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Synergetics pp 229–274Cite as

Physical Systems

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Part of the book series: Springer Series in Synergetics ((SSSYN,volume 1))

Abstract

The laser is nowadays one of the best understood many-body problems. It is a system far from thermal equilibrium and it allows us to study cooperative effects in great detail. We take as an example the solid-state laser which consists of a set of laser-active atoms embedded in a solid state matrix (cf. Fig. 1.9). As usual, we assume that the laser end faces act as mirrors serving two purposes: They select modes in axial direction and with discrete cavity frequencies. In our model we shall treat atoms with two energy levels. In thermal equilibrium the levels are occupied according to the Boltzmann distribution function. By exciting the atoms, we create an inverted population which may be described by a negative temperature. The excited atoms now start to emit light which is eventually absorbed by the surroundings, whose temperature is much smaller than ℏω/k B (where ω is the light frequency of the atomic transition and k B is Boltzmann’s constant) so that we may put this temperature ≈ 0. From a thermodynamic point of view the laser is a system (composed of the atoms and the field) which is coupled to reservoirs at different temperatures. Thus the laser is a system far from thermal equilibrium.

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References

Physical Systems

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57/IV, D-7000, Stuttgart 80, Fed. Rep. of Germany

    Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hermann Haken

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  1. Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hermann Haken
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© 1983 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Haken, H. (1983). Physical Systems. In: Synergetics. Springer Series in Synergetics, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88338-5_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88338-5_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-88340-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-88338-5

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