Abstract
The element carbon is one of the fundamental biogeochemical constituents of the “Earth system”, comprising of life and its environment on our planet. Most life forms on Earth consist of organic carbon compounds, while large inorganic carbon reservoirs dominate the appearance of the environment. Carbon is continuously exchanged between these different pools, both by physico-chemical processes and through the activities of the biosphere.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arthur MA, Dean WE, Schlanger SO, 1985: Variations in the global carbon cycle during the Cretaceous related to climate, volcanism and changes in atmospheric CO2. In: ET Sundquist, WS Broecker, (eds.) The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2: Natural variations archean to present, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 504–530.
Barnola JM, Raynaud D, Korotkevitch YS, Lorius C, 1987: Vostok ice core: A 160,000 year record of atmospheric CO2. Nature 329 408–414.
Beer J, Siegenthaler U, Bonani G, Finkel RC, Oeschger H, Sutter M, Wölfli W, 1988: 10Be in the Camp Century ice core: information on past solar activity and geomagnetism. Nature 331 675–679
Black DD, Mccready MJ, 1988: Effect of small-wavelength waves on gas transfer across the ocean surface. J. Geophys. Res.93 5143–5152
Bolin B (ED), 1981: SCOPE 16: Carbon cycle modelling. John Wiley and Sons, New York
Bolin B, 1986: How much CO2 will remain in the atmosphere? In: Bolin B, Döös BR, Jäger J, Warrick RA (eds), SCOPE 29: The greenhouse effect , climatic change, and ecosystems. John Wiley and Sons, New York
Bolin B, Degens ET, Kempe S, Ketner P(EDS), 1979: SCOPE 13: The global carbon cycle. John Wiley and Sons, New York
Broecker WS, Peng T-H, 1982: Tracers in the sea. Eldigio Press, Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, New York
Broecker WS, Peng T-H, Östlund G, Stuiver M, 1985: The distribution of bomb-radiocarbon in the ocean. J. Geophys. Res.90 6953–6970.
Broecker WS, Ledwell JR, Takahashi T, Weiss R, Merlivat L, Memery L, Peng T-H, Jähne B, Münnich KO, 1986:; Isotopic versus micrometeorologic ocean CO2 fluxes: A serious conflict.; J. Geophys. Res.; 91; 10517–10527.
Broecker WS, Peng T-H,1992: Interhemispheric transport of carbon dioxide by ocean circulation. Nature 356 587–589
Broecker WS, Peng T-H, 1992: Interhemispheric transport of carbon dioxide by ocean circulation. Nature 356 587–589
CoanticM, 1986: A model of gas transfer across air-water interfaces with capillary waves. J. Geophys. Res.91 3925–3943
Convay TJ, Tans PP, Waterman LS, Thoning KW, Masarie KA, Gammon RH, 1988: Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphere, 1981 1984.; Tellus; 40B; 81–115
Enting IG, Pearman GI, 1987: Description of a one-dimensional carbon cycle model calibrated using techniques of constrained inversion. Tellus 39B 459–476
Enting IG, MansbridgeJV, 1991: Latitudinal distribution of sources and sinks of CO2: results of an inversion study. Tellus B43 156–170
Esser G, 1987: Sensitivity of global carbon pools and fluxes to human and potential climatic impacts. Tellus 39B 245–260
Etcheto J, Merlivat L, 1988: Satellite determination of the carbon dioxide exchange coefficient at the ocean-atmosphere interface: a first step. J. Geophys. Res. 93 15669–15678
Friedli H, Lötscher H, Oeschger H, Siegenthaler U, Stauffer B,1986: Ice record of the 13C /12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 324 237–238
Fung IY, John J, Lerner J, Mathews E, Prather M, Steele LP, Fraser PJ 1991: The three-dimensional model synthesis of the global methane cycle. J. Geophys Res.96, 13033–13065.
GarçonV, Thomas F, Wong CS, Minster JF, 1992: Gaining insight into the seasonal variability of CO2 at O.W.S.P. using an upper ocean model. Deep Sea Res. 30 921–938
Garçon V, Thomas F, Wong CS, Minster JF,1992: Gaining insight into the seasonal variability of CO2 at O.W.S.P. using an upper ocean model. Deep Sea Res. 30 921–938
Garçon V, Thomas F, Wong CS, Minster JF,1992: Gaining insight into the seasonal variability of CO2 at O.W.S.P. using an upper ocean model. Deep Sea Res. 30 921–938
Heimann M, Keeling CD, 1989: A three dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 2. Model description and simulated tracer experiments. In: Peterson DH (ed) Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 277–303
Heimann M, Monfray P, 1989: Spatial and temporal variation of the gas exchange coefficient for CO2: 1. Data analysis and global validation. Report No. 31, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg
Heimann M, maier-ReimerE, 1993: On the relations between the uptake of CO2 and its carbon isotopes by the ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl., submitted
Heinze C, Maier-ReimerE, Winn K, 1991: Glacial pCO2 reduction by the world ocean: experiments with the Hamburg carbon cycle model. Paleooceanography 6 395–430
Houghton JT, Jenkins GT, Ephraums JJ, 1990: Climate change, the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge
Houghton JT, Jenkins GT, Ephraums JJ, 1990: Climate change, the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge
Houghton RA, Boone RD, Fruci JR, Hobbie JE, Melillo JM, Palm CA, Peterson BJ, Shaver GR, Woodwell GM, Moore B, Skole DL, Myers N, 1987: The flux of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere in 1980 due to changes in land use: Geographic distribution of the global flux. Tellus 39B 122–139
Jacob, DJ, Prather MJ, Worsy SC, Mcelroy MB,1987: Atmospheric distribution of 85Kr simulated with a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res.92 6614–6626
Jahne B, Munnich KO, Bösinger R, Dutzi A, Huber W, Libner P,1987: On the parameters influencing air-water gas exchange. J. Geophys. Res.92 1937–1949
Keeling CD, 1993A: Global observations of atmospheric CO2. In: Heimann M (ed) The global carbon cycle. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, in press
Keeling CD, 1993B: Surface ocean CO2. In: Heimann M (ed) The global carbon cycle. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, in press
Keeling CD, Bacastow RB, Carter AF, Piper SC, Whore TP, Heimann M, Mook WG, Roeloffzen H, 1989a: A three dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data. In: Peterson DH (ed) Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 165–236
Keeling CD, Heimann M, Piper SC, 1989B: A three dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 4. Analysis of the mean annual gradients of CO2. In: Peterson DH (ed) Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 305–363
Keeling RF, Shertz SR, 1992: Seasonal and interannual variations in atmospheric oxygen and implications for the global carbon cycle. Nature 358 723–727
Kohlmaier GH, Siré. E, Janecek A, Keeling CD, Piper SC, Revelle R, 1989: Modelling of the seasonal contribution of a CO2 fertilization effect of the terrestial vegetation to the amplitude increase in atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory. Tellus 41B 487–510
levin I, Bösinger R, Bonani G, Francey R, Kromer B, Munnich KO, Sutter M, Trivett NBA, WöLfli W, 1992: Radiocarbon in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane: global distribution and trends. In: Taylor (ed) Radiocarbon after four decades: an interdisciplinary perspective. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg
LissPS, Merlivat L, 1986: Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis. In: Buat-Ménard P (ed) The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling. D. Reidel Publishing Company, London
Maier-Reimer E, Hasselmann K, 1987: Transport and storage of CO2 in the ocean — an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model. Clim. Dyn.2 63–90
Marino BD, Mcelroy MB, 1991: Isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 inferred from carbon in C4 plant cellulose. Nature 349 127–131
Marino BD, Mcelroy MB, 1991: Isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 inferred from carbon in C4 plant cellulose. Nature 349 127–131
Merlivat L, Memery L, 1983: Gasexchange rates across an air-water interface: experimental results and modelling of bubble contribution to transfer. J. Geophys. Res.88 707–724
Mook WG, 1986: 13C in atmospheric CO2. Netherland J. of Sea Res.20 211–223
Najjar RG, Sarmiento JL, Toggweiler JR,1992.: Downward transport and fate of organic matter in the ocean: simulations with a general circulation model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 6 45–67.
Norby RJ, Gunderson CA, Wullschleger SD, O’neill EK, Mccracken MK, 1992: Productivity and compensatory response of yellow-poplar trees in elevated CO2. Nature 357 322–324
Oeschger H, Siegenthaler U, Schotterer U, Gugelmann A, 1975: A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in Nature Tellus 27 168–192
Oeschger H, Heimann M, 1983: Uncertainties of predictions of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. J. Geophys. Res.88C 1258–1262
Peterson BJ, Melillo JM, 1985: The potential storage of carbon caused by eutrophication of the biosphere. Tellus 37B 117–127
Peterson BJ, Melillo JM, 1985: The potential storage of carbon caused by eutrophication of the biosphere. Tellus 37B 117–127
Prather MJ, Mcelroy MB, Wofsy SC, Russell G, Rind D, 1987: Chemistry of the global troposphere: fluorocarbons as tracers of air motion. J. Geophys. Res.91 6671–6681
Quay PD, Tilbrook B, Wong CS, 1992: Oceanic uptake of fossil fuel CO2: Carbon-13 evidence. Science 256 74–79
Robertson JE, Watson AJ, 1992: Thermal skin effect of the surface ocean and its implications for CO2 uptake. Nature 358 738–739
Sarmiento JL, Sundquist ET, 1992: Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Nature 356 589–593
Sarmiento JL, Orr C, Siegenthaler U, 1992: A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res.97 3621–3645
Shaffer G, Sarmiento JL, 1992: Biogeochemical cycling in the global ocean 1: A new, analytical model with continuous vertical reolution and high latitude dynamics. J. Geophys. Res., in press
Siegenthaler U, 1983: Uptake of excess CO2 by an outcrop-diffusion model of the ocean. J. Geophys. Res.88 3599–3608
Siegenthaler U, 1986: Carbon dioxide: It’s natural cycle and anthropogenic perturbations. In: Buat-Ménard P (ed) The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling. D. Reidel Publishing Company, London
Siegenthaler U, 1986: Carbon dioxide: It’s natural cycle and anthropogenic perturbations. In: Buat-Ménard P (ed) The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling. D. Reidel Publishing Company, London
Siegenthaler U, Oeschger H, 1987: Biospheric CO2 sources emissions during the past 200 years reconstructed by deconvolution of ice core data. Tellus 39B 140–154
Siegenthaler U, Joos F, 1992: Use of a simple model for studying oceanic tracer distributions and the global carbon cycle. Tellus 44B 186–207
Steffen WL, Walker BH, Ingram JI, Koch GW,(EDS) 1992: Global change and terrestrial ecosystems: The operational plan. IGBP Report No. 21, IGBP, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm
Strain BR, Thomas RB, 1992: Field measurements of CO2 enhancement and climate change in natural vegetation. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 64 45–60
Stuiver M, Quay PD, 1980: Changes in atmospheric carbon-14 attributed to a variable sun. Science 207 11–12
Stuiver M, Quay PD, 1981: Atmospheric 14C changes resulting from fossil fuel CO2 release and cosmic ray flux variability. Earth and Planetary Science Lett. 53 349–362
Sundquist ET, 1985: Geological perspectives on carbon dioxide and the carbon cycle. In: Sundquist ET, Broecker WS (eds) The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO 2 : Natural variations archean to present. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC
Sundquist ET, Plummer LN, Wigley TML, 1979: Carbon dioxide in the ocean surface: The homogeneous buffer factor. Science 204 1203–1205
Takahashi T, Goddard J, Chipman DW, Sutherland SC, Mathieu G, 1991: Assessment of carbon dioxide sink/source in the North Pacific Ocean: seasonal and geographic variability, 1984–1989. Final Technical Report for Cont. 19X-SC428C, Department of Energy, Lamong-Doherty Geol. Observatory, Palisades, NY
Tans PP, 1981: 13C /12C of industrial CO2. In: Bolin B (ed) SCOPE 16: Carbon cycle modelling. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 127–129
Tans PP, Fung IY, Takahashi T, 1990: Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247 1431–1438
Trabalka JR, Reichle DE (EDS) 1986: The changing carbon cycle: A global analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York
Upstill-Goddard RC, Watson AJ, Liss PS, Liddicoat MI, 1990: Gas transfer velocities in lakes measured with SF6. Tellus 42B 364–377
Walsh JJ, Rowe GT, Iverson RL, Mcroy CP, 1981: Biological export of shelf carbon is a sink of the global CO2 cycle. Nature 291 196–201
Walsh JJ, Rowe GT, Iverson RL, Mcroy CP, 1981: Biological export of shelf carbon is a sink of the global CO2 cycle. Nature 291 196–201
Watson AJ, Upstill-Goddard RC, Liss PS, 1991: Air-sea gas exchange in rough and stormy seas measured by a dual-tracer technique. Nature 349 145–147
Weiss RF, 1974: Carbon dioxide in water and seawater — the solubility of a non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem. 2 203–215
Wisnievski J, Loco AE (EDS) 1992 Natural sinks of CO2. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Heimann, M. (1993). The Global Carbon Cycle in the Climate System. In: Willebrand, J., Anderson, D.L.T. (eds) Modelling Oceanic Climate Interactions. NATO ASI Series, vol 11. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84975-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84975-6_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-84977-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-84975-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive