Skip to main content

Muskelrelaxanzien

  • Chapter

Zusammenfassung

Definition: Muskelrelaxanzien (MR) sind Substanzen, die eine reversible Lähmung der Skelettmuskulatur verursachen.

Weitere Informationen zum Thema dieses Kapitels sind in folgenden Kapiteln zu finden: 2.4, 2.9, 3.1, 3.3, 4.18, 5.4, 6.5.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Adams AK, Salt PJ (1985) The use of neuromuscular blocking agents in ophtalmic surgery. Clin Anaesth 3: 435

    Google Scholar 

  2. Agoston S, Richardson FJ (1985) Pipecuronium bromide (Arduan) — a new long-acting non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug. Clin Anaesth 3: 361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Agoston S, Vermeer GA, Kersten UW, Scaf AHJ (1978) A preliminary investigation of the renal and hepatic excretion of gallamine triethiodide in man. Br J Anaesth 50: 345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Arden JR., Lynam DP, Castagnoli KP, Canfell PC, Cannon JG, Miller RD (1988) Vecuronium in alcoholic liver disease: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Anesthesiology 68: 771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Assem ESK, Symons IE (1989) Anaphylaxis due to suxamethonium in a 7-year-old child: a 14-year follow up with allergy testing. Anaesthesia 44: 121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Azar I (1984) The response of patients with neuromuscular disorders to muscle relaxants: a review. Anesthesiology 61: 173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Azar I, Pham AN, Karambelkar DJ, Lear E (1983) The heart rate following edrophonium-atropine and edrophonium-glycopyrrolate mixtures. Anesthesiology 59: 139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Baraka A (1977) Self-taming of succinylcholine — induced fasciculations. Anesthesiology 46: 292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Baraka A, Yazigi A (1987) Neuromuscular interaction of magnesium with succinylcholine — vecuronium sequence in the eclamptic paturient. Anesthesiology 67: 806

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Basta SJ, Ali HH, Savarese JJ, Sunder N, Gionfriddo M, Cloutier G, Lineberry C, Cato AE (1982) Clinical pharmacology of atracurium besylate (BW33A): a new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant. Anesth Analg 61: 723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Basta SJ, Debros F, Savarese JJ, Ali HH, Embree P, Lai A, Schwartz A, De Angelis R, Gallagher M, James N (1988) BW A938U pharmacokinetics and dynamics in healthy surgical patients under isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 67:S9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Basta SJ, Savarese JJ, Ali HH, Sunder N, Moss J, Gionfriddo M, Embree P (1983) Vecuronium does not alter serum histamine within the clinical dose range. Anesthesiology 59: A 273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bencini AF, Scaf AHJ, Sohn YJ, Meistelmann C, Lien-hart A, Kersten UW, Schwarz S, Agoston S (1986) Disposition and urinary excretion of vecuronium bromide in anesthetized patients with normal renal function or renal failure. Anesth Analg 65: 245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bencini AF, Scaf AHJ, Sohn YJ, Kersten-Kleef UW, Agoston S (1986) Hepatobiliary disposition of vecuronium bromide in man. Br J Anaesth 58: 988

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bevan DR, Bevan JC, Donati F (1988) Muscle relaxants in clinical anesthesia. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago London

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bikhazi GB, Leung I, Flores C, Mikati HMJ, Foldes FF (1988) Potentiation of neuromuscular blocking agents by calcium channel blockers in rats. Anesth Analg 67: 1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Birch AA, Mitchell GD, Playford GA, Lang CA (1969) Changes in serum potassium response to succinylcholine following trauma. JAMA 210: 490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Boehm R (1897) Ueber Curare und Curarealkaloide. Arch Pharmakol 235: 660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bossa R, Galatulas I (1985) Neuromuscular blocking activity of H2 receptor antagonists. Br J Pharmacol [Suppl] 86: 779P

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bovet D, Bovet-Nitti F, Guarino S, Longo VG, Marotta M (1949) Proprieta farmachodinamiche di alcuni derivati della succinilcolina dotati di azione curarica. Rend Inst Sup Sanita (Roma) 12: 106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bowman WC (1980) Prejunctional and post junctional cholinoceptors at the neuromuscular junction. Anesth Analg 59: 935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bowman WC, Marshall IG, Gibb AJ (1985) Is there feedback control of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction? In: Katz RL (ed) Muscle relaxants. Grüne & Stratton, Orlando, p39

    Google Scholar 

  23. Brett RS, Schmidt JH, Gage JS, Schartel SA, Poppers PJ (1987) Measurement of acetylcholine receptor concentration in skeletal muscle from a patient with multiple sclerosis and resistance to atracurium. Anesthesiology 66: 837

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brom van den RHG, Wierda JMKH, Agoston S (1987) Pharmacokinetics of atracurium and metabolites in normal and renal failure patients. Anesthesiology 67: A 606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bros de F, Basta SJ, Ali HH, Wargin W, Welch R (1987) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BW B1090U in healthy surgical patients receiving N2O/O2 isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 67: A 609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bros de F, Okutani R, Lai A, Lawrence KW, Basta S (1987) Phenytoin does not interfere with atracurium pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Anesthesiology 67: A 607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Brotherton WP, Matteo RS (1981) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metocurine in humans with and without renal failure. Anesthesiology 55: 273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Brücke H, Ginzel KH, Klupp H, Pfaffenschlager F, Werner G (1951) Bis-cholinester von Dicarbonsäuren als Muskelrelaxantien in der Narkose. Wien Klin Wochenschr 63: 464

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Burns BD, Paton WDM (1951) Depolarization of the motor endplate by decamethonium and acetylcholine. J Physiol (Lond) 115: 41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bush GH (1985) Neuromuscular blockade. Use in paediatric surgery and intensive care. Clin Anaesth 3: 405

    Google Scholar 

  31. Buzello W, Agoston S (1978) Comparative clinical pharmacokinetics of tubocurarine, gallamine, alcuronium and pancuronium. Anaesthesist 27: 313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Buzello W, Huttarsch H (1988) Muscle relaxation in patients with Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy. Use of vecuronium in two cases. Br J Anaesth 60: 228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Buzello W, Schluermann D, Pollmaecher T, Spillner G (1987) Unequal effects of cardiopulmonary bypass-induced hypothermia on neuromuscular blockade from constant infusion of alcuronium, d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and vecuronium. Anesthesiology 66: 842

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Buzello W, Williams SCH, Chandra P, Watkins ML, Dozier DS (1985) Vecuronium and porcine malignant hyperthermia. Anesth Analg 64: 515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Camp CE, Tessem J, Adenwala J, Joyce TH (1987) Vecuronium and prolonged neuromuscular blockade in postpartum patients. Anesthesiology 67: 1006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cannon JE, Fahey MR, Castagnoli KP, Furuta T, Can-fell PC, Sharma M, Miller RD (1987) Continuous infusion of vecuronium: the effect of anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology 67: 503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Changeux JP, Devillers-Thiery A, Chemonilli P (1984) Acetylcholine rezeptor. An allosteric membrane protein. Science 225: 1335

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chappie DJ, Clarke JS (1983) Pharmacological action of breakdown products of atracurium and related substances. Br J Anaesth 55: 11 S

    Google Scholar 

  39. Churchill-Davidson HC, Christie TH, Wise RP (1960) Dual neuromuscular block in man. Anesthesiology 21: 144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Churchill-Davidson HC, Wise RP (1964) The response of the newborn infant to muscle relaxants. Can Anaesth Soc J 11: 1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Collier C (1975) Suxamethonium pains and fasciculations. Proc R Soc Med 68: 105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cook DR, Fisher CG (1975) Neuromuscular blocking effects of succinylcholine in infants and children. Anesthesiology 42: 662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Cook DR, Stiller RL, Weakly JN, Chakravorti S, Bran-dom BW, Welch RM (1989) In vitro metabolism of mivacurium chlorid (BW B1090U) and succinylcholine. Anesth Analg 68: 452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cowgill DB, Mostello LA, Shapiro HM (1974) Encephalitis and a hyperkalemic response to succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 40: 409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cronnelly R, Fisher DM, Miller RD, Gencarelli P, Nguyen-Gruenke L, Castagnoli N (1983) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium (ORG NC 45) and pancuronium in anesthetized humans. Anesthesiology 58: 405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cronnelly R, Morris RB (1982) Antagonism of neuromuscular blockade. Br J Anaesth 54: 183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Crul JF (1981) Klinische Pharmakokinetik von Succinyl-cholin. In: Buzello W (Hrsg) Muskelrelaxantien. Thieme, Stuttgart New York (Intensivmed Notfallmed Anästh, Bd 30, S 91)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dailey PA, Fisher DM, Shnider SM, Baysinger CL, Shinohara Y, Miller RD, Abboud TK, Kim KC (1984) Pharmacokinetics, placental transfer, and neonatal effects of vecuronium and pancuronium administered during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 60: 569

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Dale HH, Feldberg W (1934) Chemical transmission at motor nerve endings in voluntary muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 81: 39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dale HH, Feldberg W, Vogt M (1936) Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings. J Physiol (Lond) 86: 353

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Day NS, Blake GJ, Standaert FG, Dretchen KL (1983) Characterization of the train of four response in fast and slow muscles: effect of d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and vecuronium. Anesthesiology 58: 414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Denny NM, Kneeshaw JD (1986) Vecuronium and atra-curium infusions during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia 41: 919

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Doenicke A (1974) Pseudo Cholinesterasen. In: Schwiegk H (Hrsg) Handbuch der inneren Medizin, Bd 7, Teil 1. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 761

    Google Scholar 

  54. Doenicke A, Gürtner T, Kreutzberg G, Remes J, Spiess W, Steinbereithner K (1963) Serum Cholinesterase Anenzymia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 7: 59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Doenicke A, Holle F, Frey HH (1962) Praktische Bedeutung der Plasmacholinesterasebestimmung und ihres atypischen Verhaltens gegenüber Succinylbischolin. Anaesthesist 11: 146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Doenicke A, Krumey I, Kugler J, Klempa J (1968) Experimental studies of the breakdown of epontol: Determination of propanidid in human serum. Br J Anaesth 40: 415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Doenicke A, Lorenz W, Dick W, Ennis M, Ulsamer B, Sitter H, Seibert W (1991) Clinical significance of low level histamine release induced by anaesthetic drugs: atracurium as a paradigma. (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Doenicke A, Schmidinger ST, Krumey I (1968) Suxamethonium and serum Cholinesterase. Br J Anaesth 40: 834

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Donati F, Antzaka C, Bevan DR (1986) Potency of pancuronium at the diaphragm and the adductor pollicis muscle in humans. Anesthesiology 65: 1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Donati F, Bevan DR (1985) Suxamethonium. Clin Anaesth 3: 371

    Google Scholar 

  61. Donati F, McCaroll SM, Antzaka C, McCready D, Bevan DR (1987) Dose-response curves for edrophonium, neostigmine, and pyridostigmine after pancuronium and d-tubocurarine. Anesthesiology 66: 471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Donlon JV, Savarese JJ, Ali HH, Teplik RS (1980) Human dose-response curves for neuromuscular blocking drugs. A comparison of two methods of constructions and analysis. Anesthesiology 53: 161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Duncalf D, Chaudrey I, Aoki T, Nagashima H, Foldes FF (1983) Potentiation of pancuronium, vecuronium and atracurium by d-tubocurarine or metocurine. Anesthesiology 59:A 292

    Google Scholar 

  64. Duvaldestin P, Agoston S, Henzel D, Kersten UW, Desmonts JM (1978) Pancuronium pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis. Br J Anaesth 50: 1131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Duvaldestin P, Berger JL, Videcoq M, Desmonts JM (1982) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ORG NC 45 in patients with cirrhosis. Anesthesiology 57:A238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Duvaldestin P, Henzel D, Demetriou M, Desmonts JM (1978) Pharmacokinetics of fazadinium in man. Br J Anaesth 50: 773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Duvaldestin P, Lebrault C, Chauvin M (1985) Pharma-kokinetics of muscle relaxants in patients with liver disease. Clin Anaesth 3: 293

    Google Scholar 

  68. Duvaldestin P, Saada A, Berger JL, D’Hollander A, Desmonts JM (1982) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dose-response relationships of pancuronium in control and elderly subjects. Anesthesiology 56: 36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Eisenkraft JB, Book WJ, Papatestas AE, Hubbard M (1989) Sensitivity to vecuronium in myasthenia gravis: a dose-response study. Anesth Analg 68: S80

    Google Scholar 

  70. Engbaeck L (1954) The pharmacological actions of magnesium ions with particular reference to the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems. Pharmacol Rev 4: 396

    Google Scholar 

  71. Erkola O (1988) Prevention of succinylcholine-induced muscle pains with alcuronium, atracurium, d-tubocurarine and vecuronium. 9th W Congr Abstr Scient Pap II: A0569

    Google Scholar 

  72. Everett AJ, Lowe LA, Wilkinson S (1970) Revision of the structure of ( + )-tubocurarine chloride and ( + )-chon-drocurarine. J Chem Soc 16: 1020

    Google Scholar 

  73. Fahey MR, Hosobuchi Y, Canfell C, Tabaoda T, Shi WZ, Miller RD (1985) Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of laudanosine in man. Anesthesiology 63: A 312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Fahey MR, Morris RB, Miller RD, Nguyen TL, Upton RA (1981) Pharmacokinetics of Org NC 45 (Norcuron) in patients with and without renal failure. Br J Anaesth 53: 1049

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Fahey MR, Rupp SM, Fisher DM, Miller RD, Sharma M, Canfell C, Castagnoli K, Hennis PJ (1984) The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atracurium in patients with and without renal failure. Anesthesiology 61: 699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fahey MR, Rupp SM, Canfell C, Fisher DM, Miller RD, Sharma M, Castagnoli K, Hennis PJ (1985) Effect of renal failure on laudanosin excretion in man. Br J Anaesth 57: 1049

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Farman JV, Turner JM, Blanloeil Y (1986) Atracurium infusion in liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 58: 96 S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Farrell AM, Gowland G, McDowell JM, Simpson KH, Watkins J (1988) Anaphylactoid reaction to vecuronium followed by systemic reaction to skin testing. Anaesthesia 43: 207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Feldman SA, Liban JB (1987) Vecuronium — a variable dose technique. Anaesthesia 42: 199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Feldman SA (1987) Neuromuscular blocking agents. In: Feldman SA, Scurr CF, Paton W (eds) Drugs in anaesthesia: mechanisms of action. Arnold, London, p 160

    Google Scholar 

  81. Fisher DM, Canfell PC, Miller RD (1984) Stability of atracurium administered by infusion. Anesthesiology 61: 347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Fisher DM, Canfell PC, Fahey MR, Rosen JI, Rupp SM, Sheiner LW, Miller RD (1986) Elimination of atracurium in humans: contribution of Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis versus organ-based elimination. Anesthesiology 65: 6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Fisher DM, Cronnelly R, Sharma M, Miller RD (1984) Clinical pharmacology of edrophonium in infants and children. Anesthesiology 61: 428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Fisher DM, Miller RD (1983) Neuromuscular effects of vecuronium (ORG NC 45) in infants and children during N2O, halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 58: 519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Fisher DM, Rosen JI (1986) A pharmacokinetic explanation for increasing recovery time following larger or repeated doses of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Anesthesiology 65: 286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Fisher MMcD (1978) Anaphylactic reactions to gallamine triethiodide. Anaesth Intensive Care 6: 62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Fisher MMcD (1982) The epidemiology of anaesthetic anaphylactoid reactions in Australasia. Klin Wochenschr 60: 1017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Fogdall RP, Miller RD (1975) Neuromuscular effects of enflurane, alone and combined with d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and succinylcholine, in man. Anesthesiology 42: 173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Foldes FF, Mc Nall PG, Borrego-Hinjosa JH (1952) Succinylcholine: a new approach to muscular relaxation in anaesthesiology. N Engl J Med 247: 596

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Foldes FF, Nagashima H, Nguyen HD, Weiss R, Goldiner PL (1986) The human cumulative dose-response of pipecuronium bromide under balanced anesthesia. Anesthesiology 65:A116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Forbes AR, Cohen NH, Eger EI (1979) Pancuronium reduces halothane requirement in man. Anesth Analg 58: 497

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Forstmann V, Schuh FT (1988) Wirkungseintritt und Intubationsbedingungen nach Atracurium, Vecuronium und Suxamethonium. Anaesthesist 37: 311

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Frankville DD, Drummond JC (1987) Hyperkalemia after succinylcholine administration in a patient with closed head injury without paresis. Anesthesiology 67: 264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Futo J, Kupferberg JP, Moss J, Fahey MR, Cannon JE, Miller RD (1988) Vecuronium inhibits histamine N-methyltransferase. Anesthesiology 69: 92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ghoneim MM, Kramer SE, Bannow R, Pandya H, Roüth JI (1973) Binding of d-tubocurarine to plasma proteins in normal man and in patients with hepatic or renal disease. Anesthesiology 39: 410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Gibson FM, Mirakhur RK, Clarke RSJ, Lavery GG (1985) Comparison of cumulative and single bolus dose techniques for determining the potency of vecuronium. Br J Anaesth 57: 1060

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Gilly H, Redl G, Streinzer W, Zrunek M, Draxler V (1986) Zur Pharmakodynamik von Vecuronium an Stimmband-und Thenarmuskulatur. Anaesthesist 35: 661

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Glass PSA, Ginsberg B, Quill T, Shafron D, Ascher J, Douglas C (1988) Onset, duration and reversal following doxacurium chloride (BW A938U) when combined with isoflurane. Anesth Analg 67: S 73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Glass PSA, Wilson W, Mace JA, Wagoner R (1989) Is the priming principle both effective and safe? Anesth Analg 68: 127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Glisson SN, Sanchez MM, El-Etr AA, Lim RA (1980) Nitroglyzerin and the neuromuscular blockade produced by gallamine, succinylcholine, d-tubocurarine, and pancuronium. Anesth Analg 59: 117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Goedde H, Doenicke A, Altland K (1967) Pseudo Cholinesterasen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  102. Goldberg ME, Larijani GE, Sosis M, Azad SS, Williams JJ, Lessin JB, Marr AT, Lobes PF, Asher J, Weakly JN, Seltzer JL (1988) A comparison of endotracheal intubation conditions and recovery following intubating doses of mivacurium chloride or succinylcholine in outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 67: S 77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Goudsouzian NG, Alifimoff JK, Liu LMP, Foster V, McNulty B, Savarese JJ (1989) Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of doxacurium in children anaesthetized with halothane. Br J Anaesth 62: 263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Gramstad L (1987) Atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium in end-stage renal failure. Dose-response properties and interactions with azathioprine. Br J Anaesth 59: 995

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Gravlee GP, Ramsey FM, Roy RC, Angert KC, Rogers AT, Pauca AL (1988) Rapid administration of a narcotic and neuromuscular blocker: a hemodynamic comparison of fentanyl, sufentanil, pancuronium, and vecuronium. Anesth Analg 67: 39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Griffith HR, Johnson GE (1942) The use of curare in general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 3: 418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Gronert GA, Theye RA (1974) Effect of succinylcholine on skeletal muscle with immobilization atrophy. Anesthesiology 40: 268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Gronert GA, Theye RA (1975) Pathophysiology of hyperkalemia induced by succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 43: 89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Gürtner T, Kreutzberg G, Doenicke A (1963) Comparative studies on Cholinesterase activity in serum and liver cells. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 7: 69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Harle DG, Baldo BA, Fisher MM (1985) Cross-reactivity of metocurine, atracurium, vecuronium and fazadinium with IgE antibodies from patients unexposed to these drugs but allergic to other myoneural blocking drugs. Br J Anaesth 57: 1073

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Harris MM, Stirt JA, Broaddus WF, Cook DR (1987) Cerebrospinal fluid laudanosin kinetics in children. Anesthesiology 67:A 506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Harris W, Whittaker M (1961) Differential inhibition of human serum Cholinesterase with fluoride; recognition of two new phenotypes. Nature (Lond) 191: 496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Harrison GA (1972) The cardiovascular effects and some relaxant properties of four relaxants in patients about to undergo cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 44: 485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Hartmann GS, Fiamengo SA, Riker WF (1986) Succinylcholine: mechanism of fasciculations and their prevention by d-tubocurarine or diphenylhydantoin. Anesthesiology 65: 405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Helpap B, Gullotta F, Schulteam Esch J (1983) Maligne Hyperthermic Intensivmed Notfallmed Anästh, Bd 42

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hennis PJ, Stanski DR (1985) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors that govern the clinical use of muscle relaxants. In: Katz RL (ed) Muscle relaxants. Grune & Stratton, Orlando, p 179

    Google Scholar 

  117. Hilgenberg JC (1983) Comparison of the pharmacology of vecuronium and atracurium with that of other currently available muscle relaxants. Anesth Analg 62: 524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. d’Hollander A, Massaux F, Nevelsteen M, Agoston SJ (1982) Age-dependent dose-response relationship of ORG NC 45 in anaesthetized patients. Br J Anaesth 54: 653

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Holle F, Doenicke A (1961) Cholinesterase in der Chirurgie. In: Bauer KH, Brunner A, Lindemann K (Hrsg) Ergebnisse der Chirurgie und Orthopädie, Bd 63, Springer, Berlin Güttingen Heidelberg, S 77

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  120. Hughes R (1985) Local reactions and histamine release by atracurium. Anaesthesia 40: 593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Hunt R, Taveau RM (1906) On the physiological action of certain choline derivatives and new methods for detecting choline. Br Med J 2: 1788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Hunter JM, Jones RS, Utting JE (1984) Comparison of vecuronium, atracurium and tubocurarine in normal patients and in patients with no renal function. Br J Anaesth 56: 941

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Ilias W, Lackner F, Zekert F (1985) Nifedipin und Vecuroniumbromid. Anaesthesist 34: 591

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Ilias W, Steinbereithner K (1985) Zur Wechselwirkung der Ca-Antagonisten Nifedipin und Nisoldipin mit dem nichtdepolarisierenden Muskelrelaxans Vecuro-niumbromid im „in vivo“ Rattenpräparat. Anaesthesist 34: 588

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Inoue K, El-Banayosy A, Stolarski L, Reichelt W (1988) Vecuronium induced bradycardia following induction of anaesthesia with etomidate or thiopentone, with or without fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 60: 10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Jantzen J-PAH (1988) Anaesthesie und intraokularer Druck. Anaesthesist 37: 458

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Joseph MM, Beatie C (1987) Effect of succinylcholine on recovery from vecuronium — a comparison of orbicularis oculi and adductor pollicis muscles. Anesthesiology 67:A 342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Kalli I, Meretoja OA (1988) Infusion of atracurium in neonates, infants and children. A study of dose requirements. Br J Anaesth 60: 651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kalow W, Davies RO (1958) The activity of various esterase inhibitors towards atypical human serum Cholinesterase. Biochem Pharmacol 1: 183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Kalow W, Genest K (1957) A method for the detection of atypical forms of human serum Cholinesterase. Determination of dibucain numbers. Can J Biochem Physiol 35: 339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kambam JR, Sastry BVR (1988) The effect of vecuronium on cholin acetyl transferase activity. 9th WCA Abstracts Vol II: A0543

    Google Scholar 

  132. Kaplan JA (1987) Cardiac anesthesia, 2nd ed, vol1. Saunders, Philadelphia London, p 151

    Google Scholar 

  133. Katz JA, Fragen RJ, Shanks CA, Dunn K, McNulty B, Rudd GD (1989) Dose-response relationships of doxacurium chloride in humans during anesthesia with nitrous oxide and fentanyl, enflurane, isoflurane, or halothane. Anesthesiology 70: 432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Katz B, Thesleff S (1957) A study of „desensitization“ produced by acetylcholine at the motor end-plate. J Physiol (Lond) 138: 63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Keens SJ, Hunter JM, Snowdon SL, Utting JE (1987) Potentiation of the neuromuscular blockade produced by alcuronium with halothane, enflurane and isoflurane. Br J Anaesth 59: 1011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Kennedy BR, Kelman GR (1970) Cardiovascular effects of alcuronium in man. Br J Anaesth 42: 625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Kim C, Fuke N, Martyn JAJ (1988) Burn injury to rat increases nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the diaphragm. Anesthesiology 68: 401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Kohlschütter B, Baur H, Roth F (1976) Suxamethonium-induced hyperkalaemia in patients with severe intraabdominal infections. Br J Anaesth 48: 557

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Krieg N (1985) Pharmakodynamische Untersuchungen mit Vecuronium. Anaesthesist 34: 340

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Krieg N, Crul JF, Booij LHDJ (1980) Relative potency of ORG NC 45, pancuronium, alcuronium and tubo-curarine in anaesthetized man. Br J Anaesth 52: 783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Krieg N, Hendrick HL, Crul JF (1981) Influence of suxamethonium on the potency of ORG NC 45 in anaesthetized patients. Br J Anaesth 53: 259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kupferberg JP, James L, Seals CF (1987) Atracurium: inhibition of plasma Cholinesterase and degradation in vitro. Anesthesiology 67: A 602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Laurence AS (1987) Myalgia and biochemical changes following intermittent suxamethonium administration. Anaesthesia 42: 503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Laurence AS (1988) Serum myoglobin release following suxamethonium administration to children. Eur J Anaesth 5: 31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Laycock JRD, Baxter MK, Bevan JC, Sangwan S, Donati F, Bevan DR (1988) The potency of pancuronium at the adductor pollicis and diaphragm in infants and children. Anesthesiology 68: 908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Lebowitz PW, Ramsey FM, Savarese JJ, Ali HH, de Bros FM (1981) Combination of pancuronium and metocurine: neuromuscular and hemodynamic advantages over pancuronium alone. Anesth Analg 60: 12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Lebrault C, Berger JL, D’Hollander AA, Gomeni R, Henzel D, Duvaldestin P (1985) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium (ORG NC 45) in patients with cirrhosis. Anesthesiology 62: 601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Lee C (1985) Succinylcholine: its past, present and future. In: Katz RL (ed) Muscle relaxants. Grune & Stratton, Orlando, p 69

    Google Scholar 

  149. Leigh MD, Mc Coy DD, Belton KM (1957) Bradycardia following intravenous administration of succinylcholine chloride to infants and children. Anesthesiology 18: 698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Lidell J, Lehmann M, Silk E (1962) A silent pseudocholin-esterase gene. Nature (Lond) 193: 561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Lincoff HA, Breinin GM, De Voe AG (1957) The effect of succinylcholine on the extraocular muscles. Am J Ophthalmol 43: 440

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Matteo RS (1985) Neuromuscular blockade. Use in the elderly. Clin Anaesth 3: 421

    Google Scholar 

  153. Matteo RS, Nishitateno K, Pua EK, Spector S (1980) Pharmacokinetics of d-tubocurarine in man: effect of an osmotic diuretic on urinary excretion. Anesthesiology 52: 335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Matteo RS, Pua EK, Khambatta HJ, Spector S (1977) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of d-tubocurarine in man. Anesthesiology 46: 396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Meakin G, Shaw EA, Baker RD, Morris P (1988) Comparison of atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade in neonates, infants and children. Br J Anaesth 60: 171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Mercer JD (1984) A severe anaphylactic reaction of atracurium. Anaesth Intensive Care 12: 262

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Meretoja OA, Wirtavuori K, Neuvonen PJ (1988) Age-dependence of the dose-response curve of vecuronium in pediatric patients during balanced anesthesia. Anesth Analg 67: 21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Merrett RA, Thompson CW, Webb FW (1983) In vitro degradation of atracurium in human plasma. Br J Anaesth 55: 61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Metha MP, Sokoll MD, Gergis SD (1988) Accelerated onset of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs: pancuronium, atracurium and vecuronium. A comparison with succinylcholine. Eur J Anaesth 5: 15

    Google Scholar 

  160. Miller KW, Paton WDM, Smith RA (1973) Pressure reversal of anaesthesia and the critical volume hypothesis. Mol Pharmacol 9: 131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Miller RD (1982) Pharmacokinetics of competitive muscle relaxants. Br J Anaesth 54: 161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Miller RD (1985) Neuromuscular blockade. Effect of renal disease. Clin Anaesth 3: 307

    Google Scholar 

  163. Miller RD, Agoston S, Van der Pol, Booij LHDJ, Crul JF, Ham J (1978) Hypothermia and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pancuronium in the cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 207: 532

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Miller RD, Rupp SM, Fisher DM, Cronnelly R, Fahey MR, Sohn YJ (1984) Clinical phamacology of vecuronium and atracurium. Anesthesiology 61: 444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Miller RD, Way WL (1971) Inhibition of succinylcholine-induced increased intragastric pressure by nondepolarizing muscle relaxants and lidocain. Anesthesiology 34: 185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Miller RD, Way WL, Hamilton WK, Layzer RB (1972) Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure? Anesthesiology 36: 138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Miller RD, Way WL, Dolan MW, Stevens WC, Eger EI II (1972) The dependence of pancuronium and d-tubo-curarine induced neuromuscular blockades on alveolar concentrations of halothane and forane. Anesthesiology 37: 573

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Minton MD, Grosslight K, Stirt JA, Bedford RF (1986) Increases in intracranial pressure from succinylcholine: prevention by prior nondepolarizing blockade. Anesthesiology 65: 165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Mirakhur RK, Jones CJ, Dundee JW (1980) Effects of intravenous administration of glycopyrrolate and atropine in anaesthetized patients. Anaesthesia 36: 277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. Mishima S, Yamamura T (1984) Anaphylactoid reaction to pancuronium. Anesth Analg 63: 865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Moss J, Rosow CE, Savarese JJ, Philbin DM, Kniffen KJ (1981) Role of histamine in the hypotensive action of d-tubocurarine in humans. Anesthesiology 55: 19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Moss J, Rosow CE (1983) Histamine release by narcotics and muscle relaxants in humans. Anesthesiology 59: 330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Motsch J, Fuchs W, Hoch P, Kass V, Hutschenreuter K (1987) Side effects and changes in pulmonary function after fixed dose precurarization with alcuronium, pancuronium or vecuronium. Br J Anaesth 59: 1528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Musich J, Walts LF (1986) Pulmonary aspiration after a priming dose of vecuronium. Anesthesiology 64: 517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Nachmansohn D (1963) The chemical basis of Claude Bernard’s observation on curare. Biochem Z 338: 454

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Nigrovic V, Pandya JB, Auen M, Wajskol A (1985) Inactivation of atracurium in human and rat plasma. Anesth Analg 64: 1047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. O’Hara DA, Fragen RJ, Shanks CA (1985) The effects of age on the dose-response curves for vecuronium in adults. Anesthesiology 63: 542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Weinstein JA, Young WL (1988) The effect of maintenance dose vecuronium of metocurine induced neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 69: 954

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. O’Sullivan EP, Williams NE, Calvey TN (1988) Differential effects of neuromuscular blocking agents on suxamethonium-induced fasciculations and myalgia. Br J Anaesth 60: 367

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Pandey K, Badola RP, Kumar S (1972) Time course of intraocular hypertension produced by suxamethonium. Br J Anaesth 44: 191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Panning B, Peest D, Kirchner E, Schedel I (1985) Anaphylaktoider Schock nach Alloferin. Anaesthesist 34: 211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Pansard IL, Chauvin M, Lebrault C, Gauneau P, Duval-destin P (1987) Effect of an intubating dose of succinylcholine and atracurium on the diaphragm and the adductor pollicis muscle in humans. Anesthesiology 67: 326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Parker CJR, Hunter JM (1988) The pharmacokinetics of atracurium and its metabolite, laudanosine, in the cirrhotic patient. 9th WCA Abstr Sci Pap vol II: A 5014

    Google Scholar 

  184. Paskov DS, Agoston S, Bowman WC (1986) 4-Aminopyridin hydrochloride (pymadin). In: Kharkevich DA (ed) New neuromuscular blocking agents. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 79, p 679)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  185. Paton WDM, Waud DR (1967) The margin of safety of muscle relaxant drugs. J Physiol (Lond) 191: 59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Plütz J, Braun J (1987) Der Einfluß ausgewählter Narkotika auf die Serumkonzentration von Myoglobin nach Gabe von Suceinylcholin. Anaesthesist 36: 352

    Google Scholar 

  187. Plütz J, Kutz N, Sommerburg C, Braun J (1989) Injektionsgeschwindigkeit von Suceinyleholin und neuromuskulärer Wirkungseintritt, Serumkalium-bzw. myoglo-binkonzentration. Untersuchungen bei Männern in Halothannarkose. Anaesthesist 38: 408

    Google Scholar 

  188. Proakis AG, Harris GB (1978) Comparative penetration of glycopyrrolate and atropine across the blood-brain and placental barriers in anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology 48: 339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Pusey JM, Charlton SM, Skinner JB, Assem ESK (1987) Anaphylactoid reaction to alcuronium. Anaesthesia 42: 164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Quill TJ, Glass PSA (1988) Vecuronium by continuous infusion: comparative study. 9th WCA Abstracts vol II: A 0538

    Google Scholar 

  191. Ramsey FM, Morell RC, Gerr P (1986) The priming principle: pretreatment with metocurine prior to vecuronium neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 65: A 298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  192. Rowlands DE (1987) Harmless cutaneous reactions associated with the use of atracurium. A report of 1200 anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth 59: 693

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Rorvik K, Husby P, Gramstad L, Vamnes JS, Bitsch-Larsen L, Koller ME (1988) Comparison of large dose vecuronium with pancuronium for prolonged neuromuscular blockade. Br J Anaesth 61: 180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Rupp SM, Mc Christian JW, Miller RD, Taboada JA, Cronnelly R (1986) Neostigmine and endrophonium antagonism of varying intensity neuromuscular blockade induced by atracurium, pancuronium or vecuronium. Anesthesiology 64: 711

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Rupp SM, Miller RD, Gencarelli P (1984) Vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade during enflurane, iso-flurane and halothane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 60: 102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Salmenpera M, Peltola K, Takkumen O, Heinonen J (1983) Cardiovascular effects of pancuronium and vecuronium during high-dose fentanyl anesthesia. Anesth Analg 62: 1059

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Salvador A, Del Pozo E, Carlos R, Baeyens JM (1988) Differential effects of calcium channel blocking agents on pancuronium — and suxamethonium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Br J Anaesth 60: 495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Sarner JB, Brandom BW, Woelfel SK, Dong M-L, Horn MC, Cook DR, McNulty BF, Foster VJ (1989) Clinical pharmacology of mivacurium chloride (BW 1090 U) in children during nitrous oxide — halothane and nitrous oxide — narcotic anesthesia. Anesth Analg 68: 116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Savarese JJ, Ali HH, Antonio RP (1977) The clinical pharmacology of metocurine: dimethyltubocurarine revisited. Anesthesiology 47: 277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Savarese JJ, Ali HH, Basta SJ, Embree PM, Scott RPF, Sunder M, Neal Weakly J, Wastila WB, El-Sayad HA (1988) The clinical neuromuscular pharmacology of mivacurium chloride (BW B1090U). Anesthesiology 68: 723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Schuh FT (1977) Zur Cholinesterase-Hemmung durch Pancuronium. Anaesthesist 26: 125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Schuh FT (1981) Pathophysiologische Bedingungen als Kontraindikationen für den Einsatz depolarisierender Muskelrelaxantien. In: Buzello W (Hrsg) Muskelrelaxan-tien. Thieme, Stuttgart New York (Intensivmed Notfall-med Anästh, Bd 30, S 112)

    Google Scholar 

  203. Schwarz S, Ilias W, Lackner F, Mayrhofer O, Foldes FF (1985) Rapid tracheal intubation with vecuronium: the priming principle. Anesthesiology 62: 388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Scott RPF, Savarese JJ, Basta SJ, Sunder N, Ali HH, Gargarian M, Gionfriddo M, Batson AG (1985) Atracu-rium: clinical strategies for preventing histamine release and attenuating the haemodynamic response. Br J Anaesth 57: 550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Sessler DI, Olofsson CI, Chow F (1988) Lower esophageal contractility predicts movement during skin incision: vecuronium does not decrease the MAC of halothane. Anesth Analg 67:S201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  206. Shanks CA (1986) Pharmakokinetics of the nondepolarizing neuromuscular relaxants applied to calculation of bolus and infusion dosage regimens. Anesthesiology 64: 72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Shanks CA, Somogyi AA, Triggs EJ (1979) Dose-response and plasma concentration-response relationships of pancuronium in man. Anesthesiology 51: 111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Smith CE, Donati F, Bevan DR (1988) Potency of succi-nylcholine at the diaphragm and the adductor pollicis muscle. Anesth Analg 67: 625

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Smith G, Dalling R, Williams TIR (1978) Gastro-oeso-phageal pressure gradient changes produced by induction of anaesthesia and suxamethonium. Br J Anaesth 50: 1137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Smith RB, Grenvik A (1970) Cardiac arrest following succinylcholin in patients with central nervous system injuries. Anesthesiology 33: 558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Sold M, Lazarus G, Baar H (1987) Untersuchungen zur Antagonisierbarkeit einer Intubationsdosis Vecuronium. Anaesthesist 36: 345

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Spek Van Der AFL, Fang W, Ashton-Miller JA, Stonier CS, Carlson DS, Schork MA (1988) Increased masticatory muscle stiffness during limb muscle flaccidity associated with succinylcholine administration. Anesthesiology 69: 11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Spence AG, Barnetson RStC (1985) Reaction to vecuronium bromide. Lancet 1: 979

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Standaert FG (1985) The doughnut and its hole. Clin Anaesth 3: 243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Starr NJ, Sethna DH, Estafanous FG (1986) Bradycardia and asystole following the rapid administration of sufentanil with vecuronium. Anesthesiology 64: 521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Stenlake JB, Waigh RD, Urwin J, Dewar GH, Co-ker GG (1983) Atracurium. Conception and inception. Br J Anaesth 55:3 S

    Google Scholar 

  217. Stirt JA, Grosslight KR, Bedford RF, Vollmer D (1987) „Defasciculation“ with metocurine prevents succinyleho-line-induced increases in intracranial pressure. Anesthesiology 67: 50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Stoelting PK (1972) The hemodynamic effects of pancuronium and d-tubocurarine in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 36: 612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Stoelting RK (1977) Comparison of gallamine and atropine as pretreatment before anesthetic induction and succinylcholine administration. Anesth Analg 56: 493

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Stoops CM, Curtis CA, Kovach DA, Mc Cammon RL, Stoelting RK, Warren TM, Miller D, Bopp SK, Jugovic DJ, Abou-Dovia MM (1989) Hemodynamic effects of mivacurium chloride administered to patients during oxygen-sufentanil anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement. Anesth Analg 68: 333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Stovner J, Oftedal N, Holmboe I (1975) The inhibition of cholinesterases by pancuronium. Br J Anaesth 47: 949

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Sugimori T (1986) Shortened action of succinylcholine in individuals with cholin-esterase C5 isoenzyme. Can Anaesth Soc J 33: 321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Swerdlow BN, Holley FO (1987) Intravenous anaesthetic agents. Pharmakokinetic — pharmacodynamic relationships. Clin Pharmacokin 12: 79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Tabaoda JA, Rupp SM, Miller RD (1986) Refining the priming principle for vecuronium during rapid — sequence induction of anesthesia. Anesthesiology 64: 243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  225. Taylor P (1985) Neuromuscular blocking agents. In: Gilman A, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad F (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 7th edn. Macmillan, New York, p 223

    Google Scholar 

  226. Taylor P (1985) Are neuromuscular blocking agents more efficacious in pairs? Anesthesiology 63: 1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Thomas J, Climie CR, Mather LE (1969) The placental transfer of alcuronium. Br J Anaesth 41: 297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Thys DM, Konstadt SN, Reich D, Hillel Z, Keusch D, Gettes M, Guffin A, Kaplan JA, Mikula S, Marvin R (1988) The effects of a new muscle relaxant, doxacurium, on left and right ventricular performance. Anesth Analg 67: S 232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. Tolmie JD, Joyce TH, Mitchell GD (1967) Succinylcholine danger in the burned patients. Anesthesiology 28: 467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Trudell JR (1977) A unitary theory of anesthesia based on lateral phase separations in nerve membranes. Anesthesiology 46: 5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Tryba M (1985) Wirkungsverstärkung nicht-depolarisie-render Muskelrelaxantien durch Acylaminopenicilline. Anaesthesist 34: 651

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Tsui D, Graham GG, Torda DA (1987) The pharmacokinetics of atracurium isomers in vitro and in humans. Anesthesiology 67: 722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Tullock WC, Diana P, Cook DR, Wilks DH, Bran-dom BW, Beach CA (1988) High dose vecuronium: onset and duration. Anesth Analg 67: S 235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. Ulsamer B (1988) Vecuroniumbromid: Beeinflussung der Pharmakodynamik durch Etomidat, Cimetidin und Ranitidin. Anaesthesist 37: 504

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Viby-Mogensen J (1985) Interaction of other drugs with muscle relaxants. In: Katz RL (ed) Muscle relaxants. Grune & Stratton, Orlando, p 233

    Google Scholar 

  236. Viby-Mogensen J, Chraemmer-Jorgenson B, Ording H (1979) Residual curarization in the recovery room. Anesthesiology 50: 539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Wainwright AP, Brodrick PM (1987) Suxamethonium in myasthenia gravis. Anaesthesia 42: 950

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Wald-Oboussier G, Lohmann Ch, Vieil B, Doehn M (1987) „Self-taming“: eine Alternative zur Prophylaxe des durch Succinylcholin induzierten Schmerzes. Anaesthesist 36: 426

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Ward S, Boheimer N, Weatherley BC, Simmons RJ, Dopson TA (1987) Pharmacokinetics of atracurium and its metabolites in patient with normal renal function, and in patients in renal failure. Br J Anaesth 59: 697

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Ward S, Judge S, Corail I (1982) Pharmacokinetics of pancuronium bromide in liver failure. Br J Anaesth 54:227P

    Google Scholar 

  241. Ward S, Neill EAM (1983) Pharmacokinetics of atracurium in acute hepatic failure (with acute renal failure). Br J Anaesth 55: 1169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Waser PG (1986) Molekulare Pharmakologie und Kinetik der Muskelrelaxanzien am Endorgan. Anästh Inten-sivmed 188: 180

    Google Scholar 

  243. Waser PG, Relier J (1972) Distribution and pharmacokinetics of 14C-toxiferine in rats. Agents Actions 2: 170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Waser PG, Wiederkehr H, Chang Sin-Ren A, Kaiser-Sehünenberger E (1987) Distribution and kinetics of 14C-Vecuronium in rats and mice. Br J Anaesth 59: 1044

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Waters DJ, Mapleson WW (1971) Suxamethonium pains: hypothesis and observation. Anaesthesia 26: 127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Watkins J (1986) Histamine release and atracurium. Br J Anaesth 58:19 S

    Google Scholar 

  247. Waud BE, Farrell L, Waud DR (1982) Lithium and neuromuscular transmission. Anesth Analg 61: 399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Waud BE, Waud DR (1975) The effects of diethyl ether, enflurane, and isoflurane at the neuromuscular junction. Anesthesiology 42: 275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Waud BE, Waud DR (1985) Interaction among agents that block end-plate depolarization competitively. Anesthesiology 63: 4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Weber S, Powers DM, Byers RS, Mazloomdoost M (1988) Does age affect use of the priming principle for rapid intubation? Anesth Analg 67: S 250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  251. Weinstein JA, Matteo RS, Ornstein E, Schwartz AE, Goldstoff M, Thal G (1988) Pharmacodynamics of vecuronium and atracurium in the obese surgical patients. Anesth Analg 67: 1149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Weintraub HD, Heisterkamp DV, Cooperman LH (1969) Changes in plasma potassium concentration after depolarizing blockers in anaesthetized man. Br J Anaesth 41: 1048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Wessler I (1987) Modulation der Acetylcholin-Freiset-zung aus dem motorischen Nerven durch präsynaptische Rezeptoren. Anaesthesist [Suppl] 36: 259

    Google Scholar 

  254. Westra P, Vermeer GA, de Lange AR, Scaf AHJ, Meijer DKF, Wesseling H (1981) Hepatic and renal disposition of pancuronium and gallamine in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Br J Anaesth 53: 331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Whittaker M (1980) Plasma Cholinesterase variants and the anaesthetist. Anaesthesia 35: 174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Whittaker M (1986) Cholinesterase. In: Beckmann L (ed) Monographs in human genetics, vol 11. Karger, asel, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  257. Wierda JMKH, Karliczek GF, van der Brom RHG, Kersten-Kleef UW, Agoston S (1987) Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of pipecuronium bromide (Arduan) in CABG patients. Anesthesiology 67: A613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  258. Wierda JMKH, Richardson FJ, Agoston S (1989) Dose-response relation and time course of action of pipecuronium bromide in humans anesthetized with nitrous oxide and isoflurane, halothane, or droperidol and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 68: 208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Wildsmith JAW (1972) Serum pseudoCholinesterase, pregnancy and suxamethonium. Anaesthesia 27: 90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Yate PM, Flynn PJ, Arnold RW, Weatherley BC, Simmonds RJ, Dopson T (1987) Clinical experience and plasma laudanosine concentrations during the infusion of atracurium in the intensive therapy unit. Br J Anaesth 59: 211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Young WL, Matteo RS, Ornstein E (1988) Duration of action of neostigmine and pyridostigmine in the elderly. Anesth Analg 67: 775

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Zsigmond EK, Down JR (1971) Plasma Cholinesterase activity in newborns and infants. Can Anaesth Soc J 18: 278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ulsamer, B., Doenicke, A. (1992). Muskelrelaxanzien. In: Doenicke, A., Kettler, D., List, W.F., Tarnow, J., Thomson, D. (eds) Anästhesiologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97158-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97158-7_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-97159-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-97158-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics