Skip to main content

The Application of Sex Allocation Theory to Heterostylous Plants

  • Chapter
Evolution and Function of Heterostyly

Part of the book series: Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics ((GENETICS,volume 15))

Abstract

Sex allocation theory predicts the evolutionarily stable sex ratio in dioecious species, the allocation of resources to male vs. female function in simultaneous hermaphrodites, and the time and order of sex change in sequential hermaphrodites (Charnov 1982). In all of these problems, phenotypic fitness is frequency-dependent, and the equilibrium proportion of phenotypes, the evolutionarily stable strategy (Maynard Smith 1982), often satisfies a certain optimality principle (Charnov 1979, 1982, 1987; Charnov and Bull 1986). Casper and Charnov (1982) and Taylor (1984) applied sex allocation theory to heterostylous plants. Because heterostylous populations consist of two or three hermaphroditic (style length) morphs, there are two sex allocation problems in this system — the optimal allocation to pollen and seed production in each morph and the equilibrium morph ratio.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bahadur B (1963) Heterostylism in Oldenlandia umbellata L. J Genet 58:429–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahadur B (1966) Heterostyly in Oldenlandia scopulorum Bull. J Genet 59:267–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahadur B (1970) Heterostyly in Hedyotis nigricans (Lam.) Fosb. J Genet 60:175–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker HG (1958) Studies in the reproductive biology of West African Rubiaceae. J West Afr Sci Assoc 4:9–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker HG (1975) Sporophyte-gametophyte interactions in Linum and other genera with hetero-morphic self-incompatibility. In: Mulcahy DL (ed) Gamete competition in plants and animals. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 191–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett SCH (1980) Dimorphic incompatibility and gender in Nymphoides indica (Menyanthaceae). Can J Bot 58:1938–1942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett SCH, Price SD, Shore JS (1983) Male fertility and anisoplethic population structure in tristylous Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae). Evolution 37:745–759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett SCH, Morgan MT, Husband BC (1989) The dissolution of a complex genetic polymorphism: the evolution of self-fertilization in tristylous Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae). Evolution 43:1398–1416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beach JH, Bawa KS (1980) Role of pollinators in the evolution of dioecy from distyly. Evolution 34:1138–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bulmer MG, Taylor PD (1980) Dispersal and the sex ratio. Nature (Lond) 284:448–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casper BB, Charnov EL (1982) Sex allocation in heterostylous plants. J Theor Biol 96:143–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casper BB, Sayigh LS, Lee SS (1988) Demonstration of cryptic incompatibility in distylous Amsinckia douglasiana. Evolution 42:248–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth D (1979) The evolution and breakdown of tristyly. Evolution 33:486–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth D (1989) Allocation to male and female function in hermaphrodites, in sexually polymorphic populations. J Theor Biol 139:327–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charnov EL (1975) Sex ratio selection in an age-structured population. Evolution 29:366–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charnov EL (1979) Simultaneous hermaphroditism and sexual selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:2480–2484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charnov EL (1982) The theory of sex allocation. Princeton Univ Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Charnov EL (1987) On sex allocation and selfing in higher plants. Evol Ecol 1:30–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charnov EL, Bull JJ (1986) Sex allocation, pollinator attraction and fruit dispersal in cosexual plants. J Theor Biol 118:321–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charnov EL, Maynard Smith J, Bull JJ (1976) Why be an hermaphrodite? Nature (Lond) 263:125–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark AB (1978) Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate. Science 201:163–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C (1877) The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. Univ Chicago Press (1986), Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dowrick VPJ (1956) Heterostyly and homostyly in Primula obconica. Heredity 10:219–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finney DJ (1952) The equilibrium of a self-incompatible polymorphic species. Genetica 26:33–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RA (1930) The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RA (1941) The theoretical consequences of polyploid inheritance for the mid style form of Lythrum salicaria. Ann Eugenics 11:31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RA (1944) Allowance for double reduction in the calculation of genotype frequencies with polysomic inheritance. Ann Eugenics 12:169–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganders FR (1976) Pollen flow in distylous populations of Amsinckia (Boraginaceae). Can J Bot 54:2530–2535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganders FR (1979) The biology of heterostyly. NZ J Bot 217:607–635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman DA, Willson MF (1986) Sex allocation in functionally hermaphroditic plants: a review and critique. Bot Rev 52:157–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haldane JBS (1936) Some natural populations of Lythrum salicaria. J Genet 32:393–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halkka O, Halkka L (1974) Polymorphic balance in small island populations of Lythrum salicaria. Ann Bot Fenn 11:267–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton WD (1967) Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156:477–488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuch I (1979a) Equilibrium populations of heterostylous plants. Theor Popul Biol 15:43–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heuch I (1979b) The effect of partial self-fertilization on type frequencies in heterostylous plants. Ann Bot 44:611–616

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuch I, Lie RT (1985) Genotype frequencies associated with incompatibility systems in tristylous plants. Theor Popul Biol 27:318–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks DJ, Wyatt R, Meagher TR (1985) Reproductive biology of distylous partridgeberry, Mitchella repens. Am J Bot 72:1503–1514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horovitz A (1978) Is the hermaphrodite flowering plant equisexual? Am J Bot 65:485–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohn JR, Barrett SCH (1992) Experimental studies on the functional significance of heterostyly. Evolution (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lack AJ, Kevan PG (1987) The reproductive biology of a distylous tree, Sarcotheca celebica (Oxalidaceae) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Bot J Linn Soc 95:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh EG (1970) Sex ratio and differential mortality between the sexes. Am Nat 104:205–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin DA (1968) The breeding system of Lithospermitm caroliniense: adaptation and counteradap-tion. Am Nat 102:427–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin DA (1972) Plant density, cleistogamy, and self-fertilization in natural populations of Lithospermum caroliniense. Am J Bot 59:71–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin DA (1974) Spatial segregation of pins and thrums in populations of Hedyotis nigricans. Evolution 28:648–655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd DG (1977) Genetic and phenotypic models of natural selection. J Theor Biol 69:543–560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd DG (1979) Evolution towards dioecy in heterostylous populations. Plant Syst Evoi 131:71–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mather K, De Winton D (1941) Adaptation and counter-adaptation of the breeding system in Primula. Ann Bot 18:297–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard Smith J (1978) The evolution of sex. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard Smith J (1982) Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan MT, Barrett SCH (1988) Historical factors and anisoplethic population structure in tristylous Pontederia cordata: a reassessment. Evolution 42:496–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muenchow GE, Grebus M (1989) The evolution of dioecy from distyly: reevaluation of the hypothesis of the loss of long-tongued pollinators. Am Nat 133:149–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulcahy DL (1964) The reproductive biology of Oxalis priceae. Am J Bot 51:1045–1050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls MS (1986) Population composition, gender specialization, and the adaptive significance of distyly in Linum pcrenne (Linaceae). New Phytol 102:209–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls MS (1987) Pollen flow, self-pollination and gender specialization: factors affecting seed-set in the tristylous species Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). Plant Syst Evol 156:151–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opler PA, Baker HG, Frankie GW (1975) Reproductive biology of some Costa Rican Cordia species (Boraginaceae). Biotropica 7:234–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ornduff R (1966) The breeding system of Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae). Bull Torrey Bot Club 93:407–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ornduff R (1980) Heterostyly, population composition, and pollen flow in Hedyotis caerulea. Am J Bot 67:95–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ornduff R (1982) Heterostyly and incompatibility in Villarsia capitata (Menyanthaceae). Taxon 31:495–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ornduff R (1986) Comparative fecundity and population composition of heterostylous and non-heterostylous species of Villarsia (Menyanthaceae) in western Australia. Am J Bot 73:282–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price SD, Barrett SCH (1982) Tristyiy in Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae). Can J Bot 60:897–905

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray PM, Chisaki HF (1957) Studies on Amsinckia. I. A synopsis of the genus, with a study of heterostyly in it. Am J Bot 44:529–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riveros M, Arroyo MTK, Humana AM (1987) An unusual kind of distyly in Quinchamalium chilense (Santalaceae) on Volcan Casablanca, Southern Chile. Am J Bot 74:313–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoch-Bodmer H (1938) The proportion of long-, mid-, and short-styled plants in natural populations of Lythrum salicaria L. J Genet 36:39–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw RF, Mohler JD (1953) The selective advantage of the sex ratio. Am Nat 87:337–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow AA (1986) Pollination dynamics in Epilobium canum (Onagraceae): consequences for gametophytic selection. Am J Bot 73:139–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sobrevila C, Ramirez N, de Enrech NX (1983) Reproductive biology of Palicourea fendleri and P. petiolaris (Rubiaceae), heterostylous shrubs of a tropical cloud forest in Venezuela. Biotropica 15:161–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spieth PT (1971) A necessary condition for equilibrium in systems exhibiting self-incompatible mating. Theor Popul Biol 2:404–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton ML, Preston RE, Snow AA, Handel SN (1986) Floral evolution: attractiveness to pollinators influences male fitness. Science 232:1625–1627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taha HA (1971) Operations research. MacMillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor PD (1984) Evolutionary stable reproductive allocations in heterostylous plants. Evolution 38:408–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler SG (1981a) Pollination biology of heteromorphic populations of Oxalis alpina (Rose) Knuth (Oxalidaceae) in southeastern Arizona. Bot J Linn Soc 83:189–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Weller SG (1981b) Fecundity in populations of Oxalis alpina in southeastern Arizona. Evolution 35:197–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler SG (1986) Factors influencing frequency of the mid-styled morph in tristylous populations of Oxalis alpina. Evolution 40:279–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler SG, Ornduff R (1977) Cryptic self-incompatibility in Amsinckia grandiflora. Evolution 31:47–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werren JH (1980) Sex ratio adaptations to local mate competition in a parasitic wasp. Science 208:1157–1159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willson MF (1979) Sexual selection in plants. Am Nat 113:777–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt R (1983) Pollinator-plant interactions and the evolution of breeding systems. In: Real L (ed) Pollination biology. Academic Press, Orlando

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Casper, B.B. (1992). The Application of Sex Allocation Theory to Heterostylous Plants. In: Barrett, S.C.H. (eds) Evolution and Function of Heterostyly. Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86656-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86656-2_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-86658-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-86656-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics