Abstract
The forest environment, its species diversity and structural complexity, provides many niches for exploitation by numerous undisturbed populations of insects. The ecological interactions which are involved may include only those between insect and tree; usually, however, they include a complex series of reactions between many kinds of organisms and physical factors in the environment. Any syntheses of this subject area draw heavily upon the field of forest entomology. The ultimate objective of forest entomology is to discover how to prevent insects from causing economic damage to forests. The literature, therefore, emphasizes pest species. Quantitative data may be available for the pest species, noneconomic species receive considerably less attention.
Chapter PDF
References
Anderson, R. F.: Forest and shade tree entomology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1964.
Becker, C. C., and D. M. Benjamin: The biology of Neodiprion nigroscutum (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) in Wisconsin. Can. Entomol. 99, 146–159 (1967).
Blais, J. R.: Spruce budworm outbreaks in the past three centuries in the Laurentide Park, Quebec. Forest Sci. 11, 130–138 (1965).
Bormann, F. H., G. E. Likens, D. W. Fisher, and R. S. Pierce: Nutrient loss accelerated by clear-cutting of a forest ecosystem. Science 159, 882–884 (1968).
Bray, J. R.: Primary consumption in three forest canopies. Ecology 45, 165–167 (1964).
Brown, C. E.: Mass transport of forest tent caterpillar moths, Malacosma disstria Hubner, by a cold front. Can. Entomol. 97, 1073–1075 (1965).
Colwell, R. N.: Aerial photography — a valuable sensor for the scientist. Amer. Sci. 52, 17–49 (1964).
Connola, D. P., W. E. Waters, and E. R. Nason: A sequential sampling plan for red-pin sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus Schell. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 600–602 (1959).
Coulson, R. N., and R. T. Franklin: Frequence of occurrence of cone and seed insects on shortleaf pine in the Georgia Piedmont. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 1026–1027 (1968).
Crossley, D. A.: Radioisotope measurement of food consumption by a leaf beetle species, Chrysomela knabi Brown. Ecology 47, 1–8 (1966).
Drooz, A. T.: Some relationships between host, egg potential, and pupal weight of the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 58, 243–245 (1965).
Duncan, D. P., and A. C. Hodson: Influence of the forest tent caterpillar upon the aspen forests of Minnesota. Forest Sci. 4, 71–93 (1958).
Embree, D. G.: Effects of the winter moth on growth and mortality of red oak in Nova Scotia. Forest Sci. 13, 295–299 (1967).
Finnegan, R. J.: The pine needle miner, Exotekia pinifoliella (Chamb.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Quebec. Can. Entomol. 97, 744–750 (1965).
Giese, R. L., and D. M. Benjamin: The insect complex associated with maple blight. Part II. Studies of maple blight. Univ. Wisconsin Res. Bull. 250. June, 1964.
Graham, S. A., and F. B. Knight: Principles of forest entomology, 4th Ed. London-New York: McGraw-Hill Book Comp. 1965.
Hedlin, A. F.: Cone insects of grand fir, Abies grandis (Douglas) Lindley, in British Columbia. J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 64, 40–44 (1967).
Heller, R. C., J. F. Coyne, and J. L. Bean: Airplanes increase the effectiveness of southern pine beetle surveys. J. Forestry 53, 483–487 (1955).
Heller, R. C., J. F. Coyne, and D. C. Schmiege: Aerial survey techniques for the spruce budworm in the Lake States. J. Forestry 60, 525–532(1962).
Himel, C. M., and A. D. Moore: Spruce budworm mortality as a function of aerial spray droplet size. Science 156, 1250–1251 (1967).
Ives, W. G. H., and L. D. Nairn: Effects of defoliation on young upland tamarack in Mani toba. Forest. Chron. 42, 137–142 (1966).
Ives, W. G. H., and R. M. A. Prentice: Sequential sampling techniques for surveys of the larch sawfly. Can. Entomol. 90, 331–338 (1958).
Ives, W. G. H., and G. L. Warren: Sequential sampling for white grubs. Can. Entomol. 97, 596–604 (1965).
Knight, F. B.: Evaluation of forest insect infestations. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 12, 207–228 (1967).
Kulman, H. M.: Effects of artificial defoliation of pine on subsequent shoot and needle growth. Forest Sci. 11, 90–98 (1965a).
Kulman, H. M.: Effects of disbudding on the shoot mortality, growth, and bud production in red and sugar maples. J. Econ. Entomol. 58, 23–26 (1965b).
Lambert, H. L., and R. T. Franklin: Tanglefoot traps for detection of the balsam woolly aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 60, 1525–1529 (1967).
Linzon, S. N.: The effect of artificial defoliation on various ages of leaves upon white pine growth. Forest. Chron. 34, 51–56 (1958).
Lyons, L. A.: The spatial distribution of two pine sawflies and methods of sampling for the study of population dynamics. Can. Entomol. 96, 1373–1407 (1964).
McCambridge, W. F.: Nature of induced attacks by the black hills beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60, 920–928 (1967).
Martin, J. Lynton: The insect ecology of red pine plantations in central Ontario IV. The crown fauna. Can. Entomol. 98, 10–27 (1966).
Miller, C. A.: The black-headed budworm in Eastern Canada. Can. Entomol. 98, 592–613 (1966).
Morris, R. F.: Influence of parental food quality on the survical of Hyphantria cunea. Can. Entomol. 99, 24–33 (1967).
Morris, R. F.: The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. No. 31. 1963.
Morris, R. F.: The development of sampling techniques for forest insect defoliators, with particular reference to the spruce budworm. Can. J. Zool. 33, 225–294 (1955).
Morris, R. F., and C. W. Bennett: Seasonal population trends and extensive census methods for Hyphantria cunea. Can. Entomol. 99, 9–17 (1967).
O’Neil, L. C.: Some effects of artificial defoliation on the growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Can. J. Bot. 40, 273–280 (1962).
Reeks, W. A.: Sequential sampling for larvae of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linn.). Can. Entomol. 88, 241–246 (1956).
Reichle, D. E., and D. A. Crossley: Investigation on heterotrophic productivity in forest insect communities, pp. 563–587. In: Secondary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems, (K. Petrusewicz, Ed.), Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw-Krakow 1967.
Ross, D. A.: Bionomics of the maple leaf cutter, Paraclemensia acerifoliella (Fitch), (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae). Can. Entomol. 94, 1053–1063 (1962).
Smereka, E. P.: The life history and habits of Chrysomela crotchi Brown (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Northwestern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 97, 541–549 (1965).
Stark, R. W.: Sequential sampling of the lodgepole needle miner. Forest. Chron. 28, 57–60 (1952).
Stevens, R. E., and R. W. Stark: Sequential sampling for the lodgepole needle miner, Evagora milleri. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 491–494 (1962).
Tauber, M. J., and C. A. Tauber: Biology and leaf-mining behaviour of Phytomyza lanati (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Can. Entomol. 100, 341–349 (1968).
Waters, W. E.: The ecological significance of aggregation in forest insects. Proc. 11th Intern. Congr. Entomol. 2, 205–210 (1962).
Wear, J. F., R. B. Pope, and P. G. Lauterbach: Estimating beetle-killed Douglas-fir by aerial photo and field plots. J. Forestry 62, 309–315 (1964).
Wellington, W. G.: Some maternal influences on progeny quality in the western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar). Can. Entomol. 97, 1–14 (1965).
Wickman, Boyd E.: Mortality and growth reduction of white fir following defoliation by the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Pacific SW. Forest & Range Expt. Sta. 1963, PSW-7, 15 pp.
Wilkinson, R. C., G. C. Becker, and D. M. Benjamin: The biology of Neodiprion rugifrons (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) a sawfly infesting jack pine in Wisconsin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 59, 786–792 (1966).
Wilson, L. F.: Effects of different population levels of the European pine sawfly on young Scotch pine trees. J. Econ. Entomol. 59, 1043–1049 (1966).
Wood, D. L., and J. P. Vité: Studies on the host selection behavior of Ips confusus (Le Conte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Pinus ponderosa. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 21, 79–96 (1961).
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1973 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Franklin, R.T. (1973). Insect Influences on the Forest Canopy. In: Reichle, D.E. (eds) Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Ecological Studies, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85587-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85587-0_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-85589-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-85587-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive