Abstract
We have considered already the equivocal relationship between the occurrence of CVD and sex or race. The very striking effects of age upon its frequency (except for SAH) have also been noted, and stroke in young adults would best seem to represent the tail expected in any frequency distribution. We might now inquire into those factors which have been claimed to be causative or precipitating in CVD. This necessarily entails speaking to the point of the associated disorders themselves, at least in sketchy outline. Only disorders recently considered related entities will be under review. Older claims, such as an inverse relationship of CVD and CA, especially in women, seem not to have attracted the interest of current workers.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Reference
Berkson, D. M., and J. Stamler: Epidemiological findings on cerebrovascular diseases and their implications. J. Atheroscler. Res. 5, 189-202 (1965).
Bradshaw, P., and P. Mc Quaid: The syndrome of vertebro-basilar insufficiency. Quart. J. Med. 32, 279-296 (1963).
David, N. J., and A. Heyman: Factors influencing the prognosis of cerebral thrombosis and infarction due to atherosclerosis. J. chron. Dis. 11, 394-404 (1960).
Giel, R.: Notes on the epidemiology of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhages. Psychiat. Neurol. Neurochir. 68, 265-271 (1965).
Jörgensen, L., and A. Torvik: Ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases in an autopsy series. Part 1. Prevalence, location and predisposing factors in verified thrombo-embolic occlusions, and their significance in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction. J. neurol. Sci. 3, 490-509 (1966).
Marshall,J; Hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 56, 486 487 (1963).
Meyer, J. S.: The neurological examination, diagnosis, and prevention of strokes. In: Deforest, R. E.: Proceedings of the National Stroke Congress, pp. 65-70. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas 1966.
Millikan, C. H.: (1) Diagnosis of the stroke-prone patient. In: Deforest, R. E.: Proceedings of the National Stroke Congress, pp. 44-49. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas 1966. 246.
Ostfeld, A. M.: Are strokes preventable ? Med. Clin. N. Amer. 51, 105-111 (1967).
Paffenbarger, R. S., R. N. Milling, N. D. POE, and J. L. Williams: (1) Chronic disease in former college students. V. Early precursors of fatal stroke. J. chron. Dis. 57, 1290-1299 (1967).
Paffenbarger, R. S., R. N. Milling, N. D. Poe, and A. L. Wing: (2) Characteristics in youth predisposing to fatal stroke in later years. Lancet 1967 I, 753-754.
Reuter, J. P.: Disponierende and auslösende Faktoren in der Pathogenese and Ätiologie des Schlaganfalls. Dtsch. med. J. 15, 77-98 (1964).
Stallones, R. A.: Epidemiology of cerebrovascular disease. A review. J. chron. Dis. 18, 859-872 (1965).
Stallones, R. A.: Prospective epidemiologic studies of cerebrovascular disease. Publ. Hlth Monogr. 76, 51-55 (1966).
Wells, C. E.: Cerebral embolism: the natural history, prognostic signs, and effects of anticoagulation. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 81, 667-677 (1959).
Acheson, R. M.: Mortality from cerebrovascular accidents and hypertension in the Republic of Ireland. Brit. J. prey. soc. Med. 14,139-147 (1960).
Acheson, R. M. The etiology of coronary heart disease: a review from the epidemiological standpoint. Yale J. Biol. Med. 35,143-170 (1962).
Adams, G. F.: Prospects for patients with strokes, with special reference to the hypertensive hemiplegic. Brit. med. J. 1965 II, 253-259.
Aurell, M., and B. Hood: Cerebral hemorrhage in a population after a decade of active antihypertensive treatment. Acta med. scand. 176, 377-383 (1964).
Balow, J., M. Alter, and J. A. Resch: Cerebral thromboembolism. A clinical appraisal of 100 cases. Neurology 16, 559-564 (1966).
Commission on Chronic Illness: Chronic Illness in the United States. Volume IV. Chronic Illness in a Large City. The Baltimore Study. Cambridge, Mass Harvard Univ. Press 1957.
Dustan, H. P., R. E. Schneckloth, A. C. Corcoran, and I. H. Page: The effectiveness of long-term treatment of malignant hypertension. Circulation 18, 644-651 (1958).
EditoriaL: Blood pressure and age. Brit. med. J. 1967 II, 650-651.
Geiger, H. J., and N. A. Scotch: The epidemiology of essential hypertension. A review with special attention to psychologie and sociocultural factors. I: Biologic mechanisms and descriptive epidemiology. J. chron. Dis. 16, 1151-1182 (1963).
Gifford, R. W., JR.: Hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Effect of antipressor therapy on the course and prognosis. Amer. J. Cardiol. 17, 656-662 (1966).
Hamilton, M., E. N. Thomrson, and T. K. M. Wisniewski: The role of blood-pressure control in preventing complications of hypertension. Lancet 1964 I, 235-238.
Harington, M., P. Kincaid-Smith, and J. Mcmichael: Results of treatment in malig nant hypertension. A seven-year experience in 94 cases. Brit. med. J. 1959 II, 969-980.
Howard, J.: Race differences in hypertension mortality trends. Differential drug exposure as a theory. Milbank mem. F. Quart. 43, 202-218 (1965).
Jablon, S., D. M. Angevine, Y. S. Matsumoto, and M. Isnida: On the significance of cause of death as recorded on death certificates in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 19, 445-465 (1966).
Kannel, W. B., T. R. Dawber, M. E. Cohen, and P. M. Mcnamara Vascular disease of the brain - epidemiologic aspects: the Framingham study. Amer. J. pubi. Hlth 55, 1355-1366 (1965).
Knox, G. S.: How often are we wrong ? or the epidemiology of doctor error. J. Okla. med. Ass. 57, 494-500 (1964).
Krueger, D. E.: (2) Hypertensive and chronic respiratory disease mortality: confirmation of trends by multiple cause of death data. Publ. Hlth Rep. 81, 197-198 (1966).
Kurland, L. T, N. W. Choi, and G. P. Sayre: Current status of the epidemiology of cerebrovascular diseases. In: Fields, W. S., and W. A. Spencer (Ed.): Stroke rehabilitation: Basic concepts and research trends, pp. 3-22 (1967).
Leishman, A. W. D.: Merits of reducing high blood-pressure. Lancet 1963 I, 1284-1288.
Mcdowell, F., and E. Mcdevitt, J. Potes, and S. Groch: The natural history of internal carotid and vertebral-basilar artery occlusion. Neurology (Minneap.) 11, (part 2) 153-157 (1961).
Merrett, J. D., and G. F. Adams: Comparison of mortality rates in elderly hypertensive and normotensive hemiplegic patients. Brit. med. J. 1966 II, 802-805.
Meyer, J. S., A. G. Waltz, J. W. Hess, and B. Zak: Serum lipid and cholesterol levels in cerebro-vascular disease. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 1, 303-311 (1959).
Mull, W. E., and H. G. Lovell: Relation between change of blood pressure and age. Brit. med. J. 1967 II, 660-664.
Mohler, E. R. JR., and E. D. Freis: Five-year survival of patients with malignant hypertension treated with antihypertensive agents. Amer. Heart J. 60, 329-335 (1960).
Paffenbarger, R. S., R. N. Milling, N. D. Poe, and D. E. Krueger: (1) Trends in death rates from hypertensive disease in Memphis, Tennessee, 1920-1960. J. chron. Dis. 19, 847-856 (1966).
Paul, O., and A. M. Ostfeld: Epidemiology of hypertension. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis. 8, 106-116 (1965).
Rose, G.: (1) Cardiovascular mortality among American Negroes. Arch. environm. Hlth 5, 412-414 (1962).
Rose, G.: (2) The distribution of mortality from hypertension within the United States. J. chron. Dis. 15,1017-1024 (1962).
Scotch, N. A., and H. J. Geiger: The epidemiology of essential hypertension. A review with special attention to psychologie and sociocultural factors. II: Psychologie and sociocultural factors in etiology. J. chron. Dis. 16, 1183-1213 (1963).
Smirk, H., and J. V. Hodge: Causes of death in treated hypertensive patients based on 82 deaths during 1959-1961 among an average hypertensive population at risk of 518 persons. Brit. med. J. 1963 II, 1221-1225.
Stamler, J.: Epidemiology of cerebrovascular diseases. In: DEFOREST, R. E., Proceedings of the National Stroke Congress, pp. 24-37. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas 1966.
Takahashi, E.: Et al - Epidemiological studies on hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage in North-east Japan. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 74,188-210 (1961).
Takahashi, E., N. Sasaki, J. Takeda, and H. Ito: The geographic distribution of cerebral hemorrhage and hypertension in Japan. Hum. Biol. 29, 139-166 (1957).
Thorner, R. M.: A cohort study of the blood pressure of 441 healthy white males. J. chron. Dis. 15, 117-130 (1962).
Yule, G. U., and M. G. Kendall: An introduction to the theory of statistics, 14. Ed Revised and Enlarged. London: Charles Griffin & Co., 1950.
Acheson, R. M. The etiology of coronary heart disease: a review from the epidemiological standpoint. Yale J. Biol. Med. 35,143-170 (1962).
Biörck, G.: Course and prognosis in some cardiac diseases. J. chron. Dis. 15, 9-28 (1962).
Borhani, N. 0.: Changes and geographic distribution of mortality from cerebro-vascular disease. Amer. J. Publ. Hlth 55, 673-681 (1965).
Borhani, N.0.: Magnitude of the problem of cardiovascular-renal diseases, in the President’s Commision: Report to the President. A National Program to Conquer Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke, Volume II, pp. 14-47. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Govt. Printing Office 1965.
Borhani, N. 0., H. H. Hechter, and L. Breslow: Report of a ten-year follow-up study of the San Francisco longshoremen: Mortality from coronary heart disease and from all causes. J. chron. Dis. 16,1251-1266 (1963).
Commission on Chronic Illness: Chronic Illness in the United States. Volume IV. Chronic Illness in a Large City. The Baltimore Study. Cambridge, Mass Harvard Univ. Press 1957.
Dawber, T. R., W. B. Kannel, P. M. Mcnamara, and M. E. Cohen: An epidemiologic study of apoplexy ("strokes"). Observations in 5,209 adults in the Framingham study on association of various factors in the development of apoplexy. Trans. Amer. neurol. Ass. 90, 237-240 (1965).
Dawber, T. R., W. B. Kannel, P. M. Mcnamara, N. Revotskie, and A. Kagan: The epidemiology of coronary heart disease: the Framingham inquiry. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 55, 265-271 (1962).
Dawber, T. R., W. B. Kannel, P. M. Mcnamara, J. Stokes III, A. Kagan, and T. Gordon: Some factors associated with the development of coronary heart disease; six years follow-up experience with the Framingham study. Amer. J. pubi. Hlth. 49,1349-1356 (1959).
Hechter, H., and N. O. Borhani Mortality and geographic distribution of arterio-sclerotic heart disease. Publ. Hlth Rep. 80,11-24 (1965).
Holman, R. L., and J. Moossy: The natural history of aortic, coronary and cerebral atherosclerosis (a preliminary report). In: Fields, W. S.: Pathogenesis and treatment of cerebrovascular disease, pp. 39-54. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas 1961.
Kannel, W. B., T. R. Dawber, A. Kagan, N. Revotskie, and J. Stokes III.: Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease - six-year follow-up experience. The Framingham study, Ann. intern. Med. 55, 33-50 (1961).
Katsuki, S.: (1) Current concepts of the frequency of cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction in Japan. In: Siekert, R. G., and J. P. Whisnant: Transactions of the fifth Princeton Conference, pp. 99-111. New York: Grune and Stratton 1966.
Kurland, L. T, N. W. Choi, and G. P. Sayre: Current status of the epidemiology of cerebrovascular diseases. In: Fields, W. S., and W. A. Spencer (Ed.): Stroke rehabilitation: Basic concepts and research trends, pp. 3-22 (1967).
Naik, B. K., P. S. Rao, and R. Saboo: Incidence of ischaemic heart disease and cerebro-vascular disease in Hyderabad. Indian Heart J. 18, 37-44 (1966).
Paffenbarger, R. S., R. N. Milling, N. D. POE, J. Notkrn, D. E. Krueger, P. A. Wolf, M.C. Thorne, E.J. Lebauer,and J.L. Williams: (2) Chronic disease in former college students. II. Methods of study and observations on mortality from coronary heart disease. Amer. J. publ. 111th 56, 962-971 (1966).
Paffenbarger, R. S., R. N. Milling, N. D. Poe, P. A. Wolf, J. Notein, and M. C. Thorne: (3) Chronic disease in former college students. I. Early precursors of fatal coronary heart disease. Amer. J. Epidem. 83, 314-328 (1966).
Pell, S., and C. A. D'alonzo: Acute myocardial infarction in a large industrial population. Report of a 6-year study of 1,356 cases. J. Amer. med. Ass. 185, 831-838 (1963).
Skyring, A., B. Modan, A. Crocetti, and C. Hammerstrom: Some epidemiological and familial aspects of coronary heart disease: report of a pilot study. J. chron. Dis. 16, 1267-1279 (1963).
Stamler, J.: Epidemiology of cerebrovascular diseases. In: DEFOREST, R. E., Proceedings of the National Stroke Congress, pp. 24-37. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas 1966.
Ueda, H. et. al.: Committee report. I. The epidemiologic survey of ischemic heart disease in Japan. II. The evaluation of anticoagulant therapy for myocardial infarction. Jap. Heart J. 5, 549-557 (1964).
Yang, K., and S. Ueda: Coronary heart disease in Hiroshima, Japan: analysis of the data at the initial examination, 1958-1960. Yale J. Biol. Med. 35, 504-522 (1963).
Yoshitoshi, Y. et. al.: Clinical features of myocardial infarction in Japan. Jap. Heart J. 5, 497-511 (1964).
Connor, W. E.: Dietary cholesterol and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Geriatrics 16, 407-415 (1961).
Cumrxos, J. N., I. K. Grundt, J. T. Holland, and J. Marshall: Serum-lipids and cerebrovascular disease. Lancet 1967 II, 194-195.
Feldman, R. G., and M. J. Albrink: Serum lipids and cerebrovascular disease. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 10, 91-100 (1964).
Heyman, A., M. D. Nefzger, and E. H. Estes: Serum cholesterol level in cerebral infarction. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 5, 264-268 (1961).
Kannel, W. B.: An epidemiologic study of cerebrovascular disease. In: Siekert, R. G., and J. P. Whisnant: Transactions of the fifth Princeton Conference, pp. 53-66. New York: Grune and Stratton 1966.
Kannel, W. B., T. R. Dawber, M. E. Cohen, and P. M. Mcnamara Vascular disease of the brain - epidemiologic aspects: the Framingham study. Amer. J. pubi. Hlth 55, 1355-1366 (1965).
Katsuki S., H. Uzawa, S. Fuarnrn, K. Shiratsuchi, and Y. Ito: (3) Studies on blood lipids in cases with cerebrovascular diseases. A preliminary report. Jap. Heart J. 5, 101-107 (1964).
Mcgandy, R. B., D. M. Hegsted, and F. J. Stare: Dietary fats, carbohydrates and atherosclerotic vascular disease. New Engl. J. Med. 277, 186-192, 242-247 (1967).
Meyer, J. S., A. G. Waltz, J. W. Hess, and B. Zak: Serum lipid and cholesterol levels in cerebro-vascular disease. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 1, 303-311 (1959).
Nefzger, M. D., A. Heyman, J. Lebauer, S. Friedberg, and J. Lewis: Serum cholesterol levels in myocardial and cerebral infarction caused by atherosclerosis. J. Chron. Dis. 20, 593-602 (1967).
Robinson, R. W., W. D. Cohen, N. Higano, R. Meyer, G. H. Lukowsky, R. B. Mc Laughlin, N. Higano, and W. D. Cohen: Comparison of serum lipid levels in patients with cerebral thrombosis and in normal subjects. Ann. intern. Med. 59, 180-185 (1963).
Crofton, E., and J. Crofton: Influence of smoking on mortality from various diseases in Scotland and in England and Wales. An analysis by cohorts. Brit. med. J. 1963 II, 1161-1164.
Doll, R. (Ed.): and A. B. HILL: Mortality of British doctors in relation to smoking-observations on coronary thrombosis. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 19, 205-268 (1966).
Hammond, E. C.: Smoking in relation to mortality and morbidity. Findings in first thirty-four months of follow-up in a prospective study started in 1959. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 32,1161-1188 (1964).
Hammond, E. C.: Smoking in relation to the death rates of one million men and women. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 19,127-204 (1966).
Kahn, H. A.: The Dorn study of smoking and mortality among U.S. veterans: report on eight and one-half years of observation. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 19, 1-125 (1966).
Kannel, W. B., T. R. Dawber, M. E. Cohen, and P. M. Mcnamara Vascular disease of the brain - epidemiologic aspects: the Framingham study. Amer. J. pubi. Hlth 55, 1355-1366 (1965).
Bicerstaff, E. R., and J. Macd. Holmes: Cerebral arterial insufficiency and oral contraceptives. Brit. Med. J. 1967 I, 726-729.
Biörck, G.: Course and prognosis in some cardiac diseases. J. chron. Dis. 15, 9-28 (1962).
Carroll, R. E.: The relationship of cadmium in the air on cardiovascular disease death rates. J. Amer. med. Ass. 198, 267-269 (1966).
Cole, M.: Strokes in young women using oral contraceptives. Arch. intern. Med. 120, 551-555 (1967).
Dingwall-Fordyce, I., and R. E. Lane: A follow-up study of lead workers. Brit. J. industr. Med. 20, 313-315 (1963).
Gifford, A. J.: An epidemiological study of cerebrovascular disease. Amer. J. Publ. Hlth 56, 452-461 (1966).
Gurdjian, E. S., D. W. Lindner, W. G. Hardy, and L. M. Thomas: (2) Incidence of surgically treatable lesions in cases studied angiographically. Neurology (Minneap.) 11, (part 2) 150-152 (1961).
Illis, L., R. S. Kocen, and W. I. Mcdonald: Oral contraceptives and cerebral arterial occlusion. Brit. med. J. 1965 II, 1164-1166.
Jennett, W. B., and J. N. Cross: Influence of pregnancy and oral contraception on the incidence of strokes in women of childbearing age. Lancet 1967 I, 1019-1023.
Kannel, W. B., T. R. Dawber, M. E. Cohen, and P. M. Mcnamara Vascular disease of the brain - epidemiologic aspects: the Framingham study. Amer. J. pubi. Hlth 55, 1355-1366 (1965).
Mcdowell, F., and E. Mcdevitt, J. Potes, and S. Groch: The natural history of internal carotid and vertebral-basilar artery occlusion. Neurology (Minneap.) 11, (part 2) 153-157 (1961).
Meyer, J. S., A. G. Waltz, J. W. Hess, and B. Zak: Serum lipid and cholesterol levels in cerebro-vascular disease. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 1, 303-311 (1959).
Morris, J. N., M. D. Crawford, and J. A. Heady Hardness of local water-supplies and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1961 I, 860-862; 1962 II, 506-507.
Mulcahy, R.: The influence of water hardness and rainfall on the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality in Ireland. J. Irish med. Ass. 55,17-18 (1964).
Pell, S., and C. A. D'alonzo: Some aspects of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. J. Amer. med. Ass. 202, 10-16 (1967).
Schroeder, H. A.: Relations between hardness of water and death rates from certain chronic and degenerative diseases in the United States. J. chron. Dis. 12, 586-591 (1960).
Schroeder, H. A.: Municipal drinking water and cardiovascular death rates. J. Amer. med. Ass. 195, 81-85 (1966).
Shafey, S., and P. Scieinberg: Neurological syndromes occuring in patients receiving synthetic steroids (oral contraceptives). Neurology (Minneap.) 16, 205-211 (1966).
Stamler, J.: Epidemiology of cerebrovascular diseases. In: DEFOREST, R. E., Proceedings of the National Stroke Congress, pp. 24-37. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas 1966.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1969 Springer-Verlag Berlin - Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kurtzke, J.F. (1969). Factors Associated with CVD. In: Epidemiology of Cerebrovascular Disease. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86613-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86613-5_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-86615-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-86613-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive