Skip to main content

Experimental and Fossil Evidence for the Evolution of Tetrapod Bioenergetics

  • Chapter
Book cover Perspectives of Biophysical Ecology

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 12))

Abstract

Tetrapod evolution is the story of the interaction of individuals and populations with their primary producers, competitors, prey, and predators, all armed with various levels of metabolism and thermoregulatory mechanisms, within the environmental context of continents constantly fragmenting and coalescing as lithospheric plates rift, collide, or glide past one another, throwing up mountain ranges and continually changing the pattern of continental climates. The fossil record gives direct evidence of bioenergetic strategies in extinct organisms: functional morphology can identify adaptations for respiration, locomotor activity, and food processing; community paleoecology can interpret predator—prey ratios as gauges of the rate of energy consumption by the predators. Climate also leaves its mark in the rocks: cycles of wind, rainfall, and temperature govern the texture and geometry of sediments, the oxidation state of iron compounds, and the character of clay minerals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, C. E., Whitford, W. G.: 1968. Energy requirements of Uta stansburiana. Copeia 1968, 678–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amalitzky, V.: 1922. Diagnoses of new forms of vertebrates and plants from the Upper Permian on the North Dvina. Izv. Rosskiskoy Akad. Nauk 1922, 329–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asplund, K. K.: 1970. Metabolic scope and body temperatures of whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus). Herpetologica 26, 403–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auffenberg, W.: 1970. A day with no. 19—report on a study of the Komodo monitor. Animal Kingdom 1970(6), 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery, R. A.: 1971. Estimates of food consumption by the lizard Lacerta vivipara Jacquin. J. Animal Ecol. 40, 351–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, R. T.: 1971. Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals. Evolution 25, 636–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, R. T.: 1972a. Anatomical and ecological evidence of endothermy in dinosaurs. Nature 238, 81–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, R. T.: 1972b. Locomotor energetics of lizards and mammals compared. Physiologist 15, 278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, R. T., Galton, P. G.: 1974. Dinosaur monophyly and a new class of vertebrates. Nature 248: 168–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandy, O.: 1967. Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera zonation. Micropaleontology 13, 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, G. A., Tucker, V. A.: 1963. Control of changes in body temperature, metabolism, and circulation by the agamid lizard Amphibolurus barbatus. Physiol. Zool. 36, 199–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, G. A., Tucker, V. A., Tucker, V. A.: 1964. Size, body temperature, thermal conductance, oxygen consumption, and heart rate in Australian varanid lizards. Physiol. Zool. 37, 341–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, G. A., Tucker, V. A., Tucker, V. A., Tucker, V. A., Lee, A. K.: 1965. Oxygen consumption, thermal conductance, and heart rate in the Australian skink, Tiliqua scincoides. Copeia 1965, 169–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belkin, D. A.: 1961. The running speeds of the lizards Dipsosaurus dorsalis and Callisaurus draconoides. Copeia 1961, 223–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, A. F., Licht, P.: 1972. Anerobic metabolism during activity in lizards. J. Comp. Physiol. 81, 277–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, W. F.: 1960. The rusty lizard. Austin, Tex.: Univ. Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, S.: 1945. Bioenergetics and growth. New York: Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, F. G., Teal, J. M.: 1966. Heat conservation in tuna fish muscle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 56, 1464–1469.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, F. G., Teal, J. M., Teal, J. M.: 1969. Mako and porbeagle: warm-bodied sharks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28, 199–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, R. L.: 1969. Problems of the origin of reptiles. Biol. Rev. 44, 393–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Case, E. C.: 1926. Environment of tetrapod life in the Late Paleozoic of regions other than North America. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 375, 1–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerretelli, P., Piiper, J., Mangili, F., Ricci, B.: 1964. Aerobic and anerobic metabolism in exercising dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 19, 25–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Currey, J. D.: 1962. The histology of the bone of a prosauropod dinosaur. Palaeontog. 5, 238–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, T. J.: 1972. Primitive mammals and patterns in the evolution of thermo-regulation. In Essays on temperature regulation (ed. J. Bligh, R. E. Moore), pp. 1–18. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, T. J.: 1973. “Primitive” mammals. In Comparative physiology of temperature regulation (ed. G. Whittow), pp. 1–46, vol. III. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denison, R. H.: 1956. A review of the habitat of the earliest vertebrates. Fieldiana Geol. 11, 359–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drysdale, A. R., Kitching, J. W.: 1963. A reexamination of the Karroo succession and fossil localities of part of the Upper Luangwa Valley. Geol. Surv. No. Rhod. Mem. 1, 1–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, I. S., Ismail-Beigi, F.: 1971. Role of ion transport in thyroid calorigenesis. In Bioenergetics (ed. R. E. Smith), pp. 67–70, Fed. Am. Soc. Expt. Biol. Dublin: Trinity College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enlow, D. H. Brown, S. O.: 1957. A comparative histological study of fossil and Recent bone tissues, Part II. Texas J. Sci. 9, 186–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enlow, D. H., Brown, S. O., Brown, S. O.: 1958. A comparative histological study of fossil and Recent bone tissues, Part III. Texas J. Sci. 10, 405–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadak, M. A., Pinshow, B., Schmidt-Nielsen, K.: 1973. Energy cost of bipedal running. Federation Proc. 422, 1127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, M. R.: 1971. Population characteristics of musk oxen in the Jones Sound region of the Northwest Territories. J. Wildlife Management 35, 103–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, N. R., McBride, R., Detmer, J.: 1965. Fertility and population density of the black-tailed jack rabbit. J. Wildlife Management 29, 10–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gans, C.: 1970. Strategy and sequence in the evolution of the external gas exchangers of ectothermal vertebrates. Forma et Functio 3, 61–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goddard, J.: 1967. Home range, behavior, and recruitment rates of two black rhinoceros populations. E. African Wildlife J. 5, 133–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golley, F. B.: 1968. Secondary productivity in terrestrial communities. Am. Zool. 8, 53–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanks, J., Macintosh, J.: 1972. Population dynamics of the African elephant (Loxon-donta africana). J. Zool. 168. 29–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemmingsen, A. M.: 1960. Energy metabolism as related to body size and respiratory surfaces, and its evolution. Rept. Steno Mem. Hosp. Nord. Insulin Lab. 9, 1–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, L. G., Schnell, G. D., Echelle, A. A.: 1973. Effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations on locomotory reactions of the spotted gar. Copeia 1973, 119–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howell, A. B.: 1944. Speed in animals. New York: Hafner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huene, F. F. V.: 1942. Die anomodontier des Ruhuhu-Gebietes in der Tübinger Sammlung. Palaeontogr. 94, 219–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huene, F. F. V.: 1950. Die theriodontier des Ostafrikanischen Ruhuhu-Gebietes in der Tübinger Sammlung. Neuen Jahr. Geol. Pal. 92, 47–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison, V. H., Dowling, H. G., Vinegar, A.: 1966. Thermoregulation in a female brooding python, Python moluris bivittatus. Science 151, 694–695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inger, R. F.: 1959. Temperature responses and ecological relations of two Borean lizards. Ecology 40, 127–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jansky, L.: 1965. Adaptability of heat production mechanisms in homeotherms. Acta Univ. Carolinae Biol. 1, 1–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansky, L.: 1973. Non-shivering thermogenesis and its thermoregulatory significance. Biol. Rev. 48, 85–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, P. A., Botkin, D. B.: 1971. Biomass dynamics in a moose population. Ecology 52, 147–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keul, J., Doll, E., Keppler, D.: 1972. Energy metabolism of human muscle. Baltimore, Md.: Univ. Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitchell, J. F., Windeil, J. T.: 1972. Energy budget for the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Physiol. Zool. 45, 178–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitching, J.: 1971. Fossil localities of the Beaufort Succession. Johannesburg: Univ. Witwatersrand. M.Sc. thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiber, M.: 1961. The fire of life. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krassilov, V. A.: 1973. Climatic changes in Eastern Asia as indicated by fossil floras. I. Early Cretaceous. Palaeog. Palaeocl. Palaeoec. 13, 261–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Layne, J. N., Benton, A. H.: 1954. Some speeds of small mammals. J. Mamm. 35, 103–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNab, B. K.: 1963. A model of the energy budget of a wild mouse. Ecology 44, 521–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margaria, R.: 1972. The sources of muscular energy. Sci. Am. 226, 84–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margaria, R., Cerretelli, P., Aghemo, P., Sassi, G.: 1963. Energy cost of running. J. Appl. Physiol. 18, 367–370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthew, W. D.: 1937. Paleocene faunas of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 30, 1–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moberly, W. R.: 1968. The metabolic responses of the common iguana, Iguana iguana, to activity under restraint. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 27, 1–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulder, B. C., Reichle, D. E.: 1972. Significance of spider predation in the energy dynamics of forest-floor arthropod communities. Ecol. Monogr. 42, 473–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moy-Thomas, J. A., Miles, R. S.: 1971. Palaeozoic fishes. Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mrosovsky, N., Pritchard, P. C. H.: 1971. Body temperatures of Dermochelys eoriaeea and other sea turtles. Copeia 1971, 624–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, J. A.: 1955. The natural history of North American amphibians and reptiles. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, E. C.: 1962. Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 52, 3–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, E. C.: 1966. Community evolution and the origin of mammals. Ecology 47, 291–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, E. C., Vaughn, P. P.: 1970. The changes of terrestrial vertebrates and climates during the Permian of North America. Forma et Functio 3, 113–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organ, J. A.: 1961. Studies of the population dynamics of the salamander genus Desmognathus in Virginia. Ecol. Monogr. 31, 189–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, J. H.: 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation. Bull. Peabody Museum Nat. Hist. 35, 1–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panchen, A. L.: 1973. Carboniferous tetrapods. In Atlas of palaeobiogeography (ed. A. Hallam), pp. 117–125. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasquis, P., Lacaisse, A., Dejours, P.: 1970. Maximal oxygen uptake in four species of small mammals. Respirat. Physiol. 9, 298–309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peabody, F. E.: 1958. A Kansas drought recorded in growth zones of a bullsnake. Copeia 1958, 91–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peabody, F. E.: 1961. Annual growth zones in living and fossil vertebrates. J. Morph. 108, 11–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pravoslavev, P. A.: 1927a. Gorgonopsidae. North Dvina Excav. Prof. V. P. Amalitzky III, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R (Leningrad), 1–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pravoslavev, P. A.: 1927b. Gorgonopsids from the North Divina River excavations 1923. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R (Leningrad), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rausch, R. L.: 1961. Notes on the black bear Ursus amerieanus Pallas in Alaska, with particular reference to detention and growth. Z. Saugetierk. 26, 77–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricqles, A.: 1969a. L’histologie osseuse envisagée comme indicateur de la Physiologie thermique chez Ies tétrapodes fossiles. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 268, 782–785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricqles, A.: 1969b. Recherches paléohistologiques sur Ies os longs des tetrapodes. II. Quelques observations sur la structure des os longs des thériodontes. Ann. de Paléon. 55, 1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, P. L.: 1973. Palaeoclimatology and Continental Drift. In Implications of Continental Drift to the Earth Sciences (ed. D. Tarling and S. Runcorn), pp. 451–476. London, Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romer, A. S.: 1966. Vertebrate paleontology. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romer, A. S.: 1972. Skin breathing—primary or secondary? Respirat. Physiol. 14, 183–192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. A.: 1971. The disappearance of the dinosaurs. Can. Geograph. J. 83, 204–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. A.: 1973. Theenvironments of Canadian dinosaurs. Can. Geograph. J. 87, 4–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, G. B.: 1972. The serengeti lion. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Nielsen, K.: 1972. How animals work. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, G. B., Dawson, T. J., Crawford, E. C.: 1966. Temperature regulation in the Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). J. Cellular Physiol. 67, 63–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, R. E.: 1969. Cretaceous and Paleocene terrestrial communities of Western North America. Proc. N. Am. Paleont. Con. (E), 427–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, R. C.: 1956. Adaptations for bipedal locomotion of lizards. Copeia 1956, 191–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spotila, J. R., Lommen, P. W., Bakken, G. S., Gates, D. M.: 1973. A mathematical model for body temperatures of large reptiles: implications for dinosaur ecology. Am. Naturalist 107, 391–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. R., Rowntree, V. J.: 1973a. Running on two or four legs: which consumes more energy? Science 179, 186–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. R., Rowntree, V. J., Rowntree, V. J.: 1973b. Temperature regulation and heat balance in running cheetahs: a strategy for sprinters? Am. J. Physiol. 224, 848–851.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. R., Rowntree, V. J., Rowntree, V. J., Schmidt-Nielsen, K., Raab, J. L.: 1970. Scaling of energetic cost of running to body size in mammals. Am. J. Physiol. 219, 1104–1107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. R., Rowntree, V. J., Rowntree, V. J., Schmidt-Nielsen, K., Raab, J. L., Dmi’el, R., Fadak, M., Schmidt-Nielsen, K.: 1971. Energetic cost of running in a large bird, the rhea. Am. J. Physiol. 221, 597–601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. R., Rowntree, V. J., Rowntree, V. J., Schmidt-Nielsen, K., Raab, J. L., Dmi’el, R., Fadak, M., Schmidt-Nielsen, K., Caldwell, S. C., Rowntree, V. J.: 1972. Running up and down hills, some consequences of size. Science 178, 1096–1097.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K. S.: 1969. The biology of the lobe-finned fishes. Biol. Rev. 44, 91–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Throckmorton, G.: 1973. Digestive efficiency in the herbivorous lizard Ctenosaura pectinata. Copeia 1973, 431–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinkle, D. W.: 1967. The life and demography of the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana. Misc. Publ. Museum Zool. Univ. Michigan 132, 1–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, V. A.: 1966. Oxygen consumption of a flying bird. Science 154, 150–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vachrameev, V. A.: 1972. Mesozoic floras of the Southern Hemisphere and their relationship to the floras of the northern continents. Paleont. Zhurnal 3, 146–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hook, R. I: 1971. Energy and nutrient dynamics of spider and orthopteran populations in a grassland ecosystem. Ecol. Monogr. 41, 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varley, G. C.: 1970. The concept of energy flow applied to a woodland community. In Animal populations in relation to their food resources (ed. A. Watson), pp. 389–406. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagener, F.: 1970. Ecosystem concepts in fish and game management. In Ecosystem concepts in natural resource management (ed. E. Van Dyne), pp. 283–290. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, E. P.: 1968. Mammals of the world. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunder, B.: 1970. Energetics of running activity in Merriam’s chipmunk Eutamias merriami. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 33, 821–836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zweifel, R. G., Lowe, C. H.: 1966. The ecology of a population of Xantusia vigilis, the desert night lizard. Novitates 2247, 1–57

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bakker, R.T. (1975). Experimental and Fossil Evidence for the Evolution of Tetrapod Bioenergetics. In: Gates, D.M., Schmerl, R.B. (eds) Perspectives of Biophysical Ecology. Ecological Studies, vol 12. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87810-7_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87810-7_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-87812-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-87810-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics