Abstract
Growth is due to an increase in the number and size of the body cells and to the development of cartilagenous and osseous substances. Ana- bolism exceeds catabolism in the continuous process of transformation of protoplasm and bone tissue in the growing organism. In other words, growth is an anabolic process. This process is characterized clinically by an increase in height and weight, and metabolically in particular by retention (positive balance) of water, nitrogen and electrolytes.
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References
Growth: General Works
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Normal Values
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Retardation of Growth
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Gigantism
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Normal Puberty
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Hormones in Puberty
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Baghdassarian, A., Guyda, H., Johanson,A., MIGEON, C.J., BLIZZARD, R. M.: Urinary excretion of radioim- munoassayable luteinizing hormone (Lh)in normal male children and adults, according to age and stage of sexual development. J. clin. Endocr. 31, 428 (1970).
Bidlingmaier, F., Wagner-BARNACK, M., BUTENANDT, O.,Knorr, D.: Plasma estrogens in childhood and puberty and physiologic and pathologic conditions. Pediat. Res. 7, 901 (1973).
Blunck, W.: Die A-ketolischen Cortisol- und Corticosteron- metaboliten sowie die 11-Oxy- und 11-Desoxy-17-keto- steroide im Urin von Kindern. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 59, Suppl. 134(1968).
Buckler, J. M. H., Clayton, B. E.: Output of luteinizing hormone in the urine of normal children and those with advanced sexual development. Arch. Dis. Childh. 45, 478 (1970).
Burr, I.M., Sizonenko, P.C., Kaplan, S.L.,Grumbach, M.M.:Hormonal changes in puberty. 1. Correlation of serum luteinizing hormone and folhcle stimulating hormone with stages of puberty, testicular size, and bone age in normal boys. Pediat. Res. 4, 25 (1970).
Cathro, D.M., Saez,J.M., BERTRAND, J.:The effect of clomiphene on the plasma androgens of prepubertal and pubertal boys. J. Endocr. 50, 387 (1971).
Forest, M.G., Migeon, C.J.: Percentage of testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroisoandrosterone bound to plasma protein in preadolescent children. J. Pediat. 76, 732 (1970).
Frasier, S. D., Hilburn, J. M., Smith, F. G.: Effect of adolescence on the serum growth hormone response to hypoglycemia. J. Pediat. 77, 465 (1970).
— Horton, R.: Androgens in the peripheral plasma of prepubertal children and aduks. Steroids 8, 111(1966).
Jenner, M.R., Kelch, R. P., Kaplan, S.L., Grumbach, M. M.: Hormonal changes in puberty: IV. Plasma estradiol, LH and FSH in prepubertal children, pubertal females, and in precocious puberty, premature thelarche, hypogonadism, and in a child with a feminizing ovarian tumor. J. Clin. Endocr. 34, 521 (1972).
Knorr, D.: Über die Ausscheidung von freiem und glucu- ronsäure-gebundenem Testosteron im Kindes- und Reifungsalter. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 54, 215 (1967).
Knorr, D. W.R., Kirschner, M. A., TAYLOR, J. P.: Estimation of estrone and estradiol in low level urines using electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. J. clin. Endocr. 31, 409 (1970).
Kulin, H. E., Grumbach, M. M., Kaplan, S. L.: Gonadal- hypothalamic interaction in prepubertal and pubertal man. Effect of clomiphene citrate on urinary follicles- stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and plasma testosterone. Pediat. Res. 6, 162 (1972).
Lee, P.A., Midgley JR., A.R., Jaffe,R.B.: Regulation of human gonadotropins. VI. Serum follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone determinations in children. J. clin. Endocr. 31, 248 (1970).
Paulsen, E. P., Sobel, E. H., SHAFRAN, M. S.: Urinary steroid metabolites in children. I. Individual 17-ketosteroids in children with normal sexual development. J. clin. Endocr. 26, 329 (1966).
Pennington, G.W., Dewhurst, C.J.: Hormone excretion in premenarcheal girls. Arch. Dis. Childh. 44, 629 (1969).
Rifkind, A.B., Kulin, H.E., RAYFORD, P.L., Cargille,C.M.,Ross, G. T.: 24-hour urinary luteinizing hormone (Lh)and folhcle stimulating hormone (Fsh)excretion in normal children. J. clin. Endocr. 31, M 7 (1970).
Rivarola, M. A., Bergada, C., CULLEN, M.: Hcgstimulation test in prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism, in bilateral anorchia and in male pseudohermaphroditism. J. clin. Endocr. 31, 526 (1970).
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Rosenfield, R.L., Eberlein, W. R.: Plasma 17-ketosteroid levels during adolescence. J. Pediat. 74, 932 (1969).
Saez, J. M., Bertrand, J.: Studies on testicular function in children: Plasma concentrations of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate before and after stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin. Steroids 12, 749 (1968).
Sizonenko, P.C., Burr, I.M., Kaplan, S.L.,Grumbach, M. M.: Hormonal changes in puberty. II. Correlation of serum luteinizing hormone and folhcle stimulating hormone with stages of puberty and bone age in normal girls. Pediat. Res. 4, 36 (1970).
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Hypothalamus, Gonadarche, Adrenarche and Puberty
Blunck, W., Bierich, J. R.: Über Frühreife. 1. Mitteilung. Physiologische Grundlagen und Untersuchungsmethoden. Mschr. Kinderheilk. 115, 463 (1967).
Cathro,D.M., SAEZ,J.M., BERTRAND,J.: The effect of clomiphene on the plasma androgens of pubertal and prepubertal boys. Acta endocr. (Kbh.), Abstract 204, Suppl. 138 (1969).
Donovan, B. T., Van Der Werff TEN BOSCH, J. J.: Physiology of puberty. London: Arnold 1965.
Frisch, R. E., Revelle, R.: Height and weight at menarche and a hypothesis of critical body weights and adolescent events. Science 169, 397 (1970).
Harris, G. W., Levine, S.: Sexual differentiation of the brain and its experimental control. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 181, 379 (1965).
Kulin, H.E., Grumbach, M.M., Kaplan, S.L.: Changing sensitivity of the pubertal gonadal hypothalamic feedback mechanism in man. Science 166, 1012 (1969).
— Weinstein, R., Kaplan, S.L., Grumbach, M. M.: The effect of high and low dose clomiphene on urinary gonadotropins and plasma testosterone in normal and XXY adult males and prepubertal children. Abstract, 52nd Meeting of the Endocrine Society (1970).
Rosenheld, R. L., Eberlein, W. R.: Plasma 17-ketosteroid levels during adolescence. J. Pediat. 74, 932 (1969).
Soffer, L.J., Fogel, M., Rudavsky, A. Z.: The presence of a “gonadotrophin inhibiting substance” in pineal gland extracts. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 48, 561 (1965).
Premature Pubarche and Premature Thelarche
Arnal, M., Dresch, C., PRADER, A.: Etude de 8 cas de pilosité sexuelle précoce isolée ou «premature pubarche». Helv. paediat. Acta 16, 186 (1961).
Blunck, W., Bierich, J. R., Bettendorf, G.: Über Frühreife. III. Idiopathische Pubertas praecox, temporäre Frühreife und prämature Thelarche. Mschr. Kinderheilk. 115, 555 (1967).
Collett-SOLBERG, P. R., Grumbach, M.M.:A simplified procedure for evaluating estrogenic effects and the sex chromatin pattern in exfoliated cells in urine: Studies in premature thelarche and gynecomastia of adolescence. J. Pediat. 66, 883 (1965).
Conly, P. W., Sandberg, D. H., Cleveland, W. W.: Steroid metabohsm in premature pubarche and virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. J. Pediat. 71, 506 (1967).
Dresch,C., Arnal,M., Prader,A.: Etude de 22 cas de dévelopment prématuré isolé des seins ou «premature thelarche». Helv. paediat. Acta 15, 585 (1960).
Helwig, H.: Prämature Thelarche. Mschr. Kinderheilk. 113, 581 (1965).
Kenny, F. M., Midgley, A. R., JAFFE, R.B., GARCES, L. Y., Vazquez, A., Taylor, F.H.: Radioimmunoassayable serum Lh and Fsh in girls with sexual precocity, premature thelarche and adrenarche. J. clin. Endocr. 29, 1272 (1969).
Penny, R., Guyda, H.J., BAGHDASSARIAN, A., JOHANSON, A.J., BLIZZARD, R. M.: Correlation of serum folhcular stimulating hormone (Fsh)and luteinizing hormone (Lh)as measured by radioimmunoassay in disorders of sexual development. J. clin. Invest. 49, 1847 (1970).
Thamdrup, E.: Premature pubarche, a hypothalamic disorder? Report of 17 cases. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 18, 564 (1955).
Visser, H.K.A., Degenhart, H.J.: Excretion of six individual 17-ketosteroids and testosterone in four girls with precocious sexual hair (premature adrenarche). Helv. paediat. Acta 21, 409 (1966).
ZurbrüGg, R. P., Gardner, L. I.: Urinary C19steroids in two girls with precocious sexual hair. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 704 (1963).
Gynecomasty of Puberty
Freilinger, G., Howanietz, L., RATH, F., Waldhäusl, W.: Pubertätsgynäkomastie. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 96, 1744 (1971).
Penny, R., Guyda, H.J., BAGHDASSARIAN, A., JOHANSON, A. J., Blizzard, R.M.: Correlation of serum follicular stimulating hormone (Fsh)and luteinizing hormone (Lh)as measured by radioimmunoassay in disorders of sexual development. J. clin. Invest. 49, 1847 (1970).
Schmidt-Voigt, J.: Brustdrüsenschwellungen bei männlichen Jugendlichen des Pubertätsalters (Pubertätsmakro- mastie). Z. Kinderheilk. 62, 590 (1941).
Obesity before and during Puberty
British Medical Journal, leading article: The overweight child. Vol. 2, 64 (1970).
Brook, C. G. D., Lloyd, J. K., WOLF, O. H.: Relation between age of onset of obesity and size and number of adipose cells. Brit. med. J. 1, 25 (1972).
Bruch, H.: Obesity in childhood. III. Physiologic and psychologic aspects of the food intake of obese children. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 59, 739 (1940).
— Obesity in relation to puberty. J. Pediat. 19, 365 (1941).
Carnelutti, M., Delguercio, M.J., Chiumello, G.: Influence of growth hormone on the pathogenesis of obesity in children. J. Pediat. 77, 285 (1970).
Fröhlich, A.: Ein Fall von Tumor der Hypophysis cerebri ohne Akromegalie. Wien. khn. Rdsch. 15, 883 (1901).
Knittle, J.L.: Obesity in childhood: A problem in adipose tissue cellular development. J. Pediat. 81, 1048 (1973).
Migeon, C.J., Green, O.C., Eckert, J.P.: Study of adrenocortical function in obesity. Metabolism 12, 718 (1963).
Parra, A., Schultz, R. B., Graystone, J. E., CHEEK, D.B.: Correlative studies in obese children and adolescents concerning body composition and plasma insulin and growth hormone levels. Pediat. Res. 5, 605 (1972).
Prader, A.: Hypogonadismus beim Knaben. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 85, 737 (1955).
Ward, W. A., Kelsey,W.M.: The Pickwickian syndrome. J. Pediat. 61, 745 (1962).
WissLER, H., Gautier, R., Linder, A.: Über die Gewichtszunahme von Kindern verschiedener Altersstufen bei Mast. Helv. paediat. Acta 9, 524 (1954).
Wolff, O.H.: Obesity in childhood. In: Recent advances in paediatrics, ed. by D. Gairdner, p.216. London: J. &A. Churchill Ltd. 1965.
Anorexia in Puberty
Bell, E.T., Harkness, R. A., Loraine, J. A., Russell, G. F. M.: Hormone assay studies in patients with anorexia nervosa. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 51, 140 (1966).
Marshall, J. C., Russell Fraser, T.: Amenorrhoea in anorexia nervosa: Assessment and treatment with clomiphene citrate. Brit. med. J. 4, 590 (1971).
Pubertas Praecox General
Bierich, J. R.: Pubertas praecox. Päd. Fortbildungskurse 23, 44 (1968).
Ferrier, P., Shepard II, T. H., Smith, E.K.: Pediatrics 28, 258 (1961).
Jolly, H.: Sexual precocity. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publ. 1955.
Money, J., Meredith, T.: Elevated verbal IQ and idiopathic precocious sexual maturation. Pediat. Res. 1, 59 (1967).
Städeli, H.: Eine psychopathologische Querschnittuntersuchung bei 9 Patienten mit idiopathischer Pubertas praecox. Helv. paediat. Acta 16, 711 (1961).
Thamdrup, E.: Precocious sexual development. Springfield: Ch.C. Thomas 1961.
Idiopathic Pubertas Praecox
Blunck, W., Bierich, J.R., Bettendorf, G.: Über Frühreife. III. Idiopathische Pubertas praecox, temporäre Frühreife und prämature Thelarche. Mschr. Kinderheilk. 115, 555 (1967).
Degenhart, H.J., Visser, H.K.A., Wilmink, R.: Excretion and production of testosterone in normal chüdren, in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and in children with precocious puberty. Pediat. Res. 4, 309 (1970).
Escomel, E.: La plus jeune mère du monde. Presse méd. 744, 875 (1939).
Jacobsen, A.W., Macklin, M.T.: Hereditary sexual precocity: report of a family with 27 affected members. Pediatrics 9, 682 (1952).
Jungck, E. D., Brown, N. H., CARMONA, N.: Constitutional precocious puberty in the male. Report of three cases. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 91, 138 (1956).
Kenny, F.M., Midgley, A. R., Jaffe, R.B., Garces,L.Y.,Vazquez, A., Taylor, F. H.: Radioimmunoassayable serum LH and FSH in girls with sexual precocity, premature thelarche and adrenarche. J. clin. Endocr. 29, 1272 (1969).
Penny, R., Guyda, H. J., BAGHDASSARIAN, A., JOHANSON, A.J., BLIZZARD, R. M.: Correlation of serum follicular stimulating hormone (Fsh)and luteinizing hormone (Lh)as measured by radioimmunoassay in disorders of sexual development. J. clin. Invest. 49, 1847 (1970).
Pubertas Praecox and Hormones
Bulbrook, R. D., Greenwood, F. C., Snaith, A. H.: Hormone excretion in precocious puberty in girls. Arch. Dis. Childh. 33, 295 (1958).
Degenhart, H. J., Visser, H. K. A., Wilmink, R.: Excretion and production of testosterone in normal children, in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and in children with precocious puberty. Pediat. Res. 4, 309 (1970).
Kfnny, F. M., Midgley, A. R., JR., JAFFE, R. B., Garces, L. Y., Vazquez, A., Taylor, F.H.: Radioimmunoassayable serum Lhand Fshin girls with sexual precocity, premature thelarche and adrenarche. J. clin. Endocr. 29, 1272 (1969).
Levine, L. S., New, M. I., PITT, P., PETERSON, R. E.: Androgen production in boys with sexual precocity and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Metabolism 21, 457 (1972).
New, M., Pitt, P., PETERSON, R. E.: Testosterone production in a 3 year old male with isosexual precocity. J. Pediat. 63, 703 (1963).
Penny, R., Guyda, H.J., BAGHDASSARIAN, A., JOHANSON, A. J., BLIZZARD, R. M.: Correlation of serum follicular stimulating hormone (Fsh)and luteinizing hormone (Lh)as measured by radioimmunoassay in disorders of sexual development. J. chn. Invest. 49, 1847 (1970).
Pubertas Praecox and Organic Brain Damage
Bierich, J. R., Blunck, W., Schönberg, D.: Über Frühreife. II. Frühreife bei cerebral-organischen Erkrankungen. Mschr. Kinderheilk. 115, 509 (1967).
David, M., Ajuriaguerra, J. De Bonis, A.: Les pubertés précoces des tumeurs cérébrales. Sem. Hop. Paris 33, 3935 (1957).
Kitay, J. L :Pineal lesions and precocious puberty: a review. J. chn. Endocr. 14, 622 (1954).
Schmidt, E., Haller Worden, J., Spatz, H.: Die Entstehung der Hamartome am Hypothalamus mit und ohne Pubertas praecox. Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 177, 235 (1958).
Pubertas Praecox in Fibrous Bone Marrow Dysplasia
Albright, F., Butler, A. M., Hampton, A. O., SMITH, P.:Syndrome characterized by osteitis fibrosa disseminata, areas of pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, with precocious puberty in females; report of 5 cases. New Engl. J. Med. 216, 727 (1937).
Benedict, P. H.: Endocrine features in Albright’s syndrome (Febrous dysplasia of bone). Metabohsm 11, 30 (1962).
— Sex precocity and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Amer. J. Dis. Child. Ill, 426 (1966).
Husband, P., Snodgrass, G.J.A.I.:McCune-Albright syndrome with endocrinological investigations. Report of a case. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 119, 164 (1970).
Mccune, D.J., Bruch, H.: Osteodystrophia fibrosa; report of a case in which condition was combined with precocious puberty, pathologic pigmentation of skin and hyperthyroidism, with review of hterature. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 54, 806 (1937).
Müller, R.: Zur Kenntnis der fibrösen Dysplasie im Kindesalter. Mschr. Kinderheilk. 104, 387 (1956).
Pubertas Praecox as a Result of Hormonal Overlap
Bertrand, J., Loras, B., Saez, J., FOREST, M., PERETTI, E. De. Jeune,M.:Puberté précoce au cours d’une suffisance surrénale chronique. Nouvel exemple d’endocrinopathie complexe par entraînement? Sem. Hop. Paris 41, 2892 (1965).
Costin, G., Kershnar, A. K., KOGUT, M. D., Turkington, R.W.:Prolactin activity in juvenile hypothyroidism and precocious puberty. Pediatrics 50, 881 (1972).
Laron, Z., Karp, M., Dolberg, L.: Juvenile hypothyroidism with testicular enlargement. Acta paediat. scand. 59, 317 (1970).
Pabst, H. F.,Pueschel, S., HILLMAN, D. A.: Etiologic interrelationship in Down’s syndrome, hypothyroidism, and precocious sexual development. Pediatrics 40, 590 (1967).
Van Wyk, J. J., Grumbach, M.M.:Syndrome of precocious menstruation and galactorrhea in juvenile hypothyroidism: An example of hormonal overlap in pituitary feedback. J. Pediat. 57, 416 (1960).
Pubertas Praecox and Tumors Producing Gonadotropin
Braunstein, G.D., Bridson, W. E., Glass, A., Hull,E.W.,Mcintire, K. R.:In vivoand in vitroproduction of human chorionic gonadotropin and «-fetoprotein by a virilizing hepatoblastoma. J. clin. Endocr. 35, 857 (1972).
Bruton, O.E., MARTZ, D.C., Gerard, E.S.: Precocious puberty due to secreting chorionepithelioma (teratoma) of the brain. J. Pediat. 59, 719 (1961).
Edmonds, L.C., Carrera, G. M.: Extragenital choriocarcinoma. J. Pediat. 67, 94 (1965).
Hung,W., BLIZZARD, R.M., MIGEON, C.J., Camacho,A.M.,Nyhan, W.L.: Precocious puberty in a boy with hepatoma and circulating gonadotropin. J. Pediat. 63, 895 (1963).
Hutchinson, J. S. M., Brooks, R.V., Barratt,T.M., Newman, C. G. H., PRUNTY, F.T. G.: Sexual precocity due to an intracranial tumour causing unusual testicular secretion of testosterone. Arch. Dis. Childh. 44, 732 (1969).
Kosenow, W., Feil, W., Torne, H. Von, BIERICH, J. R.,Apostolakis, M.: Sexuelle Frühreife durch primäres Lebercarcinom: „Hepatogenitales Syndrom”. Mschr. Kinderheilk. 115, 37 (1967).
Pubertas Praecox and Ovarian Tumors
Ammann,A.J., Kaufmann, S., GILBERT, A.: Virilizing ovarian tumor in a 2 V2-year-old girl. J. Pediat. 70, 782 (1967).
Eberlein, W.R., BONGIOVANNI, A.M., JONES, Lt., Yakovac,W. C.: Ovarian tumors and cysts associated with sexual precocity. J. Pediat. 57, 484 (1960).
Reis, R. L., Koop, C. E.: Ovarian tumors in infants and children. J. Pediat. 60, 96 (1962).
Zurbrügg, R.P., Wagner, H.P.:Interrelations between hormonally active tumors and sexual precocity. A brief discussion basing on six illustrative case histories. Helv. paediat. Acta 25, 99 (1970).
Pubertas Praecox and Testicular Tumors
Allibone, E. C., Anderson, C. K., Arthurton, M.W.: Macrogenitosomia praecox due to an interstitial cell tumour of the testis. Arch. Dis. Childh. 44, 84 (1969).
Bishop, P.M., Van MEURS, D.P., WILLCOX, D.R.C, ARNOLD, D.: Interstitial-cell tumour of the testis in a child. Report of a case and a review of the literature. Brit. med. J. 19601, 238.
Root, A., Steinberger, E., Smith, K., Steinberger, A.,Russ, D., Somers, L., Rosenfield, R.: Isosexual pseudoprecocity in a 6-year-old boy with a testicular interstitial cell adenoma. J. Pediat. 80, 264 (1972).
Weicker,H.: Der Leydig-Zelltumor. Minerva pediat. 17, 736 (1965).
Pubertas Praecox and Exogenic Hormones
Berger, H., Bianchetti, B.: Gynäkomastie und abnorme Pigmentierung durch Hexöstrol. Ther. Umsch. 17, 119 (1960).
Curtis, E. M.: Oral-contraceptive feminization of a normal male infant. Report of a case. Obstet. and Gynec. 23, 295 (1964).
Hertz, R.: Accidental ingestion of estrogens by children. Pediatrics 21, 203 (1958).
Landolt, R., Mürset, G.: Vorzeitige Pubertätsmerkmale als Folge unbeabsichtigter Oestrogenverabreichung. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 98, 638 (1968).
Weber, W.W., Grossman, M., Thom, J.V., Sax, J., Chan, J. J., Duffy, M.P.: Drug contamination with diethylstilbestrol; outbreak of precocious puberty due to contaminated isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH). New Engl. J. Med. 268, 411 (1963).
Treatment of Pubertas Praecox
Gordon,G.G., Southren, A.L., Tochimoto, S., Olivo, J.,Altman, K., Rand, J.,Lemberger,L.: Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) on the metabohsm and biological activity of testosterone. J. clin. Endocr. 30, 449 (1970).
Mathews, J. H., Abrams, C. A. L., Morishima, A.: Pituitary- adrenal function in ten patients receiving medroxyprogesterone acetate for true precocious puberty. J. chn. Endocr. 30, 653 (1970).
Menking, M., Blunck, W., Wiebel,J., Stahnke, N., Willig, R.P., Bierich, J.R.: Über Frühreife. IV. Mitteilung: Therapie und Pubertas praecox. Mschr. Kinderheilk. 119, 19 (1971).
Rifkind, A.B., Kulin, H.E., Cargille, C.M., RAYFORD,P.C., Ross, G.T.: Suppression of urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and folhcle stimulating hormone (FSH) by medroxyprogesterone acetate. J. clin. Endocr. 29, 506 (1969).
Rivarola, M.A., Camacho, A.M., Migeon, C.J.: Effect of treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) on testicular function. J. clin. Endocr. 28, 679 (1968).
Teller, W.M., Mürset, G., Schellong, G.: Urinary C19 and C21 steroid patterns in isosexual precocious puberty during long-term treatment with gestagens. Acta paediat. scand. 58, 385 (1969).
Pubertas tarda
The reader is referred to the references listed under retardation of growth (p. 1029), Turner’s syndrome (p. 713), pituitary dwarfism (p. 98), and hypogonadism (p. 500, 456).
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Prader, A. (1974). Growth and Development. In: Clinical Endocrinology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96158-8_19
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