Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metalliferous Sediments and Hydrothermal Ores

  • Chapter
The Indian Ocean: Exploitable Mineral and Petroleum Resources

  • 146 Accesses

Abstract

On land, stratiform deposits are the most important and largest source of ores. Most of them are considered to be submarine and exhalative in origin and their source is ascribed to volcanic activity in a marine environment. Deposits of this type are found in many areas from nearly all geological periods, and they are also found in the present marine environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bäcker H (1980) Erzschlamme. In: Schott W (ed) Die Fahrten des Forschungsschiffes Valdivia 1971–1978. Geowissenschaftliche Ergebnisse. Geol Jahrb 30(D):77–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Bäcker H, Marchig V (1983) Sulfiderz in der Tiefsee: Das Forschungsprogramm GEOMETEP in dem Forschungsschiff „Sonne“. Meerestechnik 14 (4): 134–140 (Düsseldorf)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bäcker H, Schoell M (1972) New deeps with brines and metalliferous sediments in Red Sea. Nature 240:153–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bäcker H, Lange J, Marchig V (1985) Hydrothermal activity and sulphide formation in axial valleys of East Pacific Rise crest between 18° and 22° S. Earth Planet Sci Lett 72:9–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baturin GN, Rozanova TV (1975) Ore mineralization in the rift zone of the Indian Ocean. In: Vinogradov AP, Udintsev GB (eds) Rift zones of the world oceans. Wiley, New York and Israel Prog Sci Trans, pp 431–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Beiersdorf H, Wolfart R (1974) Sedimentologische-biostratigraphische Untersuchungen an Sediment aus dem Zentralen Pazifischen Ozean. Meerestechnik 5:192–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Bignell RD (1975) Timing, distribution and origin of submarine mineralization in the Red Sea. Trans Inst Min Metal B-84:B1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Bignell RD (1978) Genesis of the Red Sea metalliferous sediments. Mar Min 1 (3):209–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff JL (1969) Red Sea geothermal brine deposit: their mineralogy, chemistry and genesis. In: Degeus ET, Ross DA (eds) Hot brines and recent heavy metal deposits in the Red Sea. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 368–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff JL, Manheim FT (1969) Economic potential of Red Sea heavy metal deposits. In: Degens ET, Ross DA (eds) Hot brines and recent heavy metal deposits in the Red Sea. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 535–541

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff JL, Sayles FL (1972) Pore fluid and mineralogical studies of Recent marine sediments: Bauer Depression region of East Pacific Rise. J Sediment Petrol 42:711–724

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström K, Fisher DE (1971) Volcanogenic uranium, vanadium and iron in Indian Ocean sediments. Earth Planet Sci Lett 11:95–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruneau L, Jerlov NG, Koezy F (1953) Physical and chemical methods. In: Rep Swedish Deep Sea Expedition 3:99

    Google Scholar 

  • Cann JR (1969) Spilites from the Carlsberg Ridge, Indian Ocean. J Petrol 10:1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Cann JR, Winter CK, Pritchard RG (1977) A hydrothermal deposit from the floor of the Gulf of Aden. Mine Mag 41:193–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman RG (1984) The Red Sea — a small ocean basin formed by continental extension and seafloor spreading. 27th Int Geol Cong, Moscow, pp 21–22 (abstr)

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig H (1969) Geochemistry and origin of the Red Sea brines. In: Degens ET, Ross DA (eds) Hot brines and recent heavy metal deposits in the Red Sea. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 208–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronan DS, Thompson B (1978) Regional geochemical reconnaissance survey for submarine metalliferous sediments in the southwestern Pacific Ocean — a preliminary note. Trans Inst Miner Metall 87B:87–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis TA, Luyendyk BP et al. (1974) Initial Report of the DSDP, vol 26, p 1129

    Google Scholar 

  • Degens ED, Ross DA (1976) Strata bound metalliferous deposits found in or near active ridge. In: Wolfe KH (ed) Handbook of stratabound and stratiform ore deposits, vol 4, pp 165–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich G, Krause G (1969) The observations of the vertical structure of hot salty water by RV Metor. In: Degens ET, Ross DA (eds) Hot brines and recent heavy metal deposits in the Red Sea. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 810–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitriev L, Barsukov V, Udintsev G (1971) Rift zones of the oceans and the problem of ore formation. Int Assoc Genesis Ore Deposits. Soc Miner Geol Jpn Spl ISS W 3:65–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RL, Bunce ET et al. (1974) Initial reports of the DSDP, vol 24, 1183 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Heye D (1976) Beziehungen zwischen der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit von Manganknollen und ihrer Wertmetallführung. Interocean 1:56–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffert M, Perseil A, Hekinian R, Choukroune P, Needham HD, Francheteau J, La Pichon V (1978) Hydrothermal deposits sampled by diving saucer in transform fault “A” near 37°N in the mid-Atlantic Ridge. FAMOUS area. Oceanol Acta 1:73–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundlach H, Marchig V (1982) Ocean floor Metalliferous Sediments — two possibilities for genesis. In: Amstutz GC et al. (eds) Ore genesis — the state of the art. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 200–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundlach H, Marchig V, Schnier C (1979) Woher stammen die Metalle in den Manganknollen? Proc Mar Rohstoffgewinnung, vol 7. Seminar Meerestechnik TU Clausthal/TU Berlin, pp 46–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundlach H, Marchig V, Bäcker H (1983) Neue Erzfunde im Pazifik, GEOMETEP-3. Dritte deutsche Forschungsfahrt zu aktiven Plattenrändern im Pazifik. Erzmetall 36:495–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Honnorez J (1983) Basalt-seawater exchange: a perspective from an experimental view point. In: Rona PA et al. (eds) Hydrothermal process at sea floor spreading centres. Plenum, New York, pp 169–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Ku Teh-bung, Thurber DC, Mathieu GG (1969) Radiocarbon chronology of Red Sea sediments. In: Degens ET, Ross RA (eds) Hot brines and recent heavy metal deposits in the Red Sea. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 348–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvason DD (1969) Limonological hypothesis of the origin of hot brines in the Red Sea. Nature 221:850–851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchig V (1978) Brown clays from the Central Pacific — metalliferous sediments or not? Geol Jahrb D30:3–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchig V, Gundlach H, Möller P, Schley F (1982) Some geochemical indicators for discrimination between diagenetic and hydrothermal metalliferous sediments. Mar Geol 50:241–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchig V, Gundlach H, Bäcker H (1984) Geochemical indication in deep-sea sediments for hydrothermal discharge. Mar Geol 56:319–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer (1977) Untersuchungen an Sedimentkernen aus dem zentralen Pazifik, S. von Hawaii von der Valdivia-Fahrt Va 13/1 BMFT. Rorsch Bei M-77–08, 44 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur JM, Elderfield H (1977) Metal accumulation rates in sediments from mid Indian Ridge and Marie Celeste Fracture Zone. Nature 266:437–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie DP, Davies D, Molnar P (1970) Plate tectonics of the Red Sea and East Africa. Nature 226:243–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller AR (1964) Highest salinity in the world ocean? Nature 203:590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller AR, Deusmore CD, Degeus ET, Hathway JC, Manheim HT, FarlinMc PF, Pocklington R, Jokela A (1966) Hot brines and Recent iron deposits in deep and Red Sea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 30:341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann AC, Densmore D (1959) Oceanographie data from the Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean. Atlantis cruise 242, Woods Hole Océanographie Institute, vol 60 (unpubl report)

    Google Scholar 

  • Plüger WL, Friedrich G (1983) Marine mineralische Rohstoffe. Alma Mater Aquensis, Aachen, Technische Hochschule, vol 20, pp 109–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimm CA (1974) Mineralization and trace dement variation in deep sea pelagic sediments of the Wharton Basin, Indian Ocean. In: Initial report of the DSDP, vol 22, pp 469–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Rona PA (1984) Hydrothermal mineralization at seafloor spreading centers. Earth Sci Rep 20:1–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rona PA (1984a) Hydrothermal mineralization at slow spreading ridges in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. 27th Int Geol Cong Moscow, vol 3, pp 69–68 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rona PA (1985) Hydrothermal mineralization at slow-spreading centres: Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean. Mar Min 5(2): 117–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Rona PA, Boström K, Laubier L, Smith KL Jur (1983) Hydrothermal process at seafloor spreading centres, vol 14. Plenum, New York, 796 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Roonwal GS (1984) Metallogeny in the Indian Ocean. In: Int Conf Indian Ocean Studies, Perth, (ICIOs II) Resources environment and economic development, 1–7 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross SJ (1972) Red Sea hot brine area — revisited. Science 175:1455–1457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross DA, Schlee J (1973) Shallow structure and geologic development of the Red Sea. Bull Geol Soc Am 84:3827–3848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross DA, Whitmarsh R, Ali SA, Boudreaux JE, Coleman R, Fleisher RL, Girdler R, Manheim F, Matter A, Nigrini C, Stoffers P, Supko PR (1973) Red Sea drillings. Science 179:377–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rozanova TV, Baturin GH (1971) Hydrothermal ore shows on the floor of the Indian Ocean. Oceanology 11:874–879

    Google Scholar 

  • Seyfried WE Jr, Mottl M J (1982) Hydrothermal alteration of basalt by seawater-dominated conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46:985–1002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seyfried WE Jr, Mottl M J, Bischoff JL (1978) Seawater basalt ratio effects on the chemistry and mineralogy of spilites from the ocean floor. Nature 275:211–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson ESW, Schlich R et al. (1974) Initial reports of the DSDP, vol 25, p 1184

    Google Scholar 

  • Tufar W, Gundlach H, Marchig V (1984) Zur Erzparagenese rezenter Sulfidvorkommen aus dem südlichen Pazifik. Mitt Österr Geol Ges 77:185–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Udintsev GB, Dimitriev LV (1970) The ultrabasic rocks of the ocean floor. In: Maxwell AE (ed) The sea, vol 4. Wiley, NY, pp 521–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Veevers JJ, Heirtzler JR et al. (1974) Initial reports of DSDP, vol 27, p 1060

    Google Scholar 

  • Von der Borch CC, Sclater JG et al. (1974) Initial report of the DSDP, vol 22, 890 pp

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, University of Delhi, 110007, Delhi, India

    Dr. Ganpat Singh Roonwal

Authors
  1. Dr. Ganpat Singh Roonwal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roonwal, G.S. (1986). Metalliferous Sediments and Hydrothermal Ores. In: The Indian Ocean: Exploitable Mineral and Petroleum Resources. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95501-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95501-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-95503-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-95501-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation