Abstract
Laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration is performed when transcystic duct extraction is not appropriate or has failed. The current indications for laparoscopic direct CBD exploration are:
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1.
Failed transcystic extraction if CBD diameter is > 8 mm.
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2.
Large single or multiple stones (>1.0 cm), providing the load is not excessive (see below).
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3.
Unsuccessful attempts at endoscopic stone extraction for large/occluding stones.
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4.
Intrahepatic stones, which are inaccessible via a transcystic approach.
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Selected References
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© 1999 Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons
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Cuschieri, A., Kimber, C. (1999). Common Bile Duct Exploration via Laparoscopic Choledochotomy. In: Scott-Conner, C.E.H. (eds) The SAGES Manual. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88454-2_22
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88454-2_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-66330-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-88454-2
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