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References
Reviews
Potts, J.T., Jr., Deftos,L.: Parathyroid hormone, thyrocalcitonin, vitamin D, bone and bone mineral metabolism. In Duncan’s diseases of metabolism, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders 1969.
Rasmussen, H.: The parathyroids. In: Williams, R.H. (ed.), Textbook of endocrinology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders 1968.
History
For earher literature see: Wernly, M. In: Labhart, Klinik der inneren Sekretion, p. 939. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1957.
Berson, S.A., Yalow, R.S.: Clinical apphcations of plasma parathyroid hormone. Amer. J. Med. 50, 623 (1971).
Cope, O.: The story of hyperparathyroidism at the Massachusetts General Hospital. New Engl. J. Med. 274, 1174(1966).
Copp, D. H., Cameron, E. C., Cheney, B. A., Davidson, A. G. F., Henze, K. G.: Evidence for calcitonin — A new hormone from the parathyroid that lowers blood calcium. Endocrinology 70, 638 (1962).
Copp, D. H., Cameron, E. C., Cheney, B. A., Davidson, A. G. F., Henze, K. G. Cheney, B.A.: Calcitonin — a hormone from the parathyroid which lowers the calcium level of the blood. Nature (Lond.) 193, 381 (1962).
Hirsch, P., Gauthier, F., Munson, P. L.: Thyroid hypocalcemic principle and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury as a factor affecting the response to parathyroidectomy in rats. Endocrinology 73, 244 (1963).
Tashijan, A.H.: Homeostasis of plasma calcium: effects of actinomycin D, parathyroidectomy and thyrocalcitonin. Endocrinology 77, 375 (1965).
Tenenhouse, A., Arnaud, C.D., Anast, C., Rasmussen, H.: Thyrocalcitonin: its nature and mechanism of action. Proceedings of the Vlth Pan-American Congr. of Endocrinology. Excerpta med. Found. 112, 172 (1965).
Anatomy and Histology
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Erdheim, J.: Normale und pathologische Histologie der Thyreoidea, Parathyreoidea und Hypophyse. Beitr. path. Anat. 33, 158 (1903).
Erdheim, J.: Über Schilddrüsenaplasie, Geschwülste des Ductus thy- reoglossus. Über einige menschliche Kiemenderivate. Beitr. path. Anat. 35, 366 (1904).
Erdheim, J.: Tetania parathyreopriva. Mitt. Grenzgeb. Med. Chir. 16, 632 (1906).
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Erdheim, J.: Rachitis und Epithelkörperchen. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wissensch., naturw. Klasse 1914, S. 90.
Geis, N.P.: The parathyroid glands. Ann. Surg. 47,523 (1908).
Halsted, W.S., Evans, H.M.: The parathyroid glandules. Their blood supply, and their preservation in operation upon the thyroid gland. Ann. Surg. 46, 489 (1907).
Hamperl, H.: Onkocyten und Onkocytome. Virchows Arch, path. Anat. 335, 452 (1962).
Holzmann, K., Lange, R.: Zur Cytologie der Glandula parathyreoidea des Menschen. Weitere Untersuchungen an Epithelkörperadenomen. Z. Zellforsch. 58, 759 (1963).
Lange, R.: Zur Histologie und Cytologie der Glandula parathyreoidea des Menschen. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Epithelkörperadenomen. Z. Zellforsch. 53, 765 (1961).
Munger, B.L., Roth, S.I.: The cytolop of the normal parathyroid gland of man and Virginia deer. A Light an electromicroscopic study with morphologic evidence of secretory activity. J. Cell Biol. 16, 379 (1963).
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Biochemistry and Physiology of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism: Reviews
Albright, F., Reifenstein, E. C., Jr.: The parathyroid glands and metabohc bone disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1948.
Arnaud, C.D., Tenenhouse, A. M., Rasmussen, H.: Parathyroid hormone. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 29, 349 (1967).
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Connor, C.L., Bronner, F. (eds.): Mineral metabohsm, an advanced treatise. New York: Academic Press 1964.
Courvoisier, B., Berthoud, E., Zahnd, G., Grandjean, A.: Données actuelles sur la physiologie et la pathologie clinique des parathyroides. Helv. med. Acta 26, Suppl. 38, No. 5 (1959).
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Fischer, J. A.: Die Wirkungsweise des Parathormons. Schw. med. Wschr. 96, 273 and 321 (1966).
Fleisch, H., Blackwood, H. J. J., Owen, M. (eds.): Calcified tissue 1965. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966.
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Fourman, P., Royer, P.: Calcium metabolism and the bone, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell 1968.
Frost, H.M. (ed.): Bone biodynamics. Boston: Little, Brown 1964.
Gaillard, P.J., Talmage, R.V., Budy, A.M. (eds.): The parathyroid glands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1965.
Goldhaber, P.: Some current concepts of bone physiology. New Engl. J. Med. 266, 870 (1962).
Greep, R.O., Talmage, R.V. (eds.): The parathyroids. Springfield: thomas 1961.
Harris, W.H., Heaney, R.P.: Skeletal renewal and metabolic bone disease. New Engl. J. Med. 280, 193, 247, 303 (1969).
Hirsch, P.E., Munson, P.L.: Thyrocalcitonin. Physiol. Rev. 49, 548 (1969).
Lichtwitz, A., Parlier, R.: Calcium et maladies méta- bohques de Tos (3 vol.). Par: L’expansion éd. 1964.
Neuman, W.F., Neuman, M.W.: The chemical dynamics of bone mineral. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1958.
Prockop, D.J., Kivirikko, K. I.: Relationship of hydroxy- proline excretion to collagen metabohsm. Ann. intern. Med. 66,1243 (1967).
Rasmussen, H.: Parathyroid hormone, nature and mechanism of action. Amer. J. Med. 30, 112 (1961).
Rasmussen, H.: On the mechanism of action of the parathyroid hormone. In: Karlson, P. (ed.), Mechanisms of hormone action, p. 131. Stuttgart: Thieme, G. 1965.
Rasmussen, H. (ed.): Parathyroid hormone, thyrocalcitonin and related drugs. In: International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics, sect. 51, vol. I. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1970.
Talmage, R. V., Bélanger, L.F. (eds.): Parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1968.
Talmage, R. V., Munson, P. L. (eds.): Calcium, parathyroid hormone and the calcitonins. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1972.
Taylor, S. (ed.): Calcitonin 1967: Symposium on thyrocalcitonin and the C cells. London: Heinemann 1968.
Taylor, S. (ed.): Calcitonin 1969: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium. London: Heinemann 1970.
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Calcium Metabolism
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Avioli, L. V., McDonald, J. E., Singer, R. A., Henneman, P.H.: A new oral isotopic test of calcium absorption. J. chn. Invest. 44, 128 (1965).
Axelrod, D. R.: Sodium chloride induced calciuria in hyperparathyroidism. J. clin. Endocr. 26, 207 (1966).
Binswanger, U.: Nierenfunktion unter peroraler Calcium- therapie. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 97, 140 (1967).
Birge, S. J., Peck, W. A., Berman, M., Whedon, G.D.: Study of calcium absorption in man. J. chn. Invest. 48, 1705 (1969).
Cameron, J. R., Sorenson, J.: Measurement of bone mineral in vivo. Science 142, 230 (1963).
Clark, I.: Effect of magnesium ions on calcium and phosphorus metabohsm. Amer. J. Physiol. 214, 348 (1968).
Clark, I.: Bélanger, L.: The effects of dietary magnesium on calcium, phosphate and skeletal metabohsm. Calc. Tiss. Res. 1, 204 (1967).
Coburn, J.W., Massry, S.G., Chapman, L.W., Kleeman, C.R.: Effects of sodium or calcium infusions on renal magnesium excretion with normal and reduced filtered load. Clin. Res. 15, 354 (1967).
Cushard, W. G., Jr., Creditor, M. A., Canterbury, J. M., Reiss, E.: Parathyroid function during pregnancy. 53rd Meeting Endocrine Society, A-64 (1971).
Danowski, T. S.: Chnical endocrinology, vol. III. Calcium, phosphorus, parathyroids and bone. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1962.
De Grazia, J. A., Jvanovich, P., Fellows, H., Rich, C.: A double isotope method for the measurement of intestinal absorption of calcium in man. J. Lab. clin. Med. 66, 822 (1965).
Dent, C. E.: Some problems of hyperparathyroidism. Brit, med. J. 1962 II, 1419.
Duarte, E.G., Watson, J.F.: Calcium reabsorption in proximal tubule of the dog nephron. Amer. J. Physiol. 212, 1355 (1967).
Edwards, N. A., Hodgkinson, A.: Studies of renal functions in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Clin. Sci. 29, 327 (1965).
Epstein, F. H., Beck, D., Carone, F.A., Levitin, H., Manitius, A.: Changes in renal concentrating ability produced by parathyroid extract. J. clin. Invest. 38, 1214 (1959).
Fleisch, H., Russel, R.G.G., Bisaz, S., Casey, P.A., Mühlbauer, R. C.: The influence of pyrophosphate analogues (diphosphonates) on the precipitation and dissolution of calcium phosphate in vitro and in vivo. Calc. Tiss. Res. 2, Suppl. 10 (1968).
Gershberg, H., Hecht, A., Zeneida, J.: Growth hormone and blood calcium homeostasis. J. clin. Endocr. 27, 1492.
Hargreaves, T., Rose, G.A.: The reproducibility of the balance method in man as apphed to calcium and phosphorus. Clin. Sci. 28, 573 (1965).
Harrison, D. G., Long, C.: The calcium content of human erythrocytes. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 199, 367 (1968).
Howard, J.E.: Reflections on calcium habits in man. Canad. med. Ass. J. 99, 41 (1968).
Hytten, F. E., Leitch, I.: The physiology of human pregnancy. Oxford: Blackwell 1964.
Isaksson, B., Lindholm, B., Sjögren, B.: 11. Dermal calcium losses. Metabohsm 16, 303 (1967 b).
Isaksson, B., Lindholm, B., Sjögren, B.: A critical evaluation of the calcium balance technic. 1. Variation in fecal output. Metabohsm 16, 295 (1967 a).
Laake, H.: The action of corticosteroids on the renal reabsorption of calcium. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 34, 60 (1960).
Lassiter, W. E., Frick, A., Rumrich, G., Ullrich, K. S.: Influence of ionic calcium on the water permeabihty of proximal and distal tubules in the rat kidney. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 285, 90 (1965).
Lazor, M. Z., Rosenberg, L., Carbone, P.: Studies of calcium metabolism in multiple myeloma with calcium and metabohc balance techniques. J. clin. Invest. 42, 1238 (1963).
Lemann, J., Jr., Piering, W.F., Lennon, E.J.: Possible role of carbohydrate induced calciuria in calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. New Engl. J. Med. 280, 232 (1969).
Lutwak, L.: Absorption of calcium in man. Calcified tissues, 1965, p. 198. Berhn-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1965.
MacManus, J., Heaton, F.W.: The effect of magnesium deficiency on calcium homeostasis in the rat. Clin. Sci. 36, 297 (1969).
Massry, S.G., Coburn, J.W., Chapman, L. W., Kleeman, C.R.: The effect of long-term desoxycorticosterone acetate administration on the renal excretion of calcium and magnesium. J. Lab. clin. Med. 71, 212 (1968).
Mazzuoli, G. F., Terrenato, L., Coen, G.: Calcium homeostasis in hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism evaluated by means of calcium infusion. 4th European Symposium on calcified tissues, p. 71. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1966.
Moore, E.W.: Ionized calcium in normal serum, ultra- filtrates, and whole blood determined by ion-exchange electrodes. J. chn. Invest. 49, 318 (1970).
Nordin, B. E. C.: Measurement and meaning of calcium absorption. Gastroenterology 54, 294 (1968).
Sode, J., Sabol, J., Serom, E., Canary, J.: Correlative study of’’’Ca absorption in man. J. clin. Invest. 47, 92a (1968).
Suki, W. N., Eknoyan, G., Rector, F. C., Jr., Seldin, D. W.: The renal dilating and concentrating mechanism in hypercalcemia. Nephron 6, 50 (1969).
Suki, W. N., Eknoyan, G., Schwettmann, R.S., Rector, F.C, JR., Seldin, D.W.: Effect of chronic mineralocorticoid administration on calcium excretion in the rat. Amer. J. Physiol. 215, 71. (1968).
Thiers, R.E., Vallee, B.L.: Distribution of metals in subcellular fractions of rat liver. J. biol. Chem. 226, 911 (1957).
Vellar, O.D., Askevold, R.: Studies on sweat loss of nutrients. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 22, 65 (1968).
Walser, M.: Ion association. VI. Interactions between calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate, citrate and protein in normal human plasma. J. clin. Invest. 40, 723 (1961).
WHO: Technical Report, p. 230 (1962).
Yendt, E.R., Gagné, R.J.A., Cohanim, M.: The effect of thiazides in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Amer. J. med. Sci. 251, 449 (1966).
Arnaud, C.D., Tsao, H.S., Littledike, T.: Radioimmunoassay of human parathyroid hormone in serum. J. chn. Invest. 50, 21 (1971).
Avioli, L. V., McDonald, J. E., Henneman, P. H., Lee, S. W.: The relationship of parathyroid activity to pyrophosphate excretion. J. clin. Invest. 45, 1093 (1966).
Bijovet, O.L.M., Morgan, D.B., Fourman, P.: The assessment of phosphate reabsorption. Clin. chim. Acta 26, 15 (1969).
Brodehl, J., Gellissen, K.: Der Einfluß des Angiotensin II auf die tubuläre Phosphatrückresorption beim Menschen. Klin. Wschr. 44, 1171 (1966).
Corvilain, J., Abramow, M.: Effect of growth hormone on tubular transport of phosphate in normal and para- thyroidectomised dogs. J. clin. Invest. 43, 1608 (1964).
Ellison, E., Straumfjord, J.V., Hummel, J.P.: Buffer capacities of human blood and plasma. Clin. Chem. 4, 452 (1958).
Falls, W. F., Jr., Carter, N. W., Rector, F. C., Jr., Seldin, d.W.: The mechanism of impaired phosphate reabsorption in chronic renal failure. Clin. Res. 14, 74 (1966).
Fairhurst,B.J.: Urinary phosphate excretion in hypoparathyroidism. Lancet 1%3I, 302.
Fischer, J. A., Binswanger, U., Blum, J. W.: The acute parathyroid hormone response to changes in ionized calcium during phosphate infusions in the cow. Europ. J. clin. Invest. 3, 151 (1973).
Goldsmith, R. S., Siemson, A. W., Mason, A. D., Jr., Fortland, M.: Primary role of plasma hydrocortisone concentration in the regulation of the normal forenoon pattern of urinary phosphate excretion. J. clin. Endocr. 25, 1649 (1965).
Isaksson, B., Ahlsson, L.: A critical evaluation of the calcium balance technic. III. The theoretical phosphorus balance. Metabohsm 16, 314 (1967).
Lötz, M., Zisman, E., Bartter, F.C.: Evidence for a phosphorus-depletion syndrome in man. New Engl. J. Med. 278, 409 (1968).
Riedler, G. F., Scheitlin, W. A.: Hypophosphataemia in septicemia: Higher incidence in gram-negative than in gram-positive infections. Brit. med. J. 1969/1, 753.
Stanburry, S.W.: Some aspects of disordered renal tubular function. Adv. intern. Med. 9, 231 (1958).
Suki, W.N., Martinez-Maldonado, M., Rouse, D., Terry, A.: Effect of expansion of extracellular fluid volume on renal phosphate handhng. J. clin. Invest. 48, 1888 (1969).
Transbol, I., Halver, B.: Relation of renal glycosuria and parathyroid function in hypercalcemic sardoidosis. J. clin. Endocr. 27, 1193 (1967).
Walser, M.: Ion association. VI. Interactions between calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate, citrate and protein in normal human plasma. J. clin. Invest. 40, 723 (1961).
Webster, G.D., Mann, J.B., Hills, A. G.: The effect of phosphate infusion upon renal phosphate clearance in man: Evidence for tubular secretion. Metabohsm 16, 797 (1967).
Bone Metabolism
Bone Metabolism
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Arnold, J.S.: Dynamics of metabolic bone disease, eds. Pearson, O.H., Joplin, G.F. Oxford 1964.
Arnold, J.S. Jee, W.S.S.: Bone growth and osteoclastic activity of plutonium. Amer. J. Anat. 101, 367 (1957).
Aubert, J. P., Milhaud, G.: Méthode de mesure des principales voies du métabohsme calcique chez l’homme. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 39, 122 (1960).
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Baud, C.A.: Structure et fonctions des ostéocytes dans les conditions normales et sous l’influence de l’extrait parathyroidien. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 98, 717 (1968).
Bauer, G.C., Carlsson, A., Lindquist, B.: Metabohsm and homeostasic function of bone. Mineral metabolism, vol. IB, p. 609, Comar, C., Brunner, F., eds. New York: Academic Press 1961.
Bélanger, L. F.: Osteocytic osteolysis. Cale. Tiss. Res. 4, 1 (1969).
Bell, G.H., Dunbar, O., Beck, J.S., Gibb, A.: Variations in strength of vertebrae with age and their relation to osteoporosis. Cale. Tiss. Res. 1, 75 (1967).
Bernstein, D. S., Sadowski, N., Hegsted, D. M., Guri, C. D., Store, F.J.: Prevalence of osteoporosis in high- and low-fluoride areas in North Dakota. J. Amer. med. Ass. 198, 499 (1966).
Binswanger, U., Fischer, J. A., Merz, W., Schenk, R., Mayer, G., Uehlinger, E.: Thyrocalcitonin und primärer Hyperparathyreoidismus. Analyse knochenbiop- tischer Befunde. 14. Symposium Endokrinologie (1968 a).
Bronner, F., Aubert, J. P.: Bone metabohsm and regulation of the blood calcium level in rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 209, 887 (1965).
Burckhardt, R.: Technische Verbesserungen und Anwendungsbereich der Histobiopsie von Knochenmark und Knochen. Khn. Wschr. 44, 326 (1966).
Carniero, J., Leblond, C.P.: Role of osteoblasts and odontoblasts in secreting collagen of bone and dentin, as shown by radioautography in mice given tritium labeled glycerine. Exp. Cell Res. 18, 291 (1959).
Cartier, P.: La minérahsation du cartilage ossiñable. VIH. Les pyrophosphates du tissu osseux. Bull. Soc. Chim. biol. (Paris) 41, 573 (1959).
Eisenberg, E., Gordan, G.S.: Skeletal dynamics in man measured by nonrodioactive strontium. J. clin. Invest. 40, 1809 (1961).
Flanagan, B., Nichols, E., Jr.: Metabohc studies of human bone in vitro. IL Changes in hyperparathyroidism. J. clin. Invest. 44, 1795 (1965).
Fleisch, H., Maerki, J., Russell, R. G. G.: Effect of pyrophosphate on dissolution of hydroxyapatite and its possible importance in calcium homeostasis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 122, 317 (1966a).
Fleisch, H., Maerki, J., Russell, R. G. G. Neumann, W.F.: Mechanisms of calcification: role of collagen, polyphosphates and phosphatase. Amer. J. Physiol. 200,1296 (1961).
Fleisch, H., Maerki, J., Russell, R.G.G.: Pyrophosphate, polyphosphates and calcium homeostasis. In: Encyclopedia of pharmacology (H. Rasmussen, ed.). New York: Pergamon Press 1970.
Fleisch, H., Maerki,J., Russell, R. G. G. Straumann, F.: Effect of pyrophosphate on hydroxy-opatite and its implications in calcium homeostasis. Nature (Lond.) 212, 901 (1966 b).
Fraser, R., Harrison, M., Ibbertson, K.: The rate of calcium turnover in bone. Quart. J. Med., N.S. 29, 85 (1960).
Frost, H.M.: Bone remodelling dynamics. Springfield: Ch. C. Thomas 1963.
Gaillard, P.J.: Parathyroid and bone in tissue culture. In: The parathyroids (Greep, R.O., Talmage, R.V., eds.). Springfield: Ch. C. Thomas 1961.
Garn, S.M., Rohmann, G. G., Wagner, B.: Bone loss as a general phenomenon in man. Fed. Proc. 26, 1729 (1967).
Glimcher, M.J., Crane, S.M.: The nature of inorganic phosphate binding. In: Radioisotope and bone (La- crodc, P., Budy, A.M., eds.). Oxford: Blackwell 1962.
Gonzales, F., Karnovsky, M.J.: Electron microscopy of osteoclasts in healing fractures of rat bone. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 9, 299 (1961).
Hancox, N.M., Boothroyd, B.: Structure-function relationship in osteoclasts. In: Mechanisms of hard tissue destruction (Sognnaes, R.F., ed.). Washington: Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1963.
Heaney, R. P., Baueh, G. C. H., Bronner, F., Dymling, J. F., Lafferty, F. W., Nordin, B. E. C., Rich,C.: A normal reference standard for radiocalcium turnover and excretion in humans. J. Lab. clin. Med. 64, 21 (1964).
Heaney, R. P., Baueh, G. C. H., Bronner, F., Dymling, J. F., Lafferty, F. W., Nordin, B. E. C., Rich, C., Whedon, G. D.: Radiocalcium studies of bone formation rate in human metabohc bone disease. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 1246 (1958).
Johnston, C.C., Jr., Smith, D.M., Yu, P.-A., Deiss, W.P., Jr.: In vivo measurements of bone mass in radius. Metabohsm 17, 1140 (1968).
Jowsey, J.: Quantitative microradiography. Amer. J. Med. 40, 485 (1966).
Klein, L., Lafferty, F. W., Pearson, O. H., Curtiss, P. H., Jr.: Correlation of urinary hydroxyproline, serum alkaline phosphatase and skeletal calcium turnover. Metabohsm 13, 272 (1964).
Kölliker, a.: Die normale Resorption des Knochengewebes und ihre Bedeutung für die Entstehung der typischen Knochenformen. Leipzig: Vogel 1873.
Krokowski, E.: Möglichkeiten zur Bestimmung des Ske- lett-Calciumgehaltes in der Klinik. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 91, 60 (1966).
Lee, W. R., Marshall, J. H., Sissons, H. A.: Calcium accretion and bone formation in dogs. An experimental comparison between the results of calcium kinetic analysis and tertacycline labeling. J. Bone Jt. Surg. B 47, 157 (1965).
Lemann, J. Jr., Litzow, J.R., Lennon, E.J.: The effects of chronic acid loads in normal man: Further evidence for the participation of bone mineral in the defense against chronic metabohc acidosis. J. clin. Invest. 45, 1608 (1966).
Marshall, J. H., Rowland, R. E., Jowsey, J.: Microscopic metabohsm of calcium in bone. V. The paradox of diffuse activity and long term exchange. Radiat. Res. 10, 258 (1959).
McDonald, J. E., Mamolo, N., Henneman, P. H.: Urinary hydroxyproline as an index of bone resorption. Clin. Res. 13, 329 (1965).
Merz, W. A., Schenk, R.K.: A quantitative histological study on bone formation in human cancellous bone. Acta anat. (Basel), in press (1970a).
Merz, W. A., Schenk, R.K.: Quantitative structural analysis of human cancellous bone. Acta anat. (Basel), in press (1970 b).
Müller, J., Schenk, R.: Knochenstruktur und Knochenumbau. Med. Mitt. (Melsungen) 40, 45 (1966).
Neuman, W.F.: The milieu intérieur of bone: Claude Bernard revisited. Fed. Proc. 28, 1846 (1969).
Neuman, M. W.: The chemical dynamics of bone mineral. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1958.
Pak, C.Y.C., Bartter, F. C.: Ionic interaction with bone mineral. Evidence for an isoionic calcium exchange with hydroxypatite. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 141, 401 (1967).
Peachey, L. D.: Electron microscopic observations on the accumulation of divalent cations in intramitochondrial granula. J. Cell Biol. 20, 95 (1964).
Posen, S.: Alkaline phosphatase. Ann. intern. Med. 67, 183 (1967).
Posner, A. S.: Relationship between diet and bone mineral ukrastructure. Fed. Proc. 26, 1717 (1967).
Posner, A. S.: Cristal chemistry of bone mineral. Physiol. Rev. 49, 760 (1969).
Prockop, D.J., Kivirikko, K. J.: Relationship of hydroxy- proline excretion in urine to collagen metabohsm. Ann. intern. Med. 66, 1243 (1967).
Reidenberg, M. M., Haag, B.L., Channick, B. J., Shuman, C.R., Wilson, T. G. G.: The response of bone to metabohc acidosis in man. Metabolism 15, 236 (1966).
Riggs, B.L., Bassingthwaight, J.B., Jowsey, J.: Calcium distribution in dog bone determined by a new method of autoradiographic analysis by computer. Clin. Res. 15, 430 (1967).
Rosenbaum, J.L., Ramirez, O., Samuels, S., Brest, A.N., Moyer, J. H.: Effect of sudden blood calcium depletion on phosphorus excretion. Endocrinology 74, 266 (1964).
Rowland, R. E.: Radioisotopes in the skeleton: Late observations in the distribution of radium in the human skeleton. Minneapohs: Univ. of Minnessota Press 1960.
Russell, R.G.G., Casey, P., Bisaz, S., Fleisch, H.: Further studies on the role of pyrophosphate in mineralized tissues and on the function of phosphatases. Proc. 5th Europ. Symp. Calc. Tiss., Bordeaux (1968).
Schenk, R. K., Merz, W. A., Mueller, J.: A quantitative histological study on bone resorption in human cancellous bone. Acta anat. (Basel) 74, 44 (1969b).
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Harrison, H.E., Harrison, H.C.: Comparison between crystalline dihydrotachysterol and calciferol in patients requiring pharmacologic vitamin D therapy. New Engl. J. Med. 276, 894 (1967).
Irving, J. R.: A histological stain for newly calcified tissues. Nature (Lond.) 181, 704 (1959).
Kimberg, D. V.: Effects of vitamin D and steroid hormones on the active transport of calcium by the intestine. New Engl. J. Med. 280, 1396 (1969).
Kowarski, S., Schachter, D.: Effects of vitamin D on phosphate transport and incorporation into mucosal constituents of rat intestinal mucosa. J. biol. Chem. 244, 211 (1969).
Lifshitz, F., Harrison, H. C., Harrison, H. E.: Effects of vitamin D in magnesium metabohsm in rats. Endocrinology 81, 849 (1967).
Mawer, E. B., Stanbury, S. W.: Metabohsm of vitamin D3 in man. Biochem. J. 110, 53 P (1968).
Melancon, M. J., DeLuca, H. F.: Vitamin D stimulation of calcium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase in chick intestinal brush borders. Biochemistry 9, 1658 (1970).
Olson, E. B., DeLuca, H. F.: 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol: direct effect on calcium transport. Science 165,405 (1969).
Paterson, C. R., Fourman, P.: Collagen synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism of rachitic bone. Biochem. J. 109,101 (1968).
Pechet, M.M., Bobadilla, E., Carroll, E.L., Hesse, R.H.: Regulation of bone resorption and formation. Amer. J. Med. 43, 696 (1967).
Ponchon, G., DeLuca, H. F.: The role of the liver in the metabohsm of vitamin D. J. clin. Invest. 48, 1273 (1969).
Puschett, J.B., Fernandez, P.C., Boyle, J.T., Gray, R. W., Omdahl, J.L., DeLuca, H.F.: The acute renal tubular effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 141, 379 (1972).
Raisz, L.G., Trummel, C.L., Holick, M.F., DeLuca, H. F.: 1,25-dihydroxycholeacalciferol: a potent stimulator of bone resorption in tissue culture. Science 175, 768 (1972).
Rasmussen, H., DeLuca, H. F., Arnaud, C., Hawker, C., Stedingk, M.: The relationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. J. clin. Invest. 42, 1940 (1963).
Wong, M., Bikle, D., Goodman, D.B.P.: Hormonal control of the renal conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, in 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. J. clin. Invest. 51, 2502 (1972).
Rohr, H.: Autoradiographische Untersuchungen über den Kollagenstoffwechsel bei der experimentellen Rattenrachitis. Z. ges. exp. Med. 139, 621 (1965).
Schachter, D., Kimberg, D. V., Schenker, H.: Active transport of calcium by intestine: action and bioassay of vitamin D. Amer. J. Physiol. 200, 1263 (1961).
Kowarski, S., Finkelstein, J. D., Wong, M.R.: Tissue concentration differences during active transport of calcium by intestine. Amer. J. Physiol. 211, 1131 (1966).
Smith, J.E., Goodman, D.S.: The turnover and transport of vitamin D and of a polar metabolite with the properties of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in human plasma. J. clin. Invest. 50, 2159 (1971).
Tanaka, Y., DeLuca, H.F.: The control of 25-hydroxy- vitamin D metabohsm by inorganic phosphorus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 154, 566 (1973).
Taylor, R. L., Lynch, H. J., Jr., Wysor, W. E., Jr.: Seasonal influence of sunhght on the hypercalcemia of sarcoidosis. Amer. J. Med. 34, 221 (1963).
Thomas, W.C., Jr., Morgan, H.E., Connor, T.B., Haddeck, L., Bills, C.E., Howard, J.E.: Studies of antirachitic activity in sera from patients with disorders of calcium metabohsm. J. clin. Invest. 38, 1078 (1959).
Tsai, H.C., Wong, R.G., Norman, A.W.: Studies on calciferol metabohsm. IV. Subcellular localization of 1,25- dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in intestinal mucosa and correlation with increased calcium transport. J. biol. Chem. 247, 5511 (1972).
Walling, M. W., Rothman, S. S.: Phosphate-independent, carrier-mediated active transport of calcium by rat intestine. Amer. J. Physiol. 217, 1144 (1969).
Wassermann, R.H.: Calcium transport by the intestine: a model and comment on vitamin D action. Calc. Tiss. Res. 2, 301 (1968 a).
Wassermann, R.H. Taylor, A. N.: Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein. J. biol. Chem. 243, 3987 (1968 b).
Wernly, M.: Die Osteomalazie. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1952.
Bone, Calcium, and Phosphate
Arnaud, C., Rasmussen, H., Anast, C.: Further studies on the interrelationship between parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. J. clin. Invest. 45, 1955 (1966).
Avioli, L., Birge, S.J., Scott, S., Shieber, W.: The role of the thyroid gland during glucagon-induced hypocalcemia in the dog. Amer. J. Physiol. 216, 939 (1969).
Baylink, D., Wergedal, J., Stauffer, M.: Formation, mineralization, and resorption of bone in hypophysphatemic rats. J. clin. Invest. 50, 2519 (1971).
Binswanger, U., Feist, E., Rich, C.: Bone resorption without parathyroid hormone: influence of a low phosphorus diet. Z. ges. exp. Med. 156,61 (1971).
Uehlinger, E.: Zur Regulation des Serumcalciumspiegel bei chronischer Pyelonephritis. Dtsch. Arch. klin. Med. 213, 48 (1966).
Care, A.D., Bates, R.F.M., Gitelman, H.J.: The role of glucagon in the release of thyrocalcitonin. J. Endocr. 43 (1969).
Coburn, J. W., Massry, S. G.: Changes in serum and urinary calcium during phosphate depletion: studies on mechanism. J. clin. Invest. 49, 1073 (1970).
Copp, D.H.: Endocrine regulation of calcium metabohsm. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 32, 61 (1970).
DeLuca, H.F., Morii, H., Melancon, M.J., Jr.: The interaction of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin. In: Parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin), p. 448. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1968.
Eisenberg, E.: Renal effects of parathyroid hormone. In: Parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin), p. 465. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1968.
Eisenberg, E.: Effect of intravenous phosphate on serum strontium and calcium. New Engl. J. Med. 282, 289 (1969).
Feinblatt, J., Bélanger, L. F., Rasmussen, H.: Effect of phosphate infusion on bone metabohsm and parathyroid hormone action. Amer. J. Physiol. 218, 1624 (1970).
Fernley, H.N., Bisaz, S.: Studies on alkahne phosphatases: phosphorylation of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase by 32p.labeled pyrophosphate. Biochem. J. 107, 279 (1968).
Fleisch, H., Russell, R. G. G.: Pyrophosphate, polyphosphates and phosphatase. Encyclopedia of pharmacology (H. Rasmussen, ed.). New York: Pergamon Press 1970.
Francis, M. D.: Diphosphonates inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution in vitro and bone resorption in tissue cuhure and in vivo. Science 165, 1262 (1969).
Straumann, F.: Effect of pyrophosphate on hydroxyapatite and its implications in calcium homeostasis. Nature (Lond.) 212, 901 (1966).
Goldsmith, R. S., Woodhouse, C. F., Ingbar, S. H., Segal, D.: Effect of phosphate supplements in patients with fractures. Lancet 19671, 687.
Gudmundson, T., MacIntyre, I., Soliman, H. A.: The isolation of thyrocalcitonin and a study of its effects in the rat. Proc. roy. Soc. B 164, 460 (1966).
Herbert, L.A., Lemon, J., Jr., Peterson, J.R., Lemon, E.J.: Studies of the mechanism by which phosphate infusion lowers serum calcium concentration. J. clin. Invest. 45, 1886 (1966).
Kistler, H. J.: Treatment of hypercalcemia with inorganic phosphate. Helv. med. Acta 33, 447 (1966).
Lavender, A. R., Pullman, T. N.: Changes in inorganic phosphate excretion induced by renal arterial infusion of calcium. Amer. J. Physiol. 203, 1025 (1963).
Lötz, M., Zisman, E., Bartter, F.C.: Phosphorus depletion syndrome in man. New Engl. J. Med. 278, 409 (1968).
Ludwig, G. D., Kyle, G. C., Blanco, M. de: Tertiary hyperparathyroidism induced by osteomalacia resulting from phosphorus depletion. Amer. J. Med. 43, 136 (1967).
McLean, F. C., Christ, M.C.: Bone, an introduction to the physiology of skeletal tissue. Chicago: University Chicago Press 1961.
Nagentde Deuxchaisnes, C., Crane, S.M.: The treatment of adult phosphate diabetes and Fanconi syndrome with neutral sodium phosphate. Amer. J. Med. 43, 508 (1967).
Nordin, B.E.C., Peacock, M.: The rolle of the kidney in serum calcium homeostasis. In: Calcitonin 1969, Talor, S. (ed.), p. 472. London: W. Heinemann 1970.
Raisz, L.G., Niemann, J.: Effect of phosphate, calcium and magnesium on bone resorption and hormonal responses in tissue culture. Endocrinology 85, 446 (1969).
Raisz, L.G., Niemann, J.: Effect of phosphate, calcium and magnesium on bone resorption and hormonal response in tissue culture. Endocrinology 85, 3 (1969).
Rasmussen, H., Tenenhouse, A.: Thyrocalcitonin, osteoporosis and osteolysis. Amer. J. Med. 43, 711 (1967).
Russell, R. G. G., Fleisch, H.: Inorganic pyrophosphate and pyrophosphatases in calcification and calcium homeostasis. Clin. Orthop. 69,101 (1970).
Sherwood, L. M., Mayer, G. P., Ramberg, C. F., Jr., Kronfeld, D. S., Aurbach, G. D., Potts, J. T., Jr.: Regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion. Endocrinology 83, 1043 (1968).
Stern, P. H., Bell, N. H.: Effects of glucagon on serum calcium in the rat and on bone resorption in tissue culture. Endocrinology 87, 111 (1970).
Tashjian, A. H., Jr.: Homeostasis of plasma calcium: effects of actinomycin D, parathyroidectomy and thyrocalcitonin. Endocrinology 77, 375 (1965).
Tashjian, A. H., Jr.: Effects of parathyroidectomy and cautery of the thyroid gland on the plasma calcium level of rats with auto- transplanted parathyroid glands. Endocrinology 78,1144 (1966).
Hypoparathyroidism: Etiology and Pathogenesis
Arsdel, P.P., Jr., van: Maternal hyperparathyroidism as a cause of neonatal tetany; case report and review of 29 cases of parathyroid adenoma. J. clin. Endocr. 15, 680 (1955).
Bruce, J., Strong, J. A.: Maternal hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid deficiency in the child. Quart. J. Med. 24, 307 (1955).
Buchs, S.: Angeborener Hypoparathyreoidismus von drei Brüdern infolge von Hyperparathyreoidismus der Mutter. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 91, 660 (1961).
Davis, R.H., Fourman, P., Smith, J. W. G.: Prevalence of parathyroid insufficiency after thyroidectomy. Lancet 1961 II, 1432.
Eipe, J., Johnson, S. A., Kiamko, R. T., Bronsky, D.: Hypoparathyroidism following therapy for hyperthyroidism. Arch, intern. Med. 121, 270 (1968).
Fanconi, A.: Hypoparathyroidismus im Kindesalter. Ergebn. inn. Med. Kinderheilk., N.F. 28, 54 (1969).
Prader, A.: Transient congenital idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Helv. paediat. Acta 22, 342 (1967).
Fourman, P.: Calcium metabohsm and the bone. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication 1960.
Friderichsen, C.: Tetany in a suckling with latent osteitis fibrosa in the mother. Lancet 1939 1, 85.
Gardner, L. I.: Asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism in mother, baby with tetany. Lancet 1961 1, 173.
Klotz, H.P., Kanovitch, D.: Recherche des signes d’hypo- parathyroïdisme incomplet et de tétanie latente dans les affections thyroïdiennes traitées par thyroïdectomie. Marseille-méd. 104, No 1, 15 (1967).
Mizrahi, A., Gold, A. P.: Neonatal tetany secondary to maternal hyperparathyroidism. J. Amer. med. Ass. 190, 155 (1964).
Tighe, W.J.: Temporary hypoparathyroidism following radioactive iodine treatment for thyrotoxicosis. J. chn. Endocr. 12, 1220 (1952).
Townsend, J. D.: Hypoparathyroidism following radioactive iodine therapy for intractable angina pectoris. Ann. intern. Med. 55, 662 (1961).
Walton, R.L.: Neonatal tetany in two siblings: effect of maternal hyperparathyroidism. Pediatrics 13, 227 (1954).
Wunbladh, H.: Postoperative tetany. A study based upon 40 treated cases. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 10, 1 (1952).
Symptoms Tetany
Alajouanine, Th., Contamin, F., Cathala, H. P.: Le syndrome tétanie. Paris: Baillère éd. 1958.
Bakwin, H.: Pathogenesis of tetany of the newborn. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 54, 1211 (1937).
Fanconi, G.: Die Nebenschilddrüsen. In: Handbuch der inneren Medizin, Vol. VII/1. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1955.
Forbes, G. B.: Chnical features of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism in children. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 64, 432 (1956).
Haas, H. G.: Tetanie bei Störungen des Calcium- und Magnesiumstoffwechsels. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 95, 742 (1965).
Hadorn, W.: Tetanieprobleme. Helv. med. Acta 13, 251 (1946).
Prader, A.: Persönl. Mitteilung.
Quandt, J., Ponsold, W.: Nebenschilddrüseninsuffizienz und tetanisches Syndrom. Jena: G. Fischer 1959.
Stucki, P.: Parathyreoprive Tetanie. Praxis 17, 1 (1949).
Neurologie Changes
Alajouanine, Th., Contamin, F.: Crises à type d’épilepsie tonique sous corticale avec dépôts calcaires intra- cérébraux et insuffisance parathyroïdienne. Ann. Méd. 55, 321 (1954).
Berezin, S.W., Stein, J.D.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Case simulating epUepsy and brain tumor. J. Pediat. 33, 346 (1948).
Colarizi, A., Rezza, E.: Tetania cronica da ipoparatiro- idismo idiopatico con manifestazioni epilettiche. Acta paediat. lat. (Parma) 9,1 (1956).
Contamin, F., Nicolle, M. H.: Les encéphalopathies hypo- calcémiques. I. Aspects symptomatiques. II. Aspects pronostiques et thérapeutiques. Problèmes pratiques et théoriques. Presse méd. 72, 2917, 3029 (1964).
Gotta, H., Odoriz, J.B.: The electroencephalogram in hypoparathyroidism with tetany and epilepsy. J. clin. Endocr. 8, 674 (1948).
Greene, J.A., Swanson, L.W.: Psychosis in hypoparathyroidism with report of five cases. Ann. intern. Med. 14,1233 (1941).
Hansted, C., Brandt, S.: Electroencephalographic changes in siblings with hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 5, 101 (1953).
Hoskins, R.G.: The parathyroids and psychosis. J. clin. Endocr. 2, 611 (1942).
MacIntyre, I.: Magnesium metabohsm. Advanc. intern. Med. 13, 143 (1967).
Mortell, E.J.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and mental deterioration. J. clin. Endocr. 6, 266 (1946).
Odoriz, J.B., Del Castillo, E. B., Maupedi, J. F., De La Balze, F.A.: Parathyroid insufficiency and the human electroencephalogram. J. clin. Endocr. 4, 493 (1944).
Robinson, K.C., Kallberg, M. H., Crowley, M. F.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting as dementia. Brit, med. J. 1954 II, 1203.
Scarlett, E.P., Houghtling, W.J.: Psychosis in hypoparathyroidism. Canad. med. Ass. J. 50, 351 (1944).
Schaaf, M., Payne, C. A.: Dystonic reactions to prochlor- perazin in hypoparathyroidism. New Engl. J. Med. 275, 991 (1966).
Simpson, J.A.: The neurologic manifestations of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Brain 75, 76 (1952).
Winer, N. J.: Hypoparathyroidism of probable encephalo- pathic origin. J. clin. Endocr. 5, 86 (1945).
Yim, B.J.B., Jaenike, J.R.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting as a psychosis and complicated by chlorpromazine jaundice. Amer. J. Med. 25, 478 (1958).
Cerebral Calcification
Bielschowsky, M.: Kalkkonkremente im Zentralnervensystem. In: Handbuch der Neurologie (Bumke, O., Foerster, O., eds.), Vol.1, p. 199. Belin: Springer 1935.
Gambier, J.: La maladie de Fahr: calcification intra- cérébrale non artério-scléreuse et ses rapports avec la tétanie. Presse méd. 60, 765 (1952).
Camp, J. D.: Symmetrical calcification of the cerebral basal ganglia. Its roentgenologic significance in the diagnosis of parathyroid insufficiency. Radiology 49, 568 (1947).
Eaton, L. Haines, S. F.: Parathyroid insufficiency with symmetrical cerebral calcification. Report of three cases in one of which the patient was treated with dihydrotachysterol. J. Amer. med. Ass. 113, 749 (1939).
Lotmar, p.: Histopathologische Befunde in Gehirnen von endemischem Kretinismus, Thyreoaplasie und Cachexia thyreopriva. Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat. 146, 1 (1933).
Medill, E.V.: Bilateral symmetrical calcifications of basal gangha associated with parathyroid insufficiency. Brit. J. Radiol. 24, 685 (1951).
Ostertag, B.: Die an bestimmte Lokalisation gebundenen Konkremente des Zentralnervensystems und ihre Beziehung zur Verkalkung intracerebraler GefáBe bei gewissen endokrinen Erkrankungen. Virchows Arch, path. Anat. 275, 828 (1930).
Palubinskas, A.J., Davies, J.: Calcification of the basal ganglia of the brain. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 82, 806 (1959).
Pick, A.: Weiterer Beitrag zur Pathologie der Tetanie nebst einer Bemerkung zur Chemie verkalkter Hirn- gefáBe. Zbl. ges. Neurol. Psychiat. 22, 754 (1903).
Schaaf, M., Payne, C. A.: Dystonic reactions to prochlor- perazin in hypoparathyroidism. New Engl. J. Med. 275, 991 (1966).
Schnabel: Zur Ätiologie und Histogenese der Verkalkung der kleinen Hirngefäße. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 33, 226 (1923).
Siglin, J., Eaton, L., Camp, J., Haines, S.: Symmetrie calcification which followed postoperative parathyroid insufficiency. J. clin. Endocr. 7, 433 (1947).
Weinmann, W.: Zur Kenntnis der Verkalkung intracerebraler Gefäße. Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat. 76, 533 (1922).
Cataract and Other Ocular Changes
Barr, D.P., MacBryde, C.M., Sanders, T.E.: Tetany with pressure I.C. elevated and papilledema. Results of dihydrotachysterol. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns. 53, 227 (1938).
Clark, J.H.: The effect of parathyroid hormone on the permeability of the lens capsule to calcium. Amer. J. Physiol. 126,136 (1939).
Collins-Williams, C.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with papilledema in a boy of 6 years of age: report of a case associated with monihasis and celiac syndrome and brief review of the literature. Pediatrics 5, 998 (1950).
Pohjola, S.: Ocular manifestations of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Acta ophthal. (Kbh.) 40, 255 (1962).
Rhyne, J.L., Carriker, F.R.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and bilateral congenital glaucoma in the neonatal period. Pediatrics 18, 448 (1956).
Trophic Changes in the Skin, Nails, and Hair; Moniliasis (cf. Idiopathic Hypocalcemia, Autoimmune Antibodies)
Collins-Williams, C.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with papilledema in a boy of 6 years of age: report of a case associated with moniliasis and celiac syndrome and brief review of the hterature. Pediatrics 5, 998 (1950).
Dent, C. E., Garretts, M.: Skin changes in hypocalcaemia. Lancet 1960 1, 142.
Learner, N.: Ectodermal disorders in chronic hypoparathyroidism. J. clin. Endocr. 3, 261 (1943).
McLean, F.C.: Chronic idiopathic hypoparathyroidism associated with monihasis. Arch. Dis. Childh. 29, 419 (1954).
Stickler, G.B., Peyla, T.L., Dower, J.C, Logan, G.B.: Moniliasis, steatorrhea, diabetes melhtus, cirrhosis, gallstones and hypoparathyroidism in a 10-year-old boy. Clin. Pediat. (Phila.) 4, 276 (1965).
Sutphin, A., Albright, F., McCune, D.J.: Five cases (three in siblings) of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism associated with moniliasis. J. clin. Endocr. 3, 625 (1943).
Pathology of the Teeth
Albright, F., Strock, M.S.: The association of acalcifica- tion of dentine with hypoparathyroidism in rats and the cure of same with parathormone with some correlated observations in man. J. chn. Invest. 12, 974 (1933).
Erdheim, J.: Zur Kenntnis der parathyreopriven Dentin- veranderungen. Frankfurt. Z. Path. 7, 238 (1911).
Hansted, Ch., Holst, G.: Changes in dental tissue in hypoparathyroidism. Acta odont. scand. 10, 71 (1952).
Lovestedt, S.A.: The dental picture of spontaneous parathyroid insufficiency. Oral Surg. 3, 396 (1950).
Nally, J.N., Courvoisier, B.: Etude des anomalies den- taires dans les syndromes d’insufTisance parathyroidienne. Rev. mens. Suisse odont. 63, 764 (1953).
Shour, I., Massler, M.: Studies in tooth development: the growth pattern of human teeth. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 27, 11 (1940).
Pathology of the Skeleton and Joints
Albright, F.: Hypoparathyroidism as a cause of osteomalacia. J. Clin. Endocr. 16, 419 (1956).
Bell, N.H., Gerard, E.S., Bartter, F. C.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism with osteitis fibrosa cystica and impaired absorption of calcium. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 759 (1963).
Bücher, B.: Osteoarthropathia parathyreopriva scleroti- cans. Röntgenpraxis 17, 252 (1948).
Courvoisier, B., Berthoud, E., Zahnd, G., Grandjean, A.: Données actuelles sur la physiologic et la pathologic clinique des parathyroides. Helv. med. Acta 26, Suppl. 38 au no. 5 (1959).
Fanconi, A., Heinrich, H.G., Prader, A.: Klinischer und biochemischer Hypoparathyreoidismus mit radiologischem Hyperparathyreoidismus. Helv. paediat. Acta 19, 181 (1964).
Ibberstson, H. K., Eraser, R.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with thin bones. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 51, 202 (1958).
Kolb, F. O., Steinbach, H. L.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism with secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteitis fibrosa. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 59 (1962).
Martin, E.: Pers. comm. (1966).
Molinoff, S.: Les modifications du squelette dans Thypo- parathyroïdisme. Thèse Genève. Médecine et Hygiène, éd. Genève (1957).
Reynolds, T. B., Jacobson, G., Edmondson, H. A., Martin, H. E., Nelson, C. H.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism : report of a case showing bony demineralization. J. clin. Endocr. 52, 560 (1952).
Shulman, J. L., Ratner, H. : Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with bony demineralization and cardiac decompensation. Pediatrics 16, 848 (1955).
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Definition, Clinical Picture, Hereditary Factors, Pathogenesis
Albright, F., Burnett, Ch. H., Smith, P. H., Parson, W.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism — an example of “Sea- bright-Bantam Syndrome”. Endocrinology 30,922 (1942).
Forbes, A., Henneman, P.: Pseudo-pseudohypoparathy- roidism. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns 65, 337 (1952).
Alexander, S.B., Tucker, H..: Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Report of a case with late manifestation. J. clin. Endocr. 9, 863 (1949).
Aliapoulios, M. A., Voelkel, E. F., Munson, P. L.: Assay of human thyroid glands for thyrocalcitonin activity. J. clin. Endocr. 26, 897 (1966).
Arden, F. : Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Case report. Med. J. Aust. 40, 2 (1953).
Aurbach, G. D., Potts, J.T., Chase, L.R., Melson, G.L.: Polypeptides hormones and calcium metabohsm. Ann. intern. Med. 70, 1243 (1969).
Bartter, F. C.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudo- pseudohypoparathyroidism. In: Stanbury, J.B., Wyngaarden, J. B., Fredrickson, D. S. (eds.), The metabolic basis of inherited disease, 2nd ed., p. 1024, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1966.
Bell, N.H., Gerard, E.S., Bartter, F. C.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism with osteitis fibrosa cystica and impaired absorption of calcium. J. clin. Endocr. 23, 759 (1963).
Bergin, J.D., Keeling, J.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. N. Z. med. J. 62, 401 (1963).
Bergstrand, C. G., Ekengren, K., Fifipsson, R., Huggert, A.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Familial incidence and comparison with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 29, 201 (1958).
Bronsky, D.: Hyperparathyroidism with Albright’s osteodystrophy: Case report and a proposed new classification of parathyroid disease. J. clin. Endocr. 31, 271 (1970).
Kushner, D.S., Snapper, I.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Case reports and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 37, 317 (1958).
Buchs, S. : Famihärer Hypoparathyreoidismus. Ann. paediat. (Basel) 184, 364 (1955); 188, 124 (1957).
Cathala, J., Polonovski, CI., Barre, CI. : L’hypoparathy- roidie chronique primitive de I’elifant. Presse med. 66, 1925 (1958).
Chase, L.R., Aurbach, G.D.: Parathyroid function and the renal excretion of 3’,5’-adenyhc acid. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 58, 518 (1967).
Chase, L.R., Aurbach, G.D.: Renal adenyl cyclase; anatomically separate sites for parathyroid hormone and vasopressin. Science 159, 545 (1968).
Fedak, S.A., Aurbach, G.D.: Activation of skeletal adenyl cyclase by parathyroid hormone in vitro. J. Endocr. 84, 761 (1969).
Melson, G.L., Aurbach, G.D.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Defective excretion of 3’,5’-AMP in response to parathyroid hormone. J. clin. Invest. 48,1832 (1969).
Cohen, M. L., Donnell, G. N. : Pseudohypoparathyroidism with hypothyroidism. A case report and review of hterature. J. Pediat. 56, 369 (1960).
Courvoisier, B., Berthoud, E., Zahi, G., Grandjean, A.: Données actuelles sur la physiologie et la pathologie chnique des parathyroïdes. Helv. med. Acta 26, Suppl. 38 au no. 5 (1959).
Elrick, H., Albright, F., Bartles, F., Forbes, A. P., Reeves, J. D. : Further studies on pseudohypoparathyroidism. Report of four new cases. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 5, 199 (1950).
Fedak, S.A., Aurbach, G.D.: Activation of skeletal adenyl cyclase of parathyroid hormone. Endocrinology 84, 761 (1969).
Fischer, J. A., Binswanger, U., Frey-Wettstein, M.: “Hypoparathyroidism”, hyperostosis, normophosphatemia and thyrocalcitonin. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 55,562 (1967).
Foster, G. V., Doyle, F.h., Bordier, P., Matrajt, h.: Effect of thyrocalcitonin on bone. Lancet 1966 ii, 1428.
Frame, B., Hanson, Ch.A., Frost, H., Block, M., Arnstein, A. R.: Renal resistance to parathyroid hormone with osteitis fibrosa. Ambr. J. Med. 52, 311 (1972).
Goldman, R., Reynolds, J.L., Cummings, H. R., Bassett, S.H.: Famihal hypoparathyroidism: report of a case. J. Amer. med. Ass. 150,1104 (1952).
Gsell, O.: Chronische idiopathische Tetanie (mit Psoriasis) (hypoparathyreoider Kretinismus). Dtsch. med. Wschr. 35,1117(1950).
Hagen, G. A. : Renal excretion of calcium and phosphorus in pseudohypoparathyroidism. J. clin. Endocr. 24, 1244 (1964).
Kolb, F.O., Steinbach, H.L.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism with secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteitis fibrosa. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 59 (1962).
Lee, J. B., Tashjian, A. H., Jr., Streeto, J. M., Frantz, A. G. : Famihal seudohypoparathyroidism: Role of parathyroid hormone and thyro-calcitonin. New Engl. j. Med. 229,1179 (1968).
McDonald, K.M.: Responsiveness of bone to parathyroid extract in siblings with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Metabolism 21, 521 (1972).
Mamou, H., See, P.: Pseudo-hypoparathyroïdisme, un cas famihal chez deux soeurs jumelles. Sem. Hop. Paris 31, 3513 (1955).
Mackler, H., Fouts, J.R., Birsner, J. W. : Familial pseudohypoparathyroidism: report of 2 cases. Calif Med. 77, 5 (1952).
Mann, J.B., Alterman, S., Hills, A.G.: Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy comprising pseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism. Ann. intern. Med. 56, 315 (1962).
Martin, E.: Pers. comm. (1964).
Bourdillon, J. : Un cas de tétanie idiopathique chronique. Echec thérapeutique de la greffe d’un adénome parathyroïdien. Rev. méd. Suisse rom. 14, 1166 (1940).
Mowbray, R. R., de, Smith, Sh.L., Symonds, W.J.: Hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Brit, med. J. 1954, 903.
Nagentde Deuxchaisnes, C., Fanconi, A., Alberto, P., Rudler, J.C., Mach, R.S.: Phéochromocytomes extra- surrénaliens multiples avec «dystrophic ’Albright » et hémangiomes cutanés. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 90, 886 (1960).
Isaac, G., Jacquet, A., Hoet, J.J.: Etude chnique et physio-pathogénique de la «dystrophic d’Albright» (pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroïdisme) et des syndromes voisins. A propos de trois nouveaux cas, dont deux familiaux. Rev. franç. Étud. clin. biol. 5, 153 (1960).
Nichols, F., Holdsworth, D., Reinfrank, R. : Famihal hypocalcemia, latent tetany and calcification of the basal ganglia. Amer. J. med. 30, 518 (1961).
Pechet, M.M., Rasmussen, H., Carroll, E.Z., Cramer, I.: Studies with purified bovine parathormone. Effects in normal hypoparathyroid and pseudohypoparathyroid subjects. J. clin. Invest. 40, 1070 (1961).
Peden, V.H.: True idiopathic hypoparathyroidism as a sex-linked recessive trait. Amer. J. hum. Genet. 12, 323 (1960).
Reynolds, T.B., Jacobson, G., Edmondson, H.A., Martin, H.E., Nelson, C.H.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism: report of a case showing bony demineralization. J. clin. Endocr. 52, 560 (1952).
Robinson, P. K., Carmichael, E.A., Cumings, J. N. : Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. A study of three cases. Quart. J. Med. 23, 383 (1954).
Salvesen, H.A., Boe, J.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 14, 214 (1953).
Schüpbach, A., Courvoisier, B. : Existe-t-il un pseudo- hypoparathyroïdisme?. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 79, 887 (1949).
Steinbach, H.L., Young, D.A.: The roentgen appearence of pseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudo-pseudohypo- parathyroidism. Amer. J. Roetgenol. 97, 49 (1966).
Steinberg, H., Waldron, B. R. : Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism; an analysis of fifty-two cases including the report of a new case. Medicine (Bahimore) 31,133 (1952).
Strom, L., Winberg, J.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Acta paediat. (Uppsala) 43, 574 (1954).
SuhS.M., Kooh, S.W., Chan, A.M., Eraser, D., Tashjian, A.R.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism: No improvement following total thyroidectomy. J. clin. Endocr. 29, 429 (1969).
Tashjian, A. H., Jr., Frantz, A. G., Lee, J.B.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Assay of parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 56, 1138 (1966).
Walker, D.G.: Counteraction of parathyroid therapy in osteopetrotic mice as revealed in the plasma calcium level and ability to incorporate H-proline into bone. Endocrinology 79, 836 (1966).
Winnacker, J. L., Becker, K. L., Moore, C. F. : Pseudohypoparathyroidism and selective deficiency of thyrotropin: an interesting association. Metabohsm 16, 644 (1967).
Zampa, G. a., Zucchelli, P.C.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism and bone demineralization: case report and metabohc studies. J. clin. Endocr. 25, 1616 (1965).
Zeltner, L.: Les hypocalcémies «idiopathiques». Etude anatomopathologique et génétique. Praxis 58,497 (1969).
Zisman, E., Lötz, M., Jenkins, M. E., Bartter, C. : Studies in pseudohypoparathyroidism. Two new cases with a probably selective deficiency of thyrotropin. Amer. J. Med. 46, 464 (1969).
Differential Diagnosis
Arnaud, C.D., Tsao, H.S., Littledike, T.: Radioimmunoassay of human parathyroid hormone in serum. J. clin. Invest. 50, 21 (1971).
Fischer, J. A., Binswanger, U., Fanconi, A., Illig, R.,Baer- locher,K., Prader,a.: Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in vitamin D deficiency rickets of infancy: Effects of intravenous calcium and vitamin D. Submitted for publication (1973).
Reiss, E., Canterbury, J. M.: A radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone in man. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 128, 501 (1968).
Idiopathic Hypocalcemia
Albright, F., Burnett, Ch. H Smith, P. H., Parson, W.: Pseudohypoparathyroidism — an example of “ Sea- bright-Bantam syndrome”. Endocrinology 30,922 (1942).
Böttiger, E., Wernstedt, W. : Beiträge zur Kenntnis der spasmophilen Diathese. IV. Mitteilung. Tödlich verlaufender Fall von Spasmophilie bei einem Brustkinde mit Anomalien der Thymus und der Parathyreoideae. Acta paediat. (Uppsala) 6, 373 (1927).
Chu, H. Y., Chang, C., Yin, W.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism; report of 14 cases with one autopsy record. Chin. med. J. 83, 723 (1964).
Drake, T. G., Albright, F., Bauer, W., Castleman, B. : Chronic idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Report of 6 cases with autopsy finding in one. Ann. intern. Med. 12, 1751 (1939).
Frame, B., Fruchtman, M., Smith, R. W. : Chronic hypocalcemia in a patient with parathyroid clear-cell hyperplasia. New Engl. J. Med. 267, 1112 (1962).
Gilmour, J. R. : Some developmental abnormalities of the thymus and parathyroids. J. Path. Bact. 52, 213 (1941).
Rössle, R. : Über den angeborenen Mangel der Epithel- körperchen. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 68, 848 (1938).
Zeltner, L.: Les hypocalcémies « idiopathiques ». Etude anatomopathologique et génétique. Praxis 58,497 (1969).
Autoimmune Antibodies, Addison’s Disease, Pernicious Anemia (cf. Hypoparathyroidism, Trophic Changes)
Blizzard, R. M., Chee, D., Davis, W. : The incidence of parathyroid and other antibodies in the sera of patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Clin. exp. Immunol. 1/2, 119 (1966).
Braun, W. : Das Syndrom Hypocortizismus (Morbus Addison) mit Hypoparathyreoidismus im Kindesalter. Kinder- arztl. Prax. 32, 207 (1964).
Brockhouse, J. P. : Hypoparathyroidism with recurrent hyperthyroidism: a case report. J. Kans. med. Soc. 65, 527 (1964).
Coen, G., Mazzuoli, G. F. : Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism associated with adrenal insufficiency—report of a case with a study of calcium metabohsm. Folia endocr. (Pisa) 18, 136 (1965).
Craig, J. M., Schiff, L. H., Boone, J. E.: Chronic moniliasis associated with Addison’s disease. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 89, 669 (1955).
Dahl, J.R., McFadden, S. D., Eisenberg, E. : Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism associated with hyperthyroidism. Ann. intern. Med. 57, 635 (1962).
DiGeorge, A., Paschkis, K. : The syndrome of Addison’s disease, hypoparathyroidism and superficial monihasis. Amer. J. Pis. Child. 94, 476 (1957).
Dubin, A.: Hyperuricemia in hypoparathyroidism. Metabohsm 5, 703 (1956).
Gass, J.D.: The syndrome of Keratoconjonctivitis, superficial monihasis, idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and Addison’s disease. Amer. J. Ophtal. 54, 660 (1962).
Hetzel, B. S., Robsen, H. N. : The syndrome of hypoparathyroidism, Addison’s disease and moniliasis. Aust. Ann. Med. 7, 27 (1958).
Hiekkala, H. : Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency and moniliasis in children. Ann. Paediat. Fenn. 10, 213 (1964).
Hung, W., Migeon, C. J., Parrott, R. H. : A possible autoimmune basis for Addison’s disease in three sibhngs, one with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, pernicious anemia and superficial moniliasis. New Engl. J. Med. 269, 658 (1963).
Hurwitz, L.J.: Spontaneous hypoparathyreoidism with megaloblastic anaemia. Lancet 234.
Kenny, F.M., Hollday, M. A.: Hypoparathyroidism, monihasis, Addison’s and Hashimoto’s diseases: hypercalcemia treated with intravenously administered sodium sulfate. New Engl. J. Med. 271, 708 (1964).
Leifer, E., Hollander, W. : Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and chronic adrenal insufficiency: a case report. J. clin. Endocr. 13, 1264 (1953).
Leonard, M. F.: Chronic idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with superimposed Addison’s disease in a child. J. clin. Endocr. 6, 493 (1946).
Malloy, B.M., Woodruff, C.W.: Addison’s disease in three six-year-old boys. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 95,364 (1958).
McMahon, F. G., cookson, D. U., Kabler, J.D., Inhorn, S.L.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and idiopathic adrenal cortical insufficiency occurring with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Ann. intern. Med. 51, 371 (1959).
Morse, W. I., Cochrane, W. A., Landrigan, P. L.: Familial hypoparathyroidism with pernicious anemia, steatorrhea and adrenocortical insufficiency. New Engl. J. Med. 264, 1021 (1961).
Perlmutter, M., Ellison, R. R., Norsa, L., Kantrowitz, A.R.: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and Addison’s disease. Amer. J. Med. 21, 634 (1956).
Quinto, M. G., Leikin, S. L., Hung, W. : Pernicious anemia in a young girl associated with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism familial Addison’s disease and moniliasis. J. Pediat. 64, 241 (1964).
Reisner, D.J., Ellsworth, R. M.: Coexistent idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pernicious anemia in a young girl: case report. Ann. intern. Med. 43, 1116 (1955).
Rupp, J.J., Paschkis, K. E.: Panhypopituitarism and hypocalcemic tetany in male: case presentation. Ann. intern. Med. 39, 1103 (1953).
Sutphin, A., Albright, F., McCune, D. J.: Five cases (three in siblings) of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism associated with moniliasis. J. clin. Endocr. 3, 625 (1943).
Szczepanska, H., Sapdecha, J.: Addison’s disease with hypofunction of the parathyroid gland. Arch. Dis. Childh. 34, 498 (1959).
Wagner, R. : The syndrome of chronic hypoparathyroidism, Addison’s disease and superficial moniliasis. Exp. Med. Surg. 18, 157 (1960).
Whitaker, J., Landing, B. H., Esselborn, V. M., Williams, R.R.: The syndrome of familial juvenile hypoadrenocorticism, hypoparathyroidism and superficial moniliasis. J. clin. Endocr. 16, 1374 (1956).
Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism and Idiopathic Hypocalcemia
Beidleman, B.: Treatment of chronic hypoparathyroidism with probenecid. Metabolism 7, 690 (1958).
Despopoulos, A.: Probenecid in hypoparathyroidism: absence of phosphaturic response. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 769 (1958).
Graham, W. P., Gordan, G. S., Loken, H. F., Blum, A., Halden, A. : Effect of pregnancy and of the menstrual cycle on hypoparathyroidism. J. clin. Endocr. 24, 512 (1964).
Harrison, H. E., Lifschitz, F., Blizzard, R.M.: Comparison between crystalhne dihydrotachysterol and calciferol in patients requiring pharmacologic vitamin D therapy. New Engl. J. Med. 276, 894 (1967).
Ireland, A. W., Clubb, J.S., Neale, F.C., Posen, S., Reeve, T.S.: The calciferol requirements of patients with surgical hypoparathyroidism. Ann. intern. Med. 69, 81 (1968).
Melick, R. A., Gill, J. R., Berson, S. A., Yalow, R. S., Bartter, F.C., Potts, J.T., Aurbach, G.D.: Antibodies and chnical resistance to parathyroid hormone. New Engl. J. Med. 276, 144 (1967).
Pascale, L., Dubin, A., Hoffman, W. S. : Influence of benemid in urinary excretion of phosphate in hypoparathyroidism. Metabohsm 3, 462 (1954).
Definition, Pathogenesis, Occurrence, Pathophysiology
Altenar, E., Bartelheimer, H., Bay, V., Kuhlencordt, F., Lozano-Tonkin, C., Schneider, C., Seemann, N., Seifert, G.: Der autonome und regulative Hyperparathyreoidismus. Stuttgart: Enke 1969.
Bauer, G.C.H., Carlsson, A., Lindquist, B. : A comparative study on the metabohsm of Sr90 and Ca 45. Acta physiol. scand. 35, 56 (1955).
Bélanger, L. F., Robichon, J. : Parathormone-induced osteolysis in dogs: a microradiographic and alpha- radiographic survey. J. Bone Jt Surg. A 46, 1008 (1964).
Berson, S. A. : Immunochemical heterogeneity of parathyroid hormone in plasma. J. clin. Endocr. 28, 1037 (1968).
Yalow, R.S.: Parathyroid hormone in plasma in adenomatous hyperparathyroidism, uremia and bronchogenic carcinom. Science 154, 907 (1966).
Black, B. M.: The pathology and surgery of the parathyroid glands. In: Greep, R.O., and R.V. Talmage, The parathyroids. Springfield: Ch.C. Thomas 1961.
Boonstra, C. E., Jackson, C. E. : Chnical value of routine serum calcium analysis. J. Lab. clin. Med. 56, 794 (1960).
Bricker, N. S., Forrest, J., Avioli, L., Slatopolsky, E., Kissane, J., Chase, L., Lubowitz, H.: Tertiary hyperparathyroidism—does it exist? Amer. J. Med. 52,254 (1972).
Buckle, R. M. : Hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Lancet 1970 II, 234.
Care, A. D., Sherwood, L. M., Potts, J. T., Aurbach, G. D. : Perfusion of the isolated parathyroid gland of the goat and sheep. Nature (Lond.) 209, 55 (1966).
Dent, C.E., Watson, L.: Hyperparathyroidism and sarcoidosis. Brit. med. J. 1966 1, 646.
Hanna, S., Harrison, M., MacIntyre, I., Eraser, R.: The syndrome of magnesium deficiency in man. Lancet 1960 II, 172.
North, K. A. K., MacIntyre, L, Eraser, R.: Magnesium metabohsm in parathyroid disease. Brit. med. J. 1961 II, 1253.
Heaton, F.W.: The parathyroid glands and magnesium metabohsm in the rat. Clin. Sci. 28, 543 (1965).
Hellström, J. : Primärer Hyperparathyreoidismus. Triangle (En.) 5, 171 (1961).
Jowsey, J., Riggs, B.L, Kelly, P.J.: Mineral metabohsm in osteocytes. Proc. Mayo Clin. 39, 480 (1964).
MacIntyre, I., Boss, S., Troughton, V. A. : Parathyroid hormone and magnesium homeostasis. Nature (Lond.) 198, 1058 (1963).
Paloyan, E., Paloyan, D., Harper, P. V.: The role of glucagon hypersecretion in the relationship of pancreatitis and hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 62, 167 (1967).
Potts, J. T., Murray, T. M., Peacock, M., Tregear, G. W., Keutmann, H. T., Powell, D., Deftos, L. J. : Parathyroid hormone: sequence, synthesis, immunoassay studies. Amer. J. Med. 50,639 (1971).
Reiss, E., Canterbury, J. M.: Primary hyperparathyroidism. Differentiation of adenoma and hyperplasia and localization of hyperfunctioning glands. New Engl. J. Med. 280,1381 (1969).
Roth, S.I.: Pathology of the parathyroids in hyperparathyroidism. Arch. Path. 73, 495 (1962).
Sutton, R. A.: Plasma magnesium concentration in primary hyperparathyroidism. Brit. med. J. 1970 1, 529.
Vosik, W.M., Anderson, C.F., Steffees, W.P., Johnson, W. J., Arnaud, C.D., Goldsmith, R.S.: Successful medical management of osteitis fibrosa due to “tertiary” hyperthyroidism. Mayo Chn. Proc. 47,110 (1972).
Wermer, P.: Endocrine adenomatosis and peptic ulcer in a large kindred. Inherited multiple tumors and mosaic pleiotropism in man. Amer. J. Med. 35,205 (1963).
Abul-Haj, S.K., Conklin, H., Hewitt, W.C.: A functioning hpo-adenoma of the parathyroid gland. Report of a unie case. New Engl. J. Med. 266, 121 (1962).
Adams, P. H., Chalmers, T. M., Peters, N., Rack, J. H., Truscott, B.McN.: Primary chief cell hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. Ann. intern. Med. 63, 454 (1965).
Albertini, A. v.: Histologische Geschwulstdiagnostik. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1955.
Black, B. M. : The pathology and surgery of the parathyroid glands. In: Greep, R.O., and R.V. Talmage, The parathyroids. Springfield: Ch.C.Thomas 1961.
Castleman, B.: Tumors of parathyroid glands. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Washington 1952.
Cope, O., Keynes, W.M., Roth, S. I., Castleman, B. : Primary chief-cell hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands: a new entity in the surgery of hyperparathyroidism. Ann. Surg. 148, 375 (1958).
Cutler, R.E., Reiss, E., Ackerman, L. V. : Famihal hyperparathyroidism. A kindred involving 11 cases, with a discussion of primary chief-cell hyperplasia. New Engl. J. Med. 270, 859 (1964).
Elliot, R.L., Arhelger, R. B. : Fine structure of parathyroid adenomas, with special reference to annulate lammellae and septate desmosomes. Arch. Path. 81, 200 (1966).
Harris, J.C., Rosenbaum, D., Oliner, L.: Primary hyperparathyroidism with parathyroid hyperplasia and adenoma in a single gland. Amer. J. clin. Path. 45, 51 (1966).
Hellström, J.: Primärer Hyperparathyreoidismus. Triangle (En.) 5, 171 (1961).
Holzmann, K., Lange, R.: Zur Cytologie der Glandula parathyreoidea des Menschen. Weitere Untersuchungen an Epithelkörperadenomen. Z. Zellforsch. 58, 759 (1963).
Howard, J.E., Follis, R.H., Yendt, E.R., Connor, T.B.: Hyperparathyroidism. Case report illustrating spontaneous remission due to necrosis of adenoma, and a study of the incidence of necrosis in parathyroid adenomas. J. clin. Endocr. 13, 997 (1953).
Johnston, C. C., Schnute, R. B. : A case of primary hyperparathyroidism with spontaneous remission following infarction of the adenoma with development of hypocalcemic tetany. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 196 (1961).
Lange, R. : Zur Histologie und Zytologie der Glandula parathyreoidea des Menschen. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Epithelkörperadenomen. Z. Zellforsch. 53, 765 (1961).
Melvin, K. E. W., Castleman, B. : Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (Case 50–1971), Persistent hypercalcemia after removal of a parathyroid tumor. New Engl. J. Med. 285,1422 (1971).
Ober, W.B., Kaiser, C. A.: Hamartoma of the parathyroid. Cancer (Philad.) 11, 601 (1958).
Ramsdell, J. A., Black, B.M., Woolner, L. B., Keating, F.R., Jr.: Tumors of parathyroid glands found incidentally during surgical procedures. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 111,451 (1960).
Roth, S.I.: Pathology of the parathyroids in hyperparathyroidism. Arch. Path. 73, 495 (1962).
Roth, S.I.:Recent advances in parathyroid gland pathology. Amer. J. Med. 50, 612 (1971).
Munger, B.L.: The cytology of the adenomatous, atrophic and hypertrophic parathyroid glands of man. Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 335, 389 (1962).
Wilson, R. E. : Diskussionsbemerkung zu Paloyan et al. Surgery 62, 172 (1967).
Pathology and Histology
Wernly, M., Berdjis-Chamsi,Ch.: Les parathyroïdes humaines. Contribution à l’étude des hyperplasies et des adénomes. Basel: Benno Schwabe & Co. 1946
Clinical Picture, Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis
Aitken, R. E., Kerr, J. L., Lloyd, H. M. : Primary hyperparathyroidism with osteosclerosis and calcification in articular cartilage. Amer. J. Med. 37, 813 (1964).
Albright, F., Reifenstein, E. C. : The parathyroid glands and metabohc bone disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. 1948.
Arnaud, C. D., Tsao, H. S., Littledike, D. : Radioimmunoassay of human parathyroid hormone in serum. J. chn. Invest, (im Druck) (1971).
Barreras, R. F., Donaldson, R. M. : Role of calcium in gastric hypersecretion, parathyroid adenoma and pepticulcer. New Engl. J. Med. 276, 1122 (1967).
Bauer, G. C. H., Carlsson, A., Lindquist, B. : A comparative study on the metabohsm of Sr90 and Ca45. Acta physiol. scand. 35, 56 (1955).
Berson, S.A., Yalow, R.S.: Parathyroid hormone in plasma in adenomatous hyperparathyroidism, uremia and bronchogenic carcinoma. Science 154, 907 (1966).
Black, B.M.: Hyperparathyroidism. Springfield: Ch.C. Thomas 1953.
Black, B.M.:The pathology and surgery of the parathyroid glands. In: Greep, R.O., and R.V. Talmage, The parathyroids. Springfield: Ch.C. Thomas 1961.
Bleuler, E.: Endokrinologische Psychiatrie. Stuttgart: Thieme 1954.
Boonstra, C. E., Jackson, C. E. : Clinical value of routine serum calcium analysis. J. Lab. clin. Med. 56, 794 (1960).
Boyce, D., Jowsey, J. : Measurement of osteoid tissue in primary hyperparathyroidism. Proc. Mayo Clin. 41, 836 (1966).
Buckle, R. M. : Hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Assessment of autonomy by plasma-parathyroid- hormone response to alterations in calcium. Lancet 1970 II, 234.
Bywaters, E. G. L., Dixon, A. St. J., Scott, J. T. : Joint lesions of hyperparathyroidism. Ann. rheum. Dis. 22, 171 (1963).
Collip, J. B. : The parathyroid glands. Medicine (Baltimore) 5, 1 (1926).
Connor, T. B., Thomas, W. C., Jr., Howard, J. E. : The etiology of hypercalcemia associated with lung carcinoma. J. Clin. Invest. 35, 697 (1956).
Cope, O., Culver, P.L, Mixter, C.G., Nardi, G.L.: Pancreatitis, a diagnostic clue to hyperparathyroidism. Ann. Surg. 145, 857 (1957).
Dent, C. E. : Some problems of hyperparathyroidism. Brit, med. J. 1962II, 1419, 1495.
Duarte, G.G., Winnacker, J.L., Becker, K.L., Pace, A.: Thiazide-induced hypercalcemia. New Engl. J. Med. 284, 828 (1971).
Edwards, G. A., Daum, S.M.: Increased spinal fluid protein in hyperparathyroidism and other hypercalcemic states. Arch, intern. Med. 104, 29 (1959).
Edwards, G. A., Daum, S.M.:Editorial : Factors in the relation of parathyroid and gastric function. New Engl. J. Med. 276, 1154 (1967).
Engfeldt, B., Gardell, S., Hellström, I., Ivemark, B., Rhodin, I., Strandh, J.: Effect of experimentally induced hyperparathyroidism on renal function and structure. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 29, 15 (1958).
Fanconi, A., Mieth, D. : Primärer Hyperparathyreoidismus bei einem 12jährigen Knaben. Helv. paediat. Acta 22, 160 (1967).
Frame, B., Haubrich, W. S. : Peptic ulcer and hyperparathyroidism: survey of 300 ulcer patients. Arch, intern. Med. 105, 536 (1960).
Gerster, J.C., Gauthier, G.: Polyneuropathy in a case of primary hyperparathyroidism: Disappearance of the neurological picture after surgical correction of the hyperparathyroidism. Helvet. med. Acta 35, 296 (1969/70).
Gordan, G.S.: In: R. Escamilla, Laboratory tests in diagnosis and investigation of endocrine functions. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications 1962.
Haas, H. G. : Der heutige Stand der Diagnose des Hyperparathyreoidismus. Praxis 52, 140 (1963).
Haas, H. G. : Knochenstoffwechsel und Parathyreoidea-Erkrankun- gen. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1966.
Harrison, M., Eraser, R. : Hyperparathyroidism. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 52, 255 (1959).
Harden, R. Mc D., Alexander, W. D. : Some effects of parathyroid hormone in thyrotoxicosis. J. clin. Endocr. 24, 214 (1964).
Hartenstein, H., Gardner, L. I. : Tetany of the newborn associated with maternal parathyroid adenoma. New Engl. J. Med. 274, 266 (1966).
Hellström, J.: Primärer Hyperparathyreoidismus. Triangle (En.) 5, 171 (1961).
Hellström, J.:The treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Urol. int. (Basel) 19, 124 (1965).
Hodgkinson, A. : Biochemical aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin. Sci. 25, 231 (1963).
Horn, H. D., Nieth, H., Grote, G. : Untersuchungen über die renale Phosphatexkretion bei Kranken mit verschiedenen Nephropathien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Kranken mit primärem Hyperparathyreoidismus. Klin. Wschr. 42, 991 (1964).
Howard, J. E. : Clinical and laboratory research concerning mechanism of formation and control of calculous disease by the kidney. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 72, 999 (1954).
Follis, R.H., Yendt, E.R., Connor, T.B.: Hyperparathyroidism. Case report illustrating spontaneous remission due to necrosis of adenoma, and a study of the incidence of necrosis in parathyroid adenomas. J. clin. Endocr. 13, 997 (1953).
Jowsey, J.: Quantitative microradiography. Amer. J. Med. 40, 485 (1966).
Jowsey, J.: Measurements of osteoid tissue in primary hyperpara- thyreoidism. Proc. Mayo Clin. 41, 836 (1966).
Jowsey, J. Riggs, B.I., Kelly, P.J.: Mineral metabolism in osteocytes. Proc. Mayo Chn. 39, 480 (1964).
Karpati, G., Frame, B. : Neuropsychiatrie disorders in primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 10, 387 (1964).
Keating, F.R.: Personal communication 1965.
Keating, F. R., Jr. : Diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. J. Amer. med. Ass. 178, 547 (1961).
Keynes, M. : The clinical diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Geriatrics 20, 65 (1965).
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Kyle, L.H.: Cited by Mixter (1962).
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Lichtwitz, A., Parlier, R. sèze,s.de, Hioco,D., Bordier,P.H., Mazabraud: Ostéomalacie par hyperostéoblastose et formes ostéo- malaciques des l’hyperparathyroïdie. Presse méd. 64, 2033 (1956); 65, 45 (1957).
Lièvre, J.-A.: La maladie osseuse de Paget. Praxis 56, 1252 (1967).
Fischgold, H. : Crâne et face dans la maladie de Paget. Paris: Masson & Cie. 1959.
Lomnitz, E., Sepulveda, L., Stevenson, C., Barzelatto, J. : Primary hyperparathyroidism simulating rickets. J. clin. Endocr. 26, 309 (1966).
Lorme, A.de: Hypercalcämie bei M. Addison. Dissertation, Zürich, 1965
Ludwig, G.D., Chaykin, L.: Pancreatitis associated with primary hyperparathyroidism. Med. Chn. N. Amer. 50, 1403 (1966).
Lynch, H.T., Lemon, H.M., Henn, M.J., Ellingson, R. J., Grissom, R. L. : Vitamin D-intoxicated patient with hypoparathyroidism: hypercalcemia, acute cerebral ataxia, and EEG changes: magnesium sulfate therapy. Arch, intern, Med. 114, 375 (1964).
Mairice, P. F., Henneman, P. H.: Medical aspects of renal stones. Medicine (Baltimore) 40, 315 (1960).
Mayor, G.: Nierensteine und Hyperparathyreoidismus. Urol. int. (Basel) 13, 294 (1962).
McCarty, D.J.: Pseudogout; articular chondrocalcinosis. Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease. In: Hollander, J. L. (ed.). Arthritis and alhed conditions, p. 947. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1966.
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McGeown, M. G.: Effect of parathyroidectomy on the incidence of renal calculi. Lancet 1%1I, 586.
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Melvin, K. E. W., Castleman, B. Minder: Besondere Befunde bei der Parathyreotoxikose. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 87, 667 (1957).
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Paloyan, E.: Recent developments in the early diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Surg. Clin. N. Amer. 47, 61 (1967).
Lawrence, A. M., Straus, F. H., Paloyan, D., Harper, P. V., Cummings, D.: Alpha-cell hyperplasia in calcific pancreatitis associated with hyperparathyroidism. J. Amer. med. Ass. 200, 757 (1957).
Paloyan, D., Harper, P. V.: The role of glucagon hypersecretion in the relationship of pancreatitis and hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 62,167 (1967).
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Rasmussen, H., Reifenstein, E.C.,Jr.: In: Testbook of endocrinology, R.H. Williams, ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders 1962.
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Riggs, B.L., Jones, LD., Randall, R. V. : Primary hyperparathyroidism : report of a case in which the diagnosis was made by serendipity. Proc. Mayo Clin. 37, 250 (1962).
Rutishauser, E.: Hypophyseo-parathyreotisches Syndrom, Hypophysentumor, adenomatöse Epithelkörperchen- Hyperplasie, Ostitis fibrosa v. Recklinghausen. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 80, 193 (1943).
Samuels, B.L, Dowdy, A.H., Lecky, J.W.: Localization of parathyroids by thermography. New Engl. J. Med. 286, 216 (1972).
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Sherwood, L. M., O’Riodan, J. L. H., Aurbach, G. D., Potts, J.T.: Production of parathyroid hormone by nonparathyroid tumors. J. clin. Endocr. 27, 140 (1967).
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SluysVeer, Smeenk, D., Heul, R.O. vander: Tetracycline labelling of bone in hyperparathyroidism. In: Blackwood, H.J.J., Bone and tooth, Proc. I. Europ. Sympos., p. 85. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1964.
Smeenk, D., Sluys Veer, J. van der. Heul, R. O. van der : Onderzoek van bot in vivo gemerkt met tetracycline inleiding. Ned. T. Geneesk. 107, 2007 (1963).
Stampl, B.: Die beidseitige Nierenvenenthrombose bei akutem Hyperparathyreoidismus. Frankfurt. Z. Path. 72, 320 (1963).
Steinbach, H. L., Gordan, G. S., Eisenberg, E., Crane, J. T., Silverman, S., Goldman,L.: Primary hyperparathyroidism : a correlation of roentgen, chnical, and pathologic features. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 86, 329 (1961).
St.Goar, W.T.: Gastrointestinal symptoms as a clue to the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism: a review of 45 cases. Ann. intern. Med. 46, 102 (1957).
Turrian, H., Maier, C.: Über die Kombination von Arthritis urica und Adenom der Glandula parathyreoidea. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 96, 1306 (1966).
Welti, H. : A propos de deux observations de localisation maxillaire de l’ostéose parathyroïdienne. Bull, schweiz. Akad. med. Wiss. 18, 285 (1963).
Wernly, M.: Hyperparathyreoidismus und Niereninsuffï- zienz. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nephrocalcinose. Z. khn. Med. 140, 226 (1942).
Wernly, M.: Berdjis-Chamsi, Ch. : Les parathyroides humaines. Basel : Schwabe 1946.
Wernly, M.: Die klinischen Formen des primären Hyperparathyreoidismus. Urol. int. (Basel) 19, 93 (1965).
Wernly, M.: Diagnostik der Parathyreoideaerkrankungen. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 97, 1234 (1967).
König, M. P. : Hypercalcämie-Syndrom und Hypercalci- urie. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 91, 795 (1961).
Wills, M. R, Pak, C. Y. C, Hammond, W. G., Bartter, F. C. : Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Amer. J. Med. 47, 384 (1969).
Wilson, R. E. : Diskussionsbemerkung zu Paloyan et al. Surgery 62, 172 (1967).
Wiltse, H.E., Goldbloom, R. B., Antia, A.U., Ottesen, O. E., Rowe, R. D., Cooke, R. E. : Infantile hypercalcemia syndrome in twins. New Engl. J. Med. 275, 1157 (1966).
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Prognosis and Treatment (Including Postoperative Treatment)
Albright, F., Reifenstein, E. C. : The parathyroid glands and metabolic bone disease. Baltimore: Wilhams & Wilkins Co. 1948.
Black, B. M. : The pathology and surgery of the parathyroid glands. In: Greep, R.O., and R.V. Talmage, The parathyroids. Springfield: Ch.C. Thomas 1961.
Black, B. M. : Hyperparathyroidism. Springfield: Ch.C. Thomas 1953.
Breuer, R. I., LeBauer, J. : Caution in the use of phosphates in treatment of severe hypercalcemia. J. clin. Endocr. 27, 695 (1967).
Chakmakjian, Z. H., Bethune, J. E. : Sodium sulfate treatment of hypercalcemia. New Engl. J. Med. 275, 862 (1966).
Churchill, E. D., Cope, O. : Parathyroid tumors associated with hyperparathyroidism: 11 cases treated by operation. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 58, 255 (1934).
Cope, O.: Surgery of hyperparathyroidism: the occurrence of parathyroids in the anterior mediastinum and the division of the operation into two stages. Ann. Surg. 114, 706 (1941).
Cope, O.: The story of hyperparathyroidism at the Massachusetts General Hospital. New Engl. J. Med. 274, 1174 (1966).
Goldsmith, R. E., Zalme, E., Weinstein, A. S. : Chnical experience with primary hyperparathyroidism: evaluation of treatment. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 52, 221 (1966).
Goldsmith, R. S., Ingbar, S. H. : Inorganic phosphate treatment of hypercalcemia of diverse etiologies. New Engl. J. Med. 274, 1 (1966).
Feind, C.R.: Re-exploration for parathyroid adenoma. Amer. J. Surg. 108, 543 (1964).
Kistler, H. J. : Treatment of hypercalcemia with inorganic phosphate. Helv. med. Acta 33, 447 (1967).
Neubauer, W. : Phosphatbehandlung bei Hypercalcämie. Klin. Wschr. 48, 741 (1970).
LeRoy, H. : Hypoparathyroidism requiring massive amounts of medication, with apparent response to magnesium sulfate. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 219 (1961).
Lynch, H. T., Lemon, H. M., Henn, M.J., Ellingson, R. J., Grissom, R. L. : Vitamin D-intoxicated patient with hypoparathyroidism : hypercalcemia, acute cerebral ataxia, and EEG changes: magnesium sulfate therapy. Arch, intern. Med. 114, 375 (1964).
Mayor, G.: Indication opératoire, traitement chirurgical et traitement postopératoire. Urol. int. (Basel) 19,131 (1965).
Melvin, K.: Articular chondrocalcinosis, hyperparathyroidism and pseudogout: hypomagnesiemic crisis. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 59, 595 (1966).
Shackney, S., Hasson, J. : Precipitous fall in serum calcium, hypotension and acute renal failure after intravenous phosphate therapy for hypercalcemia. Report of 2 cases. Ann. intern. Med. 66, 906 (1967).
Singer, F. R., Neer, R. M., Murray, T. M., Keutmann, H. T., Deftos, L.J., Potts, J. T.: Mithramycin treatment of intractable hypercalcemia due to parathyroid carcinoma. New Engl. J. Med. 283, 634 (1970).
Suki, W.N., Yium, J.J., von Minden, M., Saller-Hebert, C., Eknoyan, G., Martinez-Maldonado, M.: Acute treatment of hypercalcemia with furosemide. New Engl. J. Med. 283, 836 (1970).
Wilson, D. R., Yendt, E. R. : Treatment of the adult Fanconi syndrome with oral phosphate supplements and alkali: report of two cases with nephrolithiasis. Amer. J. Med. 35, 487 (1963).
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Anderson, W. W., Mann, J.B., Kenyon, N., Farell, J.J., Hills, G.: Subtotal parathyroidectomy in acotemic renal osteodystrophy. New Engl. J. Med. 268, 575 (1963).
Arnaud, C., Rasmussen, H., Anast, C. : Further studies on the interrelationship between parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. J. clin. Invest. 45, 1955 (1966).
Ball, J.: Diseases of bone. In: Recent advances in pathology, p. 293 (C.V. Harrison, ed.). London: J. & A.Churchill 1960.
Berner, A.: Les ostéodystrophies d’origine rénale. Helv. med. Acta 10, 741 (1944).
Berson, S. A., Yalow, R. S. : Parathyroid hormone in plasma in adenomatous hyperparathyroidism, uremia and bronchogenic carcinoma. Science 154, 907 (1966).
Binswanger, U., Fischer, J. A.: Stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion by intravenous phosphorus infusion in primary hyperparathyroidism. Khn. Wschr., in press (1973).
Buckle, D. M. : Hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Assessment of autonomy by plasma-parathyroid- hormone response to alterations in Calcium. Lancet 197011, 234.
Care, A. D., Sherwood, L. M., Potts, J. T., Aurbach, G. D. : Perfusion of the isolated parathyroid gland of the goat and sheep. Nature (Lond.) 209, 55 (1966).
Castleman, B., Mallory, T. B. : Parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic renal insufficiency. Amer. J. Path. 13, 553 (1937).
Copp, D.H., Cameron, E. C., Cheney, B. A., Davidson, A.G.F., Henze, K.G.: Evidence for calcitonin. — A new hormone from the parathyroid that lowers blood calcium. Endocrinology 70, 638 (1962).
Crabbe, P., Isselbacher, K.J.: Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in malabsorption states. Gastroenterology 48, 307 (1965).
Fischer, J. A., Binswanger, U., Schenk, R., Merz, W., Kistler, H.J.: Normocalcemic secondary hyperparathyroidism and malabsorption. Helv. med. Acta 35, 30 (1969).
Follis, R.H., Jackson, D. A. : Renal osteomalacia and osteitis fibrosa in adults. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 72, 232 (1943).
Goldman, R., Basset, S. H. : Phosphorus excretion in renal failure. J. clin. Invest. 33, 1623 (1954).
Goldsmith, R.S., Furszyfer, J., Johnson, W.J., Fournier, A. E., Arnaud, C. D. : Control of secondary hyperparathyroidism during long term hemodialysis. Amer. J. Med. 50, 692 (1971).
Hanna, S., Harrison, M., MacIntyre, I., Eraser, R.: The syndrome of magnesium deficiency in man. Lancet 1960 II, 172.
Hanna, S., Harrison, M., North, K. A. K., MacIntyre, I., Eraser, R. : Magnesium metabohsm in parathyroid disease. Brit. med. J. 1961 II, 1953.
Heaton, F.W.: The parathyroid glands and magnesium metabolism in the rat. Clin. Sci. 28, 543 (1965).
Katz, A. I., Hampers, C. L., Merrill, J. P.: Secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy in chronic renal failure. Medicine (Baltimore) 48, 333 (1969).
Mach, R. S., Rutishauser, E. : Les ostéodystrophies rénales. Etude expérimentale et anatomoclinique des lésions osseuses au cours des néphrites. Helv. med. Acta 4, 423 (1937).
Melvin, K. E. W., Castleman, B. : Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (Case 50–1971), Persistent hypercalcemia after removal of a parathyroid tumor. New Engl. J. Med. 285, 1422 (1971).
MacIntyre, I., Boss, S., Troughton, V.A.: Parathyroid hormone and magnesium homeostasis. Nature (Lond.) 198, 1058 (1963).
McIntosh, D.A., Peterson, E.W., McPhaul, J.J.: Autonomy of parathyroid function after renal homotrans- plantation. Ann. intern. Med. 65, 900 (1966).
McPhaul, J.J., McIntosh, D. A., Hammond, W. S., Park, O. K.: Autonomous secondary (renal) parathyroid hyperplasia. New Engl. J. Med. 271, 1342 (1964).
Nordin, B.E.C., Eraser, R.: The indirect assessment of parathyroid function. In: Wolstenholme, G.E. W. (ed.). Ciba Foundation Symposium on bone structure and metabohsm, p. 222. London: J. & A. Churchill 1956.
Smith, D. A.: Diagnostic procedures in disorders of calcium metabohsm, p. 37. London: J. & A. Churchill 1965.
O’Riordan, J.L.H., Page, J., Kerr, D.N.S., Wales, J., Moorhead, J., Crockett, R. E., Franz, H., Ritz, E.: Hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure and dialysis osteodystrophy. Quart. J. Med. 39, 359 (1970).
Parfitt, A.M.: Relation between parathyroid cell rass and plasma calcium concentration in normal and uremic subjects. Arch, intern. Med. 124, 269 (1969).
Schwartz, E., Panariello, V. A., Sael, J.: Radioactive calcium kinetics during high calcium intake in osteoporosis. J. clin. Invest. 44, 1547 (1965).
SherwoodL.M., Care, A.D., Mayer, G.P., Aurbach, G.D.: Evaluation by radioimmunoassay of factors controlhng the secretion of parathyroid hormone. Nature (Lond.) 209, 52 (1966).
Stanbury, S. W.: Bony comphcations of renal disease. In: Renal disease, ed. by D.A.K. Black. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Pubhcations 1962.
Stanbury, S. W.:The treatment of renal osteodystrophia. Ann. intern. Med. 65, 1133 (1966).
Lumb, G. A.: Metabohc studies of renal osteodystrophy. Medicine (Baltimore) 41, 1 (1962).
Nicholson, W. F. : Elective subtotal parathyroidectomy for renal hyperparathyroidism. Lancet 19601, 793.
Talmage, R.V.. Toft, R.J.: The problem of the control of parathyroid secretion. In: Greep, R.O., and R.C. Talmage, The parathyroids, p. 224. Springfield: Ch. C. Thomas 1961.
Torriani, Ph. : Le role de I’endoste dans les cachexies et dans l’ostéomalacie sénile. Diss. Med. Genève, 1924.
Vosik, W. M., Anderson, C. F., Steffees, W. P., Johnson, W. J., Arnaud, C.D., Goldsmith, R.S.: Successful medical management of osteitis fibrosa due to “tertiary” hyperparathyroidism. Mayo Clinic Proc. 47, 110 (1972).
Wernly, M., Berdjis-Chamsi, Ch. : Les parathyroïdes humaines. Basel: Benno Schwabe & Co. 1946.
Wilson, R. E., Bernstein, D. S., Murray, J. E., Moore, F. D. : Effects of parathyroidectomy and kidney transplantation on renal osteodystrophy. Amer. J. Surg. 110, 384 (1965).
Normocalcemic Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Arnaud, C.D., Glorieux, F., Scriver, C.R.: Serum parathyroid hormone levels in acquired vitamin D deficience of infancy. Pediatrics 49, 837 (1972).
Fischer, J.A., Binswanger, U., Fanconi, A., Illig, R., Baerlocher, K., Prader, A.: Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in vitamin D deficiency. Horm. Metab. Res. 5, in press (1973).
Schenk, R., Merz, W., Kistler, H.-J.: Normocalcemic secondary hyperparathyroidism and malabsorption. Helvet. med. Acta 35, 30 (1969).
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Bricker, N. S., Forrest, J., Avioli, L., Slatopolsky, E., Kissane, J., Chase, L., Lubowitz, H.: Tertiary hyperparathyroidism—does it exist? Amer. J. Med. 52,254 (1972).
Davies, D.R., Dent, C.E., Willcox, A.: Hyperparathyroidism and steatorrhoea. Brit. med. J. 1956 II, 1133.
Golden, A., Canary, J.J., Kerwin,D.M.: Concurrence of hyperplasia and neoplasia of the parathyroid glands. Amer. J. Med. 38, 562 (1965).
Goldsmith, R.S., Furszyfer, J., Johnson, W.J., Fournier, A. E., Arnaud, C. D. : Control of secondary hyperparathyroidism during long term hemodialysis. Amer. J. Med. 50, 692 (1971).
Herdman, R.C., Michael, A. F., Vernier, R. L., Kelly, W.D., Good, R.A.: Renal function and phosphate excretion after human renal homotransplantation. Lancet 1956 1, 121.
Ludwig, G.D., Kyle, G.C., DeBlanco, M.: “Tertiary” hyperparathyroidism induced by osteomalacia resulting from phosphorus depletion. Amer. J. Med. 43, 136 (1967).
McIntosh, D. A., Peterson, E. W., McPhaul, J. J.: Anatomy of parathyroid function after renal homotransplantation. Ann. intern. Med. 65, 900 (1966).
St. Goar, W.T.: Case record 29–1963, Massachusetts General Hospital. New Engl. J. Med. 268, 949 (1963).
Vosik, W.M., Anderson, C. F., Steffees, W. P., Johnson, W. J., Arnaud, C.D., Goldsmith, R.S.: Successful medical management of osteitis fibrosa due to “tertiary” hyperparathyroidism. Mayo Chn. Proc. 47,110 (1972).
Wilson, R. E., Bernstein, D. S., Murray, J. E., Moore, F. D. : Effects of parathyroidectomy and kidney transplantation on renal osteodystrophy. Amer. J. Surg. 110, 384 (1965).
Laboratory and Function Tests for Diseases of the Parathyroids: Reviews
Courvoisier, B., Jeanrenaud, B., Jenny, M.: Diagnostic chnique des affections parathyroïdiennes. Docum. Geigy Acta clin. 2, 83 (1963).
Fraser, R.: Primary hyperparathyroidism. Lancet 1961 II, 1256.
Gordan, O.S., Eisenberg, E., Loken, H., Gardner, B., Hayashida, T. : Clinical endocrinology of parathyroid hormone excess. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 18, 297 (1962).
Haas, H.G.: Knochenstoffwechsel und Parathyreoidea-Er- krankungen. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1966.
Haas, H.G.: Metabohc criteria for primary hyperparathyroidism. Helv. med. Acta 33, 91 (1966).
Hodgkinson, A. : Biochemical aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin. Sci. 25, 231 (1963).
Howard, J.E.: Clinical disorders of calcium homeostasis. Medicine (Baltimore) 42, 25 (1963).
Keating, F.J.: Diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Chnical and laboratory aspects. J. Amer. med. Ass. 178, 547 (1961).
Klotz, H. P., Clement, D.: Les tests dynamiques d’exploration parathyroïdienne. Path. Biol. 9, 291 (1961).
Lichwitz, A.. Parlier, R. : Calcium et maladies métabo- hques de I’os (3 vol.). Paris: L’expansion éditeur 1964.
Nordin, B.E.C., Smith, D.A.: Diagnostic procedures in disorders of calcium metabohsm. London: J. & a. Churchill 1965.
Riddick, F.A., Reiss, E.: Hyperparathyroidism. Analysis of recent experiences. Chnical spectrum and diagnostic tests. Ann. intern. Med. 56, 183 (1962).
LaboratoryMethods and Tests
Laboratory Methods and Tests
Arnaud, C.D., Tsao, H. S., Littledike, T. : Radioimmunoassay of human parathyroid hormone in man. J. chn. Invest. 50, 21 (1971).
Berson, S. A., Yallow, R. S. : Parathyroid hormone in plasma in adenomatous hyperparathyroidism, uremia and bronchogenic carcinoma. Science 54, 907 (1966).
Birkenhäger, J. C., Sluys Veer, J. van der, Heu, R. O., van der, Smeenk, D.: Studies of iliac crest bone from controls and patients with bone disease by means of chemical analysis, tetracycline labelling and histology. In: Fleisch, H., Blackwood, H.J.J., Owen, M. (ed.). Third European Symp. on Calcified Tissues, p. 13. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966.
Blau, M., Nagler, W., Bender, M.A.: Fluorine-18, a new isotope for bone scanning. J. nucl. Med. 3, 332 (1962).
Comar, C.L., Wasserman, R.H.: Strontium. In: Comar, C. L., Bronner, F. (eds.). Mineral metabolism, an advanced treatise, vol. II, p. 523. New York, London: Academic Press 1964.
Corey, K.R., Kenny, P., Greenberg, E., Laughlin, J. S. : Detection of bone metastases in scanning studies with calcium-47 and strontium-85. J. nucl. Med. 3, 454 (1962).
Dilla, M. a. van, Arnold, J. S. : Strontium 85 tracer studies in humans. Int. J. appl. Radiat. 1, 129 (1956).
Eliel, L. P., Chañes, R., Hawrylko, J. : Urinary excretion of parathyroid hormone in man. J. clin. Endocr. 25, 445 (1965).
Fanconi, A., Rose, G.A.: The ionized, complexed and protein-bound fractions of calcium in plasma. Quart. J. Med. 27, 463 (1958).
Grundig, E., Czitober, H., Schobel, B. : Vergleichende Untersuchungen von „sauren” Plasmaphosphatasen bei verschiedenen Knochenerkrankungen. Chn. chim. Acta 12, 157 (1965).
Haas, H.G.: Die Abklärung von Knochenkrankheiten. Internist (Berl.) 7, 558 (1966).
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Differential Diagnosis of the Hypocalcemia (Compare with Section on Pancreatitis in the chapter on Primary Hyper-parathyroidism)
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Bone Biopsy
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Wernly, M. (1974). The Parathyroids. In: Clinical Endocrinology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96158-8_14
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