Abstract
The regulation of eukaryotic gene expression presents a multi-faceted problem. It is not limited to the extreme stages of a gene being turned on or switched off. Regulation of gene expression also implies the facility of gene activity to be modulated to various degrees and of promoters to be capable of responding to a variety of internal and environmental stimuli. These stringent requirements can be met by promoter sequences in that they exhibit genetic signals which can be recognized by a considerable number of cellular regulatory proteins. Such promoter signals being vacant or occupied by a specific protein or several proteins confer a certain state of activity upon the promoter and the gene it controls. A multitude of cellular proteins and of promoter signals appear to be involved in the regulation of gene activity. Regulatory significance is not restricted to DNA-protein interactions. Proteinprotein binding may be as important in that promoter-binding proteins might acquire the promoter-congruent conformation by a previous interaction with other proteins. Alternatively, reaching this conformation could be prohibited by linkage to yet other proteins thus obstructing the essential DNA-protein interaction.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baker CC, Ziff EB (1981) Promoters and heterogeneous 5’ termini of the messenger RNAs of adenovirus serotype 2. J Mol Biol 149: 189–221
Bennetzen JL (1987) Covalent DNA modification and the regulation of Mutator element transposition in maize. Mol Gen Genet 208: 45–51
Berk AJ, Lee F, Harrison T, Williams J, Sharp PA (1979) Pre-early adenovirus 5 gene product regulates synthesis of early viral messenger RNAs. Cell 17: 935–944
Bestor TH, Ingram VM (1983) Two DNA methyltransferases from murine erythroleukemia cells: Purification, sequence specificity, and mode of interaction with DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 5559–5563
Bestor T, Laudano A, Mattaliano R, Ingram V (1988) Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding DNA methyltransferase of mouse cells. The carboxy-terminal domain of the mammalian enzymes is related to bacterial restriction methyltransferases. J Mol Biol 203: 971–983
Bird AP (1980) DNA methylation and the frequency of CpG in animal DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 8: 1499–1504
Bird AP (1986) CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature 321: 209–213
Bolden, AH, Ward C, Siedlecki JA, Weissbach A (1984) DNA methylation. Inhibition of de novo and maintenance methylation in vitro by RNA and synthetic polynucleotides. J Biol Chem 259: 12437–12443
Cook JL, Lewis AM Jr (1979) Host response to adenovirus 2-transformed hamster embryo cells. Cancer Res 39: 1455–1461
Boshart M, Weber F, Jahn G, Dorsch-Häsler K, Fleckenstein B, Schaffner W (1985) Avery strong enhancer is located upstream of an immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus. Cell 41: 521–530
Busslinger M, Hurst J, Flavell RA (1983) DNA methylation and the regulation of globin gene expression. Cell 34: 197–206
Chandler VL, Walbot V (1986) DNA modification of a maize transposable element correlates with loss of activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1767–1771
Chomet PS, Wessler S, Dellaporta SL (1987) Inactivation of the maize transposable element Activator (Ac) is associated with its DNA modification. EMBO J 6: 295: 302
Church GM, Gilbert W (1984) Genomic sequencing. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 81: 1991–1995
Constantinides PG, Jones PA, Gevers W (1977) Functional striated muscle cells from non-myoblast precursors following 5-azacytidine treatment. Nature 267: 364–366
Cook JL, Lewis AM Jr (1979) Host response to adenovirus 2-transformed hamster embryo cells. Cancer Res 39: 1455–1461
Cooper DN (1983) Eukaryotic DNA methylation. Hum Genet 64: 315–333
Coulondre C, Miller JH, Farabough PJ, Gilbert W (1978) Molecular basis of base substitution hotspots in Escherichia coli. Nature 274: 775–780
Deumling B (1981) Sequence arrangement of a highly methylated satellite DNA of a plant, Scilla: A tandemly repeated inverted repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 338–342
Dobrzanski P, Hoeveler A, Doerfler W (1988) Inactivation by sequence-specific methylations of adenovims promoters in a cell-free transcription system. J Virol 62: 3941–3946
Doerfler W (1968) The fate of the DNA of adenovirus type 12 in baby hamster kidney cells. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA, 60: 636–643
Doerfler W (1969) Nonproductive infection of baby hamster kidney cells (BHK21) with adenovirus type 12. Virology 38: 587–606
Doerfler W (1981) DNA methylation–A regulatory signal in eukaryotic gene expression. J Gen Virol 57: 1–20
Doerfler W (1983) DNA methylation and gene activity. Annu Rev Biochem 52: 93–124
Doerfler W (1984a) DNA methylation: role in viral transformation and persistence. In: Klein G (ed) Advances in Viral Oncology, vol 4. Raven, New York, pp 217–247
Doerfler W (1984b) DNA methylation and its functional significance: studies on the adenovirus system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 108: 79–98
Doerfler W, Kmczek I, Eick D, Vardimon L, Kron B (1982) DNA methylation and gene activity: the adenovims system as a model. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 47: 593–603
Doerfler W, Gahlmann R, Stabel S, Deuring R, Lichtenberg U, Schulz M, Eick D, Leisten R (1983) On the mechnism of recombination between adenoviral and cellular DNAs: The structure of junction sites. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 109: 193–228
Doerfler W, Langner K-D, Knebel D, Weyer U, Dobrzanski P, Knust-Kron B (1985) Site-specific promoter methylations and gene inactivation. In: Cantoni GL, Razin A (eds) Biochemistry and Biology of DNA Methylation. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, vol 198. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 133–155
Doerfler W, Spies A, Jessberger R, Lichtenberg U, Zock C, Rosahl T (1987) Recombination of foreign (viral) DNA with the host genome. Studies in vivo and in a cell-free system. In: Rott R, Goebel W (eds) Molecular basis of viral and microbial pathogenesis, 38th Mosbacher Kolloquium, 1987. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo pp 60–72
Doerfler W, Langner K-D, Knebel D, Müller U, Lichtenberg U, Weisshaar B, Renz D (1988a) Eukaryotic gene inactivation by sequence-specific promoter methylation and the release of the transcription block. In: Kahl G (ed) Architecture of eukaryotic genes. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 409–417
Doerfler W, Weisshaar B, Hoeveler A, Knebel D, Müller U, Dobrzanski P, Lichtenberg U, Achten S, Hermann R (1988b) Promoter inhibition by DNA methylation: a reversible signal. Gene 74: 129–133
Dynan WS, Tjian R (1985) Control of eukaryotic messenger RNA synthesis by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Nature 316: 774–778
Doerfler W (1968) The fate of the DNA of adenovirus type 12 in baby hamster kidney cells. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA, 60: 636–643
Eick D, Fritz H-J, Doerfler W (1983) Quantitative determination of 5-methylcytosine in DNA by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 135: 165–171
Esche H (1982) Viral gene products in adenovirus type 2-transformed hamster cells. J Virol 41: 1076–1082
Felsenfeld G, Nickol J, Behe M, McGhee J, Jackson D (1982) Methylation and chromatin structure. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 47: 593–603
Gardiner-Gardner M, Frommer M (1987) CpG islands in vertebrate genomes. J Mol Biol 196: 261–282
Gjerset RA, Martin DW, Jr (1982) Presence of a DNA demethylating activity in the nucleus of murine erythroleukemia cells. J Biol Chem 257: 8581–8583
Gorman CM (1985) High efficiency gene transfer into mammalian cells. In: Glover DM (ed) DNA cloning, vol. II. IRL Press, Oxford, Washington, pp 143–190
Gorman CM, Moffat LF, Howard BH (1982) Recombinant genomes which express cloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 2: 1044–1051
Groudine M, Eisenman R, Weintraub H (1981) Chromatin structure of endogenous retroviral genes and activation by an inhibitor of DNA methylation. Nature 292: 311–317
Günthert U, Schweiger M, Stupp M, Doerfler W (1976) DNA methylation in adenovirus, adenovirus-transformed cells, and host cells. Proc Nall Acad Sci USA 73: 3923–3927
Harland RM (1982) Inheritance of DNA methylation in microinjected eggs of Xenopus laevis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 2323–2327
Harrington MA, Jones PA, Imagawa M, Kann M (1988) Cytosine methylation does not affect binding of transcription factor Spl. Proc Nall Acad Sci USA 85: 2066–2070
Hearing P, Shenk T (1983) The adenovirus type 5 ElA transcriptional control region contains a duplicate enhancer element. Cell 33: 695–703
Hermann R, Hoeveler A, Doerfler W (1989) Sequence-specific methylation in a downstream region of the late E2A promoter of adenovirus type 2 DNA interferes with protein binding. Submitted
Hoeveler A, Doerfler W (1987) Specific factors binding to the E2A late promoter region of adenovirus type 2 DNA: No apparent effects of 5’-CCGG-3’ methylation. DNA 6: 449–460
Miller M, Westin G, Jiricny J, Schaffner W (1988) Spl transcription factor binds DNA and activates transcription even when the binding site is CpG methylated. Genes and Development 2: 1127–1135
Jänner D, Jaenisch R (1985) Retrovirus-induced de novo methylation of flanking host sequences correlates with gene inactivity. Nature 315: 594–597
Johanssgn K, Persson,H, Lewis AM, Pettersson U, Tibbetts C, Philipson L (1978) Viral DNA sequences and gene products in hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 2. J Viroi 27: 628–639
Jones N, Shenk T (1979) An adenovirus type 5 early gene function regulates expression of other early viral genes. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 76: 3665–3669
Jones PA, Taylor SM (1980) Cellular differentiation, cytidine analogs and DNA methylation. Cell 20: 85–93
Kaye AM, Winocour E (1967) On the 5-methylcytosine found in the DNA extracted form polyoma virus. J Mol Biol 24: 475–478
Kelley DE, Pollock BA, Atchison ML, Perry RP (1988) The coupling between enhancer activity and hypomethylation of K immunoglobulin genes is developmentally regulated. Mol Cell Biol 8: 930–937
Keshet I, Yisraeli J, Cedar H (1985) Effect of regional DNA methylation on gene expression. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 82: 2560–2564
Keshet I, Lieman-Hurwitz J, Cedar H (1986) DNA methylation affects the formation of active chromatin. Cell 44: 535–543
Klimkait T, Doerfler W (1987) E1B functions of type C adenoviruses play a role in the complementation of blocked adenovirus type 12 DNA replication and late gene transcription in hamster cells. Virology 161: 109–120
Knebel D, Doerfler W (1986) N6-methyldeoxyadenosine residues at specific sites decrease the activity of the E1A promoter of adenovirus type 12 DNA. J Mol Biol 189: 371–375
Knebel D, Lübbert H, Doerfler W (1985) The promoter of the late p10 gene in the insect nuclear polyhedrosis virus Autographs califomica: Activation by viral gene products and sensitivity to DNA methylation. EMBO J 4: 1301–1306
Knebel-Mörsdorf D, Achten S, Langner K-D, Rilger R, Fleckenstein B, Doerfler W (1988) Reactivation of the methylation-inhibited late E2A promoter of adenovirus type 2 DNA by a strong enhancer of human cytomegalovirus. Virology 166: 166–174
Knust B, Briiggemann U, Doerfler W (1989) Reactivation of a methylation-silenced gene in adenovirus-transformed cells by 5-azacytidine, by E1A transactivation or by continuous subcultivation. Submitted
Kovesdi I, Reichel R, Nevins JR (1987) Role of an adenovirus E2 promoter binding factor in El A-mediated coordinate gene control. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2180–2184
Kruczek I, Doerfler W (1982) The unmethylated state of the promoter/leader and 5’-regions of integrated adenovirus genes correlates with gene expression. EMBO J 1: 409–414
Kruczek I, Doerfler W (1983) Expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in mammalian cells under the control of adenovirus type 12 promoters: Effect of promoter methylation on gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 7586–7590
Kuhlmann I, Doerfler W (1982) Shifts in the extent and patterns of DNA methylation upon explantation and subcultivation of adenovirus type 12-induced hamster tumor cells. Virology 118: 169–180
Kuhlmann I, Doerfler W (1983) Loss of viral genomes from hamster tumor cells and nonrandom alterations in patterns of methylation of integrated adenovirus type 12 DNA. J Virol 47: 631–636
Kuhlmann I, Achten S, Rudolph R, Doerfler W (1982) Tumor induction by human adenovirus type 12 in hamsters: loss of the viral genome from adenovinrs type 12-induced tumor cells is compatible with tumor formation. EMBO J 1: 79–86
Kunze R, Starlinger P, Schwartz D (1988) DNA methylation of the maize transposable element Ac interferes with its transcription. Mol Gen Genet 214: 325–327
Langner K-D, Vardimon L, Renz D, Doerfler W (1984) DNA methylations of three 5’ C-C-G-G 3’ sites in the promoter and 5’-region inactivate the E2a gene of adenovims type 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 2950–2954
Langner K-D, Weyer U, Doerfler W (1986) Trans effect of the El region of adenoviruses on the expression of a prokaryotic gene in mammalian cells: Resistance to 5’-CCGG-3’ methylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1598–1602
Lichtenberg U, Zock C, Doerfler W (1987) Insertion of adenovirus type 12 DNA in the vicinity of an intracistemal A particle genome in Syrian hamster tumor cells. J Virol 61:2719–2726
Lichtenberg U, Zock C, Doerfler W (1988) Integration of foreign DNA into mammalian genome can be associated with hypomethylation at site of insertion. Virus Res 11:335–342
Lübbert H, Doerfler W (1984) Transcription of overlapping sets of RNAs from the genome of Autographa califomica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: A novel method for mapping RNAs. J Virol 52: 255–265
Maniatis T, Goodboum S, Fischer JA (1987) Regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression. Science 236: 1237–1245
McClintock B (1951) Chromosome organization and genic expression. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 16: 13–47
McClintock B (1964) Aspects of gene regulation in maize. Carnegie Inst Wash Year Book 63: 592–602
McClintock B (1965) Components of action of the regulators Spm and Ac. Carnegie Inst Wash Year Book 64: 527–536
McKnight S, Tjian R (1986) Transcriptional selectivity of viral genes in mammalian cells. Cell 46: 795–805
Muller U, Doerfler W (1987) Fixation of “unmethylated or 5’-CCGG-3’ methylated foreign DNA in the genome of hamster cells: gene expression and stability of methylation patterns. J Virol 61: 3710–3720
Murray E, Grosveld F (1985) Methylation and ‘y-globin expression. In: Cantoni GL, Razin A (eds) Biochemistry and Biology of DNA Methylation. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 157–176
Nevins JR (1982) Induction of the synthesis of a 70,000 dalton mammalian heat shock protein by the adenovirus E1A gene product. Cell 29: 913–919
Pfeifer GP, Drahovsky D (1986) DNA methyltransferase polypeptides in mouse and human cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 868: 238–242
Pollack Y, Stein R, Razin A, Cedar H (1980) Methylation of foreign DNA sequences in eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 6463–6467
Razin A, Riggs AD (1980) DNA methylation and gene function. Science 210: 604–610
Razin A, Webb C, Szyf M, Yisraeli J, Rosenthal A, Naveh-Many T, Sciaky-Gallili N, Cedar H (1984) Variations in DNA methylation during mouse cell differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 81: 2275–2279
Razin A, Feldmesser E, Kafri T, Szyf M (1985) Cell specific DNA methylation patterns; formation and a nucleosome locking model for their function. In: Cantoni GL, Razin A (eds) Biochemistry and Biology of DNA Methylation. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, vol 198. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 239–253
Razin A, Szyf M, Kafri T, Roll M, Giloh H, Scarpa S, Carotti D, Cantoni GL (1986) Replacement of 5-methylcytosine by cytosine: A possible mechanism for transient DNA demethylation during differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 2827–2831
Reichel R, Kovesdi I, Nevins JR (1987) Developmental control of a promoter-specific factor that is also regulated by the E1A gene product. Cell 48: 501–506
Reik W, Collick A, Norris ML, Barton SC, Surani MA (1987) Genomic imprinting determines methylation of parental alleles in transgenic mice. Nature 328: 248–251
Roy PH, Weissbach A (1975) DNA methylase from HeLa cell nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res 2: 1669–1684
Saluz HP, Jiricny J, Jost JP (1986) Genomic sequencing reveals a positive correlation between the kinetics of strand-specific DNA methylation of the overlapping estradiol/glucocorticoid-receptor binding sites and the rate of avian vitellogenin mRNA synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7167–7171
Schuster AM, Burbank DE, Meister B, Skrdla MP, Meints RH, Hattman S, Swinton D, van Etten JL (1986) Characterization of viruses infecting a eukaryotic Chlorella-like green alga. Virology 150: 170–177
Schwartz D, Dennis E (1986) Transposase activity of the Ac controlling element in maize is regulated by its degree of methylation. Mol Gen Genet 205: 476–482
Simon D, Gnmert F, v. Acken U, Döring HP, Kröger H (1978) DNA-methylase from regenerating rat liver: purification and characterisation. Nucleic Acids Res 5: 2153–2167
Smith SS, Hardy TA, Baker DJ (1987) Human DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase selectively methylates duplex DNA containing mispairs. Nucleic Acids Res 15: 6899–6916
Southern EM (1975) Detection of sepcific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol 98: 503–517
Southern PJ, Berg P (1982) Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J Mol Appl Gen 1: 327–341
Stein R, Gruenbaum Y, Pollack Y, Razin A, Cedar H (1982) Clonal inheritance of the pattern of DNA methylation in mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 61–65
Supakar PC, Weist D, Zhang D, InamadarN, Zhang XY, Khan R, Ehrlich KC, Ehrlich M (1988) Methylated DNA-binding protein is present in various mammalian cell types. Nucl Acids Res 16: 8029–8043
Sutter D, Doerfler W (1979) Methylation of integrated viral DNA sequences in hamster cells transformed by adenovirus 12. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 44: 565–568
Sutter D, Doerfler W (1980) Methylation of integrated adenovirus type 12 DNA sequences in transformed cells is inversely correlated with viral gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 253–256
Sutter D, Westphal M, Doerfler W (1978) Patterns of integration of viral DNA sequences in the genomes of adenovirus type 12-transfomted hamster cells. Cell 14: 569–585
Swain JL, Stewart TA, Leder P (1987) Parental legacy determines methylation and expression of an autosomal transgene: A molecular mechanism for parental imprinting. Cell 50: 719–727
Thompson JP, Granoff A, Willis DB (1986) Trans-activation of a methylated adenovirus promoter by a frog virus 3 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7688–7692
Tjia ST, Carstens EB, Doerfler W (1979) Infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells with Autographa califomica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. II. The viral DNA and the kinetics of its replication. Virology 99: 399–409
Van Etten JL, Burbank DE, Schuster AM, Meints RH (1985) Lytic viruses infecting a Chlorella-like alga. Virology 140: 135–143
Vardimon L, Doerfler W (1981) Patterns of integration of viral DNA in adenovirus type 2-transformed hamster cells. J Mol Biol 147: 227–246
Vardimon L, Neumann R, Kuhlmann I, Sutter D, Doerfler W (1980) DNA methylation and viral gene expression in adenovirus transformed and -infected cells. Nucleic Acids Res 8: 2461–2473
Vardimon L, Günthert U, Doerfler W (1982a) In vitro methylation of the BsuRI (5’-GGCC-3’) sites in the E2a region of adenovirus type 2 DNA does not affect expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Cell Biol 2: 1574–1580
Vardimon L, Kressmann A, Cedar H, Maechler M, Doerfler W (1982b) Expression of a cloned adenovirus gene is inhibited by in vitro methylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1073–1077
Waalwijk C, Flavell RA (1978) MspI, an isoschizomer of HpaII which cleaves both unmethylated and methylated Hpall sites. Nucleic Acids Res 5: 3231–3236
Wagner H, Simon D, Werner E, Gelderblom H, Darai C, Flügel RM (1985) Methylation pattern of fish lymphocystis disease virus DNA. J Virol 53: 1005–1007
Wang RY-H, Zhang X-Y, Ehrlich M (1986) A human DNA-binding protein is methylation-specific and sequence-specific. Nucleic Acids Res 14: 1599–1614
Ward C, Bolden A, Nalin CM, Weissbach A (1987) In vitro methylation of the 5’-flanking regions of the mouse ß-globin gene. J Biol Chem 262: 11057–11063
Watt F, Molloy PL (1988) Cytosine methylation prevents binding to DNA of a HeLa cell transcription factor required for optimal expression of the adenovirus late promoter. Genes and Development 2: 1136–1143
Weisshaar B, Langner K-D, Jüttermann R, Müller U, Zock C, Klimkait T, Doerfier W (1988) Reactivation of the methylation-inactivated late E2A promoter of adenovirus type 2 by E1A (13S) functions. J Mol Biol 202: 255–270
Wienhues U, Doerfler W (1985) Lack of evidence for methylation of parental and newly synthesized adenovirus type 2 DNA in productive infections. J Virol 56: 320–324
Wigler M, Levy D, Perucho M (1981) The somatic replication of DNA methylation. Cell 24: 33–40
Willis DB, Granoff A (1980) Frog virus 3 DNA is heavily methylated at CpG sequences. Virology 107: 250–257
Willis DB, Goorha R, Granoff A (1984) DNA methyltransferase induced by frog virus 3. J Virol 49: 86–91
Willis DB, Goorha R, Chinchar VG (1985) Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 116: 77–106
Woodcock DM, Crowther PJ, Diver WP (1987) The majority of methylated deoxycytidines in human DNA are not in the CpG dinucleotide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 145: 888–894
Xia Y, Burbank DE, van Etten JL (1986) Restriction endonuclease activity induced by NC-1A virus infection of a Chlorella-like green alga. Nucleic Acids Res 14: 6017–6030
Yisraeli J, Adelstein RS, Melloul D, Nudel U, Yaffe H, Cedar H (1986) Muscle-specific activation of a methylated chimeric actin gene. Cell 46: 409–416
Zhang X-Y, Ehrlich KC, Wang R Y-H, Ehrlich M (1986) Effect of site-specific DNA methylation and mutagenesis on recognition by methylated DNA-binding protein from human placenta. Nucleic Acids Res 14: 8387–8397
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Doerfler, W. (1989). Complexities in Gene Regulation by Promoter Methylation. In: Eckstein, F., Lilley, D.M.J. (eds) Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology. Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83709-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83709-8_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-83711-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-83709-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive