph O (1977) Nervensystem. In: Eder M, Gedigk P (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie und der pathologischen Anatomie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  216. Virchow R (1862) Die Cellularpathologie und ihre Begr_ndung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebslehre. Hirschwald, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  217. Wernicke C (1881–1883) Die akute hämorrhagische Polio enzephalitis superior. In: Lehrbuch der Gehirnkrankheiten, Bd II. Theodor Fischer Verlag Kassel und Georg Thieme Verlag Leipzig, S. 229

    Google Scholar 

  218. Wolff J (1968) Die Astroglia im Gewebsverband des Gehirns. Acta Neuropath [Suppl] (Berl) IV: 33

    Google Scholar 

  219. Zeiss J, Brinker RA (1988) MR imaging of cerebral hemiatrophy. J Comput Assist Tomograph 12: 640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Zierz S, Jahns G, Wersebe von O, Jerusalem F (1988) Klinische und biochemische Heterogenität der Ophthalmoplegia plus und Therapieversuch mit Coenzym Q. In: Mortier W, Pothmann R, Kunze K (Hrsg) Aktuelle Aspekte neuromuskulärer Erkrankungen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S. 282

    Google Scholar 

  221. Archer CR, Darwish H, Smith K (1978) Enlarged cisternae magnae and posterior fossa eysts simulating Dandy-Walker Syndrome on eomputed tomography. Radiology 127: 681–686

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Barkovieh AJ (1990) Pediatrie Neuroimaging. Raven press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  223. Beltramello A, Mazza C (1985) Spontaneous disappearanee of a large midd1e fossa araehnoid cyst. Surg Neurol24:181–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Bilianuk LT, Zimmerman RA, Hoehman M et al...(1987) MR of the Sturge-Weber syndrome. AJNR 8: 945

    Google Scholar 

  225. Braffman BH, Bilianuk LT, Zimmerman RA (1988) The central nervous system manifestations of the phakomatoses on MR. Radiol Clin N Am 26/4: 773–800

    Google Scholar 

  226. Byrd SE, Naidieh TP (1988) Common congenital brain anomalies. Radiol CIin North Am 26/4: 755–772

    Google Scholar 

  227. Chiari A (1896) Über Veränderungen des Kleinhirns, der Pons und der Medulla oblongata in Folge von eongenitaler Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns. Wien Akad Denksehr 63: 71–116

    Google Scholar 

  228. Cowley AR, Moody DM, Alexander E et al. (1979) Distinctive CT appearanee of eyst of the cavum septi pellucidi. AJR 133: 548–550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Dittrich H, Straßburg H-M, Dinkel E, Hackelöer BJ (1985) Zerebrale Ultrasehalldiagnostik in Pädiatrie und Geburtshilfe. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Book  Google Scholar 

  230. Dublin AB, Freneh BN (1980) Diagnostic image evaluation of hydranencephaly and pictorially similar entities on computed tomography. Radiology 137: 81–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Fitz CR (1982) Midline anomalies of the brain and spine. Radiol Clin North Am 20/1: 95–104

    Google Scholar 

  232. Galassi E, Tognetti F, Gaist G et al. (1981) CT scan and Metrizamide CT cisternography in arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa: classification and pathophysiologie aspects. Surg Neurol 17: 363–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  233. Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Bilaniuk LT et al. (1986) Occult cerebral vascular malformations: high-field MR imaging. Radiology 158: 707–713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Harwood-Nash DC, Fritz CHR (1976) Neuroradiology in infants and children. Mosby, St. Louis MO

    Google Scholar 

  235. Holland BA, Haas DK, Norman D, et al. (1986) MRI of normal brain maturation. AJNR 7: 201–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Jaeobi G, Vetterman H (1981) Aneurysmen der Vena magna Galeni und andere vaskuläre Malformationen der inneren Hirnvenen beim Kind. In: Hirt HR (Hrsg) Aktuelle Neuropädiatrie II. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 67–82

    Google Scholar 

  237. Kueharezyk W, Lemme-Pleghos L, Uske A et al...(1985) Intracranial vascular malformations: MR and CT imaging. Radiology 156: 383–389

    Google Scholar 

  238. Loeser et al. (1968) Agenesis of the corpus callosum. Brain 91: 553–570

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Martuza RL, Eldridge R (1988) Neurofibromatosis 2 (bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis) N Engl. J Med Mar 17: 318 (11): 684–688

    Google Scholar 

  240. Naidich TP, McLone DG, Fulling KH (1983) The Chiari II malformation. Part IV: The hindbrain deformity. Neuroradiology 25: 179–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Naidich TP, Zimmerman RA (1987) Common congenital malformations of the brain. In: BrantZawadzki M, Norman D (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. Raven, New York/NY,pp 131–150

    Google Scholar 

  242. Piepgras U (1984) Die neurokutanen Systemerkrankungen. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  243. Robinson WL, Gellad FE, Haney P Jet al. (1985) Craniosynostosis: a clinical, radiological and pathological evaluation of 50 cases. Concepts Pediatr Neurosurg 5: 118–125

    Google Scholar 

  244. Streeter GL (1918) The developmental alterations in the vaseular system of the brain of the human embryo. Contrib Embryol 8(24): 7–38

    Google Scholar 

  245. Titelbaum DS, Hayward JC, Zimmerman RA (1989) Pachygyriclike changes: topographic appearance at MR imaging and CT and correlation with neurologic status. Radiology 173(3): 663–667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Valk J, van der Knaap MS (1989) Magnetic resonance of myelin, myelination, and myelin disorders. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  247. Wolpert SM, Anderson M, Seott RM. Kwan ESK, Runge VM (1987) Chiari II malformation: MR imaging. AJR 149: 1033–1042

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Zimmerman RA, Bilianiuk LT (1988) Pediatric central nervous system. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonanee imaging. Mosby, St. Louis/ILL

    Google Scholar 

  249. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Grossman RI et al. (1983) CT in migratory disorders of human brain development. Neuroradiology 25: 257–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Akimura T, Kameda H, Abiko S, Aoki H, Kido T..(1989) Infrasellar craniopharyngioma. Neuroradiology 31: 180–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Aoki S, Barkovich AJ, Nishimura K et al. (1989) Neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2: cranial MR findings. Radiology 172: 527–534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Brooks BS, ElGammal T, Allison JD, Hoffman WH..(1989) Frequency and variation of the posterior pituitary bright signal on MR images. AJNR 10: 943–948

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Colombo N, Berry I, Kucharczyk J et al. (1987) Posterior pituitary gland: appearance on MR images in normal and pathologic states. Radiology 165: 481–485

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Danziger J, Wallace S, Handel S, Samaan NB (1979) The sella turcica in end organ failure. Radiology 131: 111–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Davis PC, Hoffman Je, Malko JA, Tindall GT, Takei Y, Avruch L, Braun IF (1987) Gadolinium DTPA and MR imaging of pituitary adenoma: a preliminary report. AJNR 8: 817–823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Doppman JL, Frank JA, Dwyer AJ et al. (1988) Gadolinium DTPA enhanced MR imaging of ACTH-secreting microadenomas of the pituitary gland. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12: 728–735

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Dwyer AJ, Frank JA, Doppman JL et al. (1987) Pituitary adenomas in patients with Cushing disease: Initial experience with Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 163: 421–426

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. El Gammal T, Brooks BS, Hoffman WH (1989) MR imaging of the ectopic bright signal of posterior pituitary regeneration. AJNR 10: 373–382

    Google Scholar 

  259. Elster AD, Challa VR, Gilbert TH, Richardson DN, Contento JC (1989) Meningiomas: MR and histopathologic features. Radiology 170: 857–862

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Fujisawa I, Kikuchi K, Nishimura K et al. (1987) Transection of the pituitary stalk: development of an ectopic posterior lobe assessed with MR imaging. Radiology 165: 487–489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Fujisawa I, Asato R, Kawata M et al. (1989) Hyperintense signal of the posterior pituitary on T1-weighted MR images: an experimental study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13: 371–377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Gupta RK, Jena A (1989) Sellar abscess associated with tuberculous osteomyelitis of the skull: MR findings. AJNR 10: 448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Hansmann ML, Hoover EO, Peyster RG (1986) Sixth nerve neuroma in the cavernous sinus: CT features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10: 1030–1032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  264. Hungerford GD, Biggs PJ, Levine JH, Shelley BE, Perrot PL, Chambers JK (1982) Lymphoid ade nohypophysitis with radiologic and elinical findings resembling a pituitary tumor. AJNR 3: 444–446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Karnaze MG, Sartor K, Winthrop JO, Gado MH, Hodges FJ (1986) Suprasellar lesions: Evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 161: 77–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Kaufman B, Tomsak RL, Kaufman BA, Arafah B’U, Bellon M, Selman WR, Modic MT (1989) Herniation of the suprasellar visual system and third ventricle into empty sellae: morphologic and clinical considerations. AJNR 10: 66–76

    Google Scholar 

  267. Kelly WM, Kucharczyk W, Kucharczyk J, Kjos B, Peck WW, Norrnan D, Newton TH (1988) Posterior pituitary ectopia: An MR feature of pituitary dwarfism. AJNR 9: 453–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Kilgore DP, Breger RK, Daniels DL, Pojunas KW, Williams AL, Haughton VM (1986) Cranial tissue: normal MR appearance after intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA. Radiology 160: 757–761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Kucharczyk W, Davis DO, Kelly WM, Sze G, Norman D, Newton TH (1986) Pituitary adenomas: High-resolution MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 161: 761–765

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Kucharczyk W, Peck WW, Kelly WM, Norman D, Newton TH (1987) Rathke cleft cysts: CT, MR imaging, and pathologie features. Radiology 165: 491–495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Kulkarni MV, Lee KF, McArdle CB, Yeakley JW, Haar FL(1988) 1.5-TMR imaging of pituitary microadenomas: technical considerations and CT correlation. AJNR 9: 5–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Lee BCP, Deck MDF (1985) Sellar and juxtasellar lesion detection with MR. Radiology 157: 143–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Macpherson P, Hadley DM, Teasdale E, Teasdale T..(1989) Pituitary microadenomas. Does Gadolinium enhance their demonstration? Neuroradiology 31: 293–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Newton DR, Dillon WP, Norman D, Newton TH, Wilson CB (1989) Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging of pituitary adenomas. AJNR 10: 949–954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Olsen WL, Brant-Zawadzki M, Hodes J, Norman D, Newton TH (1987) Giant intracranial aneurysms: MR imaging: Radiology 163: 431–435

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Peck WW, Dillon WP, Norrnan D et al. (1988) High resolution MR imaging of microadenomas at 1.5 T: experience with Cushing disease: AJNR 9: 1085–1091

    Google Scholar 

  277. Post MJD, Mendey DR, Kline LB, Acker JD, Glaser JS (1985) Metastatic disease to the cavernous sinus: elinical syndrome and CT diagnosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9: 115–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Schubiger O (1982) Computertomographischer Nachweis von Metastasen im Hypothalamus-Hypop hysenhinterlappen-System. CT-Sonographie 2: 127–129

    Google Scholar 

  279. Schubiger O (1984) Neuroradiologie der Sellaregion. Praxis 73: 1007–1018

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Schubiger O, Valavanis A. Hayek J, Dabir K (1980) Neuroma of the cavernous sinus. Surg Neurol 13: 313–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Schubiger O, Valavanis A, Hayek J (1980) Computed tomography in cerebral aneurysms with special emphasis on giant intracranial aneurysms. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4: 24–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Schubiger O, Valavanis A, Gessaga E (1983) Dense suprasellar epidermoid cyst. Neuroradiology 24: 269–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Schubiger O, Valavanis A, Wiehmann W (1987) Growth-mechanism of giant intracranial aneurysms; demonstration by CT and MR imaging. Neuroradiology 29: 266–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Schubiger O, Wiehmann W, Valavanis A (1989) Invasive pituitary adenomas. Value of Gadolinium enhanced high-field MRI. Int. Congress of Radiology Paris, 1.-7. July 1989

    Google Scholar 

  285. Scotti G, Yu C-Y, Dillon WP et al. (1988) MR imaging of cavernous sinus involvement by pituitary adenomas. AJNR 9: 657–664

    Google Scholar 

  286. Sloper JC, Adams CWM (1956) The hypothalamie elaboration of posterior pituitary principle in man. Evidence derived from hypophysectomy. J Pathol 72: 587–602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Tampieri D, Melansçn D, Ethier R (1989) MR imaging of epiderrnoid cysts. AJNR 10: 351–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Valavanis A, Schubiger O, Naidich TP (1987) Clinical imaging ofthe cerebello-pontine angle. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Book  Google Scholar 

  289. Yousem DM, Arrington JA, Zinreieh SJ, Kumar AJ, Bryan RN (1989) Pituitary adenomas: Possible role of Bromocriptine in intratumoral hemorrhage. Radiology 170: 239–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Yuh WTC, Wright DC, Barloon TJ, Schultz DH, Sato Y, Cervantes CA (1988) MR imaging of primary tumors of trigeminal nerve an Meckel’s cave. AJNR 9: 664–670

    Google Scholar 

  291. Albert DM, Rubenstein RA, Scheie HG (1967) Tumor metastases to the eye: 1. Incidencein 213 adult patients with generalized malignancy. Am J Ophthal-mol 63:723–726

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Atlas SW, Grossmann RI, Guerry D (1986) Spinecho MR imaging of intracranial melanomametastases. Presented at the 72nd Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting, Radiological Society of North America, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  293. Atlas SW, Grossmann RI, Hackney DB (1987) STIR MR imaging of orbital lesions. Presented at the 1987 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Neuroradiology, New York

    Google Scholar 

  294. Atlas SW, Grossmann RI, Axel L (1987) Proton spectroscopic phase dependent MR imaging of orbital lesions. Radiology 64:510–514

    Google Scholar 

  295. Atlas SW, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1987) The Orbit. In: Lee SH, Rao KCVG (eds) Cranial computed tomography and MRI. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  296. Atlas SW, Grossman RI, Savino PJ et al. (1987) Surface-coil MR of orbital Pseudotumor. AJNR 8: 141–146

    Google Scholar 

  297. Babcock EE, Brateman L, Weinred JC (1985) Edge artifacts in MR images: chemical shift effect. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9: 252–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Balchunas WR, Quencer RM, Byrne SF (1983) Lacrimal gland and fossa masses: evaluation by computed tomography and A-mode echography. Radiology 149:751–758

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Bilaniuk LT, Atlas SW, Zimmerman RA (1987) MR imaging of the orbit. Radiol Clin Am

    Google Scholar 

  300. Bilaniuk LT, Schenck JF, Zimmerman RA (1985) Ocular and orbitaliesions: surface coil MR imaging. Radiology 156: 669–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Bradley WG, Waluch V, Lai K (1984) Appearance of rapidly flowing blood on magneticresonance images. AJR 143:1167–1174

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Brant-Zawadzki M, Badami JP, Mills CM, Norman D, Newton TH (1984) Primary intracranial tumor imaging: A comparison of magnetic resonance and CT. Radiology 150: 435–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Brateman L (1986) Chemical shift imaging: a review. AJR 146: 971–980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Bydder GM, Steiner RE, Young IR, Hall AS, Thomas DJ, Marshall J, Pallis CA, Legg NJ (1982) Clinical NMR imaging of the brain: 140 cases. AJR 139: 215–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Daniels DL, Herfkens R, Gager WE (1984) Magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerves and chiasm. Radiology 152: 79–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Daniels CL, Kneeland JE, Shimakawa A (1986) MR imaging of the optic nerve and sheath: correcting the chemical shift misregistration effect. Am J Neuroradiol 7: 249–253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Dresner SC, Rothfus WE, Slamovitz TL (1984) Computed tomography of orbital myositis. AJR 143: 671–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Edwards JH, Hyman RA, Vacirca SJ (1985) 0,6 T magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit. Am J Neuroradiol 6: 253–258

    Google Scholar 

  309. Edwards JH, Hyman RA, Vacirca SJ, Boxer MA, Packer S, Kaufman IH, Stein HL (1985) 0,6 T magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit. AJR 144: 1015–1020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Enochs WS, Bennett HF, Brown RD (1986) Protein relaxation rates in synthetic melanin solutions: implications for mechanisms of enhanced relaxation in melanin-containing tissues. Book of abstracts, Fifth Annual Meeting, Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Montreal, p 1135

    Google Scholar 

  311. Enzmann DR, Donaldson SS, Kriss JP (1979) Appearance of Graves’ disease on orbital computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3: 815–819

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Forbes GS, Sheedy PF, Waller RR (1980) Orbital tumors evaluated by computed tomography. Radiology 136:101–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Frank JA, Dwyer AJ, Girton M et al. (1986) Opening of blood-ocular barrier demonstrated by contrastenhanced MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10: 912–916

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Shields JA (1986) Choroidal melanomas: correlation of NMR spectroscopy and MR imaging. Radiology 158: 443–445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Shields JA (1986) Ocular MR imaging and spectroscopy: an ex vivo study. Radiology 160: 201–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Grannemann D, Zwicker C, Langer M (1988) Zur Diagnose orbitaler Raumforderungen — ein Vergleich von Kernspin-und Computertomographie. Fortsehr Ophthalmol 85: 327–329

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Han JS, Benson JE, Bonstelle CT (1984) Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit: a preliminary experience. Radiology 150: 755–759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Hawkes RC, Holland GN, Moore WS (1983) NMR imaging in the evaluation of orbital tumors. Am J Neuroradiol 4: 254–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Krohel GB, Krauss HR, Winnick J (1982) Orbital abscess: presentation, diagnosis, therapy and sequelae. Ophthalmology 85: 492–498

    Google Scholar 

  320. Langer M, Zwicker C, Grannemann D (1987) Kernspintomographische Untersuchungen von orbitalen Raumforderungen. Digit Bilddiagn 7: 112–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Li KC, Poon PY, Hinton P, Willinsky R, Pavlin CJ, Jurwitz JJ, Buncic JR, Henkelman RM (1984) MR imaging of orbital tumors with CT and ultrasound correlations. J Comput Ass Tomogr 12: 1039–1047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  322. Mafee MF, Peyman GA, Grisolano JE (1986) Malignant uveal melanomas and simulating lesions: MR imaging evaluation. Radiology 160: 773–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Mafee MF, Peyman GA, McKusick MA (1985) Malignant uveal melanoma and similar lesions studied by computed tomography. Radiology 156: 403–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Mancuso AA, Hanafee WN (1985) Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the head and neck. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore London Los Angeles Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  325. Markl AA, Riedel KG, Oeckler R (1986) MR imaging of orbital disease using surface coils and contrast agents. Radiology 161: 286

    Google Scholar 

  326. McRobbie DW, Plehwe W, Lerski RA, Forster M, Kohner E (1987) Gadolinium-DTPA as a contrast agent in MRI of the eye. Book of abstracts, Annual Meeting, Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, New York, p 172

    Google Scholar 

  327. Moseley Y, Brant-Zawadski M, Mills C (1983) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit. Brit J Ophthal 67: 333–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Peyster RG, Augsburger JJ, Shields JA (1985) Choroidal melanoma: comparison of CT, fundoscopy and US. Radiology 156: 675–680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Savino PJ, Grossman RI, Schatz NJ (1986) High field magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Arch Neurol 43: 1081–1082

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Schenck JF, Hart HR, Foster TH (1985) Improved MR imaging of the orbit at 1,5 T with surface coils. Am J Neuroradiol 6: 193–196

    Google Scholar 

  331. Schenck JF, Hart HR, Foster TH et al. (1985) Improved MR imaging of the orbit at 1,5 T with surface coils. AJR 144: 1033–1036

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Sobel DF, Kelly W, Kjos BO (1985) MR imaging of orbital and ocular disease. Am J Neuroradiol 6: 259–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Sobel DF, Mills C, Char D (1984) NMR ofthe normal and pathologie eye and orbit. Am J Neuroradiol 5: 345–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Sullivan JA, Harms SE (1986) Surface coil MR imaging of orbital neoplasms. Am J Neuroradiol 7:29–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Treisch J, Schörner W, Laniado M, Felix R (1987) Charakteristika intrakranieller Meningeome in der magnetischen Resonanztomographie. ROFO 146,2:207–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. . Vaughan D, Asbury T (1983) Ophthalmologie. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Book  Google Scholar 

  337. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1979) Computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with bilateral retinoblastomas. J Comput Tomogr 3:251–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Yanoff M et al. (1985) Orbital magnetic resonance imaging. Amer J Ophthal 100:312–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Zwicker C, Langer M, Grannemann D (1988) Die kernspintomographische Untersuchung orbitaler Erkrankungen mit Oberflächenspulen. Klin Mon atsbl Augenheilk 192:317–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Baierl P, Fink U, Mayr B, Bauer WM, Oeckler R (1987) KST der Kraniopharyngiome. RÖFO 146/5: 578–583

    Google Scholar 

  341. Brant-Zawadski M, Norman D (1987) 1-81? 1-81? 1-81? In: MRI of the central nervous system. Raven, New York, p 355

    Google Scholar 

  342. Breger RK, Papke RA, Pojunas KW et al. (1987) Benign extraaxial tumors: contrast enhancement with Gd-DTPA. Radiology 163:427–429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Cunningham MJ, Curtin HD, Butkiewicz BL (1988) Histiocytosis X of the temporal bone: CT findings. J Comp Assist Tomogr 12/1:70–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  344. Curati WL, Graef M, Kingsley DPE, Niendorf HP, Young IR (1986) Acoustic Neuromas: Gd-DTPA En-hancement in MR Imaging. Radiology 158:447–451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Daniels DL, Herfkins R, Koehler PR, Millen SJ, Schaffer KA, Wilhams AL, Haughton VM (1984) MRI of the internal auditory canal. Radiology 151: 105–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Daniels DL, Schenck JF, Foster T et al. (1985) MRI of the jugular foramen. Am J Neuroradiol 6:699–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. Daniels DL, Pech P, Pojunas KW, Kilgory DP et al. (1986) Trigeminal nerve: anatomic correlation with MRI. Radiology 159:577–583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Davis KR, Roberson GH, Taveras JN, New PJ, Treon R (1976) Diagnosis of epidermoid tumors by computed tomography. Radiology 119:347–351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Gold LHA, Kieffer SA, Peterson HP (1969) Intracranial meningiomas; a retrospective analysis of diagnostic value of piain skull films. Neuroradiology 19:873–878

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Gomorri JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg MI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1985) Intracranial hematomas: imaging by high field MR. Radiology 157:87–93

    Google Scholar 

  351. Horn KL, Crumley RL, Schindler RA (1981) Facial neurilemmomas. Laryngoscope 91:1326–1331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. Karnaze MG, Sartor K, Winthrop JD et al. (1986) Supracellar lesions: evaluation with MRI. Radiology 161:77–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Kilgore DP, Breger RK, Daniels DL, Pojunas KW, Williams AL, Haughton VM (1986) Cranial tissues: normal MR appearance after intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA. Radiology 160:757–761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Latack JT, Kartush JM, Kemink JL, Graham MD, Knake JE (1985) Epidermoidomas of the cerebellop on tine angle and temporal bone: CT and MR Aspects. Radiology 157:361–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Lee BC, Kneeland JB, Deck MD, Cahill PT (1984) Posterior fossa lesions; MRI. Radiology 153:134–143

    Google Scholar 

  356. Lenz M, König H, Sauter R, Schröder M (1985) KST des Felsenbeins und Kleinhirnbrückenwinkels. RÖFO 143/1:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  357. Mitnick JS, Pinto RS (1980) CT in the diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4: 791–793

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Neely JG, Alford BR (1974) Facial nerve neuromas. Arch Otolaryngol 100:298–301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. Paulas JF, Toga M, Hassoun J, Salamon G, Grisoli F..(1982) 1-81? 1-81? 1-81? In: Les tumeurs cérebrales. Masson, Paris, p 211

    Google Scholar 

  360. Pinto RS, Kricheff IT, Bergeron RT, Cohen N (1982) Small acoustic neuromas: detection by high resolution gas CT cysternography. AJR 139:129–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Pusey E, Kortman KE, Flamingan BD, Tsuruda J, Bradley WG (1987) MR of craniopharyngiomas. Tumor delineation and characterization. AJR 149: 383–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. Steffey DJ, De Filipp GJ, Spera T, Gabrielsen TO (1988). MRI of primary epidermoid tumors. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12(3): 438–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Swartz JD, Goodman RS, Russell KB, Marlowe FI, Wolfson RJ (1983) High resolution CT of the middle ear and mastoid. Part II. Radiology 148:455–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Sze G, Vichanco LS, Brant-Zawadski M, Davis RL et al. (1987) Chordomas: MR imaging. Radiology 166: 187–191

    Google Scholar 

  365. Teresi LM, Lufkin RB, Vinuela F et al. (1987) MRI of the nasopharynx and the floor of the middle cranial fossa. Part II Malignant tumors. Radiology 164: 817–821

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  366. Treisch J, Schörner W, Laniado M, Felix R (1987) Charakteristika intrakranieller Meningeome in der magnetischen Resonanz tomographie. RÖFO 146,2: 207–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Valvassori GE (1988) Diagnosis of retrocochlear and central vestibular disease by MRI. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 97:19–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Vion-Dury J, Vinceritelli F, Jiddane M, Van Bunnen Y, Rumeau C, Grisolli F, Salamon G (1987) MRI of epidermoid cysts. Neuroradiology 29:333–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Vogl T, Bauer M, Schedel H, Brüning R, Mees K, Lissner J (1988) Kernspintomographische Untersuchungen von Paragangliomen des Glomus caroticum and Glomus jugulare mit Gd-DTPA. RÖFO 148/1: 38–46

    Google Scholar 

  370. Zimmermann RA, Bilaniuk LT, Hacknay OB, Goldberg HI, Grossman RI (1987) MRI in temporal bone fracture. Neuroradiology 29:246–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  371. Castelijns JA, Doornbos J, Verbeeten B, Vielvoye GJ, Bloem JL (1985) MR imaging of the normal larynx. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9/5:919–925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  372. Dillon WP, Mills CM, Kjos B, Degroot J, Brant-Zawadzki M (1984) Magnetic resonance imaging of the nasopharynx. Radiology 152:731–738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Fürst G, Zamboglou N, Greven C, Kahn T, Mödder U (1988) Kontrastmitteleinsatz in der Kernspintomographie von Kopf-und Halstumoren. ROFO 149/5:489–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  374. Gademann G, Haels J, König R, Mende U, Lenarz T, Kober B, van Kaick G (1986) Kernspintomographisches Staging von Tumorender Mundhöhle, des Oro-und Hypopharynx sowie des Larynx. ROFO 145: 503–509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. Gademann G, Haels J, Semmler W, van Kaick G..(1988) Kernspintomographie bei Erkrankungen der Parotis. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 67:211–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  376. Glazer HS, Niemeyer JH, Balfe DM, et al. (1986) Neck neoplasms: MR imaging. Part I. Initial evaluation. Radiology 160:343–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. Glazer HS, Niemeyer JH, Balfe DM, et al. (1986) Neck neoplasms: MR imaging. Part II Post treatment evaluation. Radiology 160:349–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Higgins CB, Auffermann W (1988) MR imaging of thyroid and parathyroid glands: a review of current status. AJR 151:1095–1106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. Lufkin R, Hannafee W (1988) MRI of the head and neck. Magn Reson Imaging 6: 69–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  380. Mancuso AA, Hanafee WN (1985) Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the head and neck. William & Wilkins, Baltimore London Los Angeles Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  381. Römer T, Tausch-Treml R, Hamm B, Felix R, Wolf K-J (1988) Kernspintomographie der Nasennebenhöhlentumorenunter Verwendung von Gadolinium-DTPA und Multiecho-Sequenzen. ROFO 149/2: 171–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  382. Schedel H, Vogl T, Hahn D, Mees K, Peer F, Lissner J..(1988) Erkrankungen des lymphatischen Systems im Kopf-Hals-Bereich, Vergleichsstudie KST und CT. Digit Bilddiagn 8:158–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  383. Spiessl B, Beahrs OH, Hermanek P, Scheibe O, Wagner G (Hrsg) (1990) TNM-Atlas (UICC). Illustriert er Leitfaden zur TNM/pTNM-Klassifikation maligner Tumoren, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo HongKong

    Google Scholar 

  384. Teresi LM, Lufkin RB, Wortham DG, Abemayor E, Hanafee WN (1987) Parotid masses: MR imaging, Radiology 163:405–409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weiterführende Monographien und Lehrbücher

  • Brant-Zawadzki M, Kucharaczyk W (1987) Vascular disease: ischemia. In: Brant-Zawadzki M, Norman D (eds.) Magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. Raven, New York, pp 221–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Poeck K (1987) Neurologie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studier ende und Ärzte. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Thron A, Voigt K (1986) Vaskuläre kraniozerebrale Erkrankungen. In: Dihlmann W, Stender HS (Hrsg) Radiologische Diagnostik in Klinik und Praxis, Bd IV/1. Thieme, Stuttgart S 370–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Elster AD (1988) Cranial magnetic resonance imaging. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 183–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland BA (1987) Diseases of white matter. In: Brant-Zawadzki M, Norman D (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. Raven, New York, pp 259–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Maravilla KR (1988) Multiple Sclerosis. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 344–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley I (1988) Magnetic resonance imaging in diseases of the nervous system. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer J (1984) Neuropathologie. In: Remmele W (Hrsg) Pathologie 4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 154–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Sze G (1988) Infections and inflammatory diseases. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 316–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Sze G (1987) Intracranial infection. In: Brant-Zawadzki, Norman D (eds) Magnetic resonance imaging. Raven, New York, pp 235–257

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Radiologische Universitätsklinik, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, W-5300, Bonn, Deutschland

    Professor Dr. Maximilian Reiser

  2. Forschungsschwerpunkt Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, W-6900, Heidelberg, Deutschland

    Dr. Dr. Wolfhard Semmler

Authors
  1. Professor Dr. Maximilian Reiser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dr. Dr. Wolfhard Semmler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Radiologische Universitätsklinik, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, W-5300, Bonn, Deutschland

    Maximilian Reiser

  2. Forschungsschwerpunkt Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, W-6900, Heidelberg, Deutschland

    Wolfhard Semmler

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reiser, M., Semmler, W. (1992). Hirn, Gesichtsschädel und Hals. In: Reiser, M., Semmler, W. (eds) Magnetresonanztomographie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97167-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97167-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-97168-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-97167-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation