Abstract
The clinical-radiological assessment of radiation damage to bone is discussed in detail by Kolář and Vrabec (1976). This review also contains a comprehensive summary of the literature. Assessment of clinically relevant changes solely from the viewpoint of morphological pathology and radiology, however, can result in a considerable misrepresentation, since massive tissue damage does not necessarily result in severe functional defects. Clinical manifestation of damage necessarily depends on functional strain on the tissue. A knowledge of pathomorphological changes is necessary if patients are to be protected from severe damage. In this sense the description of the general pathological changes which are associated with radiation damage in bone is complementary to the chapter by Kolář and Vrabec (1976). An attempt will be made to emphasize the formal pathogenesis and the general principles it follows so as to convey an idea of the fate of the tissue after being challenged by radiation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aitasalo K (1986) Effect of irradiation on early enzymatic changes in healing mandibular periosteum and bone. A histochemical study on rats. Acta Radiol Oncol 25: 207–212
Albrektsson T, Jacobsson M, Turesson I (1980) Irradiation injury of bone tissue. A vital microscopic method. Acta Radiol Oncol 19: 235–239
Amsel S, Dell ES (1972) Bone formation by hemopoietic tissue: separation of preosteoblast from hemopoietic stem cell function in the rat. Blood 39: 267–273
Anderson C (1978) Bone-remodeling rates of the beagle: a comparison between sites on the same rib. Am J Vet Res 39: 1763–1765
Anderson ND, Colyer RA, Riley LH Jr (1979) Skeletal changes during prolonged external irradiation: alterations in marrow, growth plate and osteoclast populations. Johns Hopkins Med J 145: 73–83
Argüelles F, Gomar F, Garcia A, Esquerdo J (1977) Irradiation lesions of the growth plate in rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 59: 85–88
Arnold JS, Jee WSS (1957) Bone growth and osteoclastic activity as indicated by radioautographic distribution of plutonium. Am J Anat 101: 367–394
Arnold JS, Jee WSS (1959) Autoradiography in the localization and radiation dosage of Ra226 and Pu239 in the bones of dogs. Lab Invest 8: 194–203
Arnold M (1988) Der Einfluβ von Strahlendosis und Dosisfraktionierung auf die knöcherne Heilung eines definierten Bohrlochdefektes im Rattenfemur. Dissertation, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität München
Aronson AS, Gustafsson M, Selvik G (1976) Bone growth in the rabbit after irradiation. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 17: 838–844
Ascenzi A (1976) Physiological relationship and pathological interferences between bone tissue and marrow. In: Bourne GH (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol IV, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 403–444
Axhausen G (1954) Die Ernährungsunterbrechungen am Knochen. Erg Allg Pathol 37: 207–257
Azizkhan JC, Klagsbrun M (1980) Chondrocytes contain a growth factor that is localized in the nucleus and is associated with chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 2762–2766
Babicky A, Kolář J (1966) Generalized skeletal response to local radiation injury. Radiat Res 27: 108–118
Bahous I, Müller W (1976) Die lokale Behandlung chronischer Arthritiden mit Radionukliden. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 106: 1065–1073
Baltadjiev G (1987) Stereological characteristics of the mesenchymal complex in the degenerative-osteogenic zone of the growth cartilage of the tibia of premature neonates. Anat Anz 163: 243–248
Barak F, Werner A, Walach N, Horn Y (1984) Extensive late bone necrosis after postoperative orthovoltage irradiation of breast carcinoma. Report of a case. Acta Radiol Oncol 23: 485–488
Barnhard HJ, Geyer RW (1962) Effects of x-radiation on growing bone. Radiology 78: 207–214
Barr JS, Lingley JR, Gall EA (1943) The effect of roentgen irradiation on epiphyseal growth. I. Experimental studies upon the albino rat. 49: 104–115
Baserga R, Lisco H, Cater DC (1961) The delayed effects of external gamma irradiation on the bones of rats. Am J Pathol 39: 455–472
Baunach A (1935) Über den Einfluβ von Dosis und Rhythmus auf den Grad der Wachstumsschädigung des Knochenwachstums bei Röntgenstrahlungen. Strahlentherapie 54: 52–67
Becker G, Lepp C, Pömsl H, Luz A (1972) Störung des Knochen-wachstums nach Incorporation von Ra-224 (Thorium X) bei der Maus. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 56: 448–452
Bedwinek JM, Shukovsky LJ, Fletcher GH, Daley TE (1976) Osteonecrosis in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and naso- and oropharynx. Radiology 119: 665–667
Bélanger LF (1971) Osteocytic resorption. In: Bourne GH (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of bone, 2nd edn, vol III. Academic, New York, pp 239–270
Bensted JPM, Courtenay VD (1965) Histological changes in the rat bone after varying doses of x-rays with particular reference to bone tumour production. Br J Radiol 38: 261–270
Bensted JPM, Blackett NM, Lamerton LF (1961) Histological and dosimetric considerations of bone tumour production with radioactive phosphorus. Br J Radiol 34: 160–175
Birkner R (1953) 3 Fälle von Spontanfrakturen am Becken und Schenkelhals als Strahlenschädigungsfolge. Ideale Spontanheilung in 2 Fällen. Strahlentherapie 92: 297–307
Birkner R, Frey J, Ueberschär K-H (1956) Frühveränderungen am Knochen erwachsener Meerschweinchen nach Röntgenbestrahlung. Strahlentherapie 100: 574–590
Bisgard JD, Hunt HB (1936) Influence of roentgen rays and radium on epiphyseal growth of long bones. Radiology 26: 56–64
Blackburn J, Wells AB (1963) Radiation damage to growing bone: the effect of x-ray doses of 100 to 1,000r on mouse tibia and knee-joint. Br J Radiol 36: 505–513
Blackett NM, Kember NF, Lamerton LF (1959) The measurement of radiation dosage distribution by autoradiographic means with reference to the effects of bone-seeking isotopes. Lab Invest 8: 171–178
Bleher EA, Tschäppeler H (1979) Spätveränderungen an der Wirbelsäule nach Strahlentherapie und kombinierter Behandlung bei Morbus Hodgkin im Kindes- und Adoleszentenalter. Strahlentherapie 155: 817–828
Bloom MA, Bloom W (1949) Late effects of radium and plutonium on bone. Arch Pathol 47: 494–511
Bonarigo BC, Rubin P (1967) Nonunion of pathologic fracture after radiation therapy. Radiology 88: 889–898
Bond VP, Fliedner TM, Archambeau JO (1965) Mammalian radiation lethality. Academic, New York
Bonfiglio M (1953) The pathology of fracture of the femoral neck following irradiation. Am Roentgenol 70: 449–459
Bourne GH (1972) Phosphatase and calcification. In: Bourne GH (ed) Biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol I, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 79–120
Bradley JC (1972) Age changes in the vascular supply of the mandible. Br Dent J 132: 142–144
Bricout PB, Simanovsky M, Feldman MI, Mattii R (1985) Necrosis of the humeral head following postoperative supervoltage irradiation and chemotherapy in carcinoma of the breast. Br J Radiol 58: 562–563
Brooks B, Hillstrom HT (1933) Effect of roentgen rays on bone growth and bone regeneration. An experimental study. Am J Surg 20: 599–614
Budras K-D, Hartung K, Münzer BM (1986) Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über den Einfluβ von Röntgenbestrahlung auf das Stratum synoviale des entzündeten Kniegelenks. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr 99: 148–152
Bures MF, Wuehrmann AH (1969a) Bone-remodeling dynamics following local x-irradiation: I. J Dent Res 48: 376–384
Bures MF, Wuehrmann AH (1969b) Bone remodeling dynamics following local x-irradiation: II. J Dent Res 48: 904–908
Bures MF, Wuehrmann AH (1969c) Bone remodeling dynamics after intraperitoneal administration of radioactive sodium phosphate (32P). J Dent Res 48: 909–912
Burstone MS (1952) A histochemical study of irradiated bone. Am J Pathol 28: 1133–1141
Calvo W, Fliedner TM, Steinbach I, Alcober V, Nothdurft W, Fache I (1978) Development of fibrosis in dogs as a late consequence of whole-body x-irradiation. In: Late biological effects of ionizing radiation, vol II. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp 127–136
Canalis E, McCarthy T, Centrella M (1988) Growth factors and the regulation of bone remodeling. J Clin Invest 81: 277–281
Carlson HC, Williams MMD, Childs DS, Dockerty MB, Janes JM (1960) Microangiography of bone in the study of radiation changes. Radiology 74: 113–114
Castenera TJ, Jones DC, Kimeldorf DJ (1971) The effect of age at exposure to a sublethal dose of fast neutrons on tumorigenesis in the male rat. Cancer Res 31: 1543–1549
Chambers F, Ng E, Ogden H, Coggs G, Crane J (1958) Mandibular osteomyelitis in dogs following irradiation. Oral Surg 11: 843–859
Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA (1988) Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet I: 460–462
Coffin F (1983) The incidence and management of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws following head and neck radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 56: 851–857
Cohn SH (1961) Effect of aging and x-irradiation on the kinetics of skeletal metabolism in the rat. Radiat Res 15: 355–365
Cohn SH, Gong JK (1953a) Effect of 2000 roentgen local x-irradiation on the growth of rat bone. Growth 17: 7–20
Cohn SH, Gong JK (1953b) Effect of 2000 roentgens local x-irradiation on metabolism and alkaline phosphatase activity of rat bone. Am J Physiol 173: 115–119
Cole AA, Wezeman FH (1985) Perivascular cells in cartilage canals of the developing mouse epiphysis. Am J Anat 174: 119–129
Constine LS, Rubin P, Gregory P (1987) The differential protection by WR2721 of skin versus growing cartilage following irradiation in weanling rats. Radiat Res 110: 61–71
Cooley LM, Goss RJ (1958) The effects of transplantation and x-irradiation on the repair of fractured bones. Am J Anat 102: 167–181
Cottier H (1961) Strahlenbedingte Lebensverkürzung. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg
Cottier H (1966) Histopathologie der Wirkung ionisierender Strahlen auf höhere Organismen (Tier und Mensch). In: Zuppinger A (ed) Strahlenbiologie 2. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie, vol II/2, pp 35–272)
Cowell HR, Hunziker EB, Rosenberg L (1987) The role of hypertrophic chondrocytes in endochondral ossification and in the development of secondary centers of ossification. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 69: 159–161
Cutright DE, Brady JM (1971) Long-term effects of radiation on the vascularity of rat bone - quantitative measurements with a new technique. Radiat Res 48: 402–408
Dahl B (1936) De l’effet des rayons x sur les os longs en développement et sur la formation de cal. Etude radiobiologique et anatomique chez le rat. Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo I. Matemat- isk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1: 1–149
Dalén N, Edsmyr F (1974) Bone mineral content of the femoral neck after irradiation. Acta Radiol [Ther] (Stockh) 13: 97–101
Dambrain R, Dhem A (1984) Bone vitality in induced radionecrosis of the mandible estimated by osteocytic population counting. Strahlentherapie 160: 39–44
Dambrain R, Dhem A, Gueulette J, Wambersie A (1988) Bone vitality in the cat’s irradiated jaw. Histological study. Strahlenther Onkol 164: 351–356
Delgado E, Rodriguez JI, Serrada A, Tellez M, Paniagua R (1985) Radiation-induced osteochondroma-like lesion in young rat radius. Clin Orthop 201: 251–258
De Ridder L, Thierens H, Cornelissen M, Segaert O (1988) Effects of ionizing radiation on the metabolism and longitudinal growth of cartilaginous embryonic chick tibiae in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol 53: 965–975
De Séze S, Ryckewaert A, Lequesne M, Freneaux B (1963) La hanche radiothérapique formes classiques et formes méconnues. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 30: 695–705
Desjardins AU (1930) Osteogenic tumor; growth injury of bone and muscular atrophy following therapeutic irradiation. Radiology 14: 296–307
De Vries B, van den Berg WB, van der Putte LBA (1984) The effects of colloidal yttrium-90 silicate on the knee- joint of the mouse. Agents Actions 15: 101–103
Dodds GS, Cameron HC (1934) Studies on experimental rickets in rats. I. Structural modifications of the epiphyseal cartilages in the tibia and other bones. Am J Anat 55: 135–165 (cited after Gall et al. 1940)
Dziewiatkowski DD, Woodard HQ (1959) Effect of irradiation with x-rays on the uptake of S35 sulfate by the epiphyseal cartilage of mice. Lab Invest 8: 205–212
Eifel PJ (1988) Decreased bone growth arrest in weanling rats with multiple radiation fractions per day. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 15: 141–145
Eng W, Esterly JR (1972) Histochemical localization of enzymes in cartilage in neonatal and adult rats. Arch Pathol 94: 291–297
Engel D (1983) An experimental study of the action of radium on developing bones. Br J Radiol 11: 779–803
Engel IA, Straus DJ, Lacher M, Lane J, Smith J (1981) Osteonecrosis in patients with malignant lymphoma. A review of twenty-five cases. Cancer 48: 1245–1250
Engström A (1964) Der Einfluβ strahlender Energie auf das Knochengewebe. Ergeb Allg Pathol Anat 45: 1–22
Engström H, Turesson I, Waldenström J (1981) The effect of 50 kV x-ray irradiation on the alkaline phosphatase activity of growing rat bone. Int J Radiat Biol 40: 659–663
Euratom-GSF (1967) Pathogenese genetischer und somatischer Strahlenschäden. Jahresbericht 1965, p 26 EUR 3270. d
Ewing J (1926) Radiation osteitis. Acta Radiol (Stockh) 6: 399–412
Fajardo LF (1982) Pathology of radiation injury. Masson, New York
Fischer E (1955) Zur Häufigkeit der Skelettwachstumshem- mung bei Strahlenbehandlung der Hämangiome. Strahlentherapie 97: 599–607
Flaskamp W (1930) Über Röntgenschäden und Schäden durch radioaktive Substanzen. Strahlentherapie (Sonderb) 12: 1–354
Fowler JF (1957) Absorbed dose near bone: a conductivity method of measurement. Br J Radiol 30: 361–366
Frandsen AM (1962) Effects of roentgen irradiation of the jaws on socket healing in young rats. Acta Odontol Scand 20: 307–353
Frantz CH (1950) Extreme retardation of epiphyseal growth from roentgen irradiation. Radiology 55: 720–724
Gall EA, Lingley JR, Hilcken JA (1940) Comparative experimental studies of 200 kilovolt and 1000 kilovolt roentgen rays. I. The biological effects on the epiphysis of the albino rat. Am J Pathol 16: 605–618
Gamer AO (1988) Histomorphologische und -morphometrische Untersuchungen von frühen Knochenschäden nach Inkorporation optimal kanzerogener Dosen von 239-Plutonium an männlichen Ratten verschiedenen Alters. Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, KfK 4380
Garrison JC, Uyeki EM (1988) The effects of gamma radiation on chondrogenic development in vitro. Radiat Res 116: 356–363
Gates O (1943) Effects of radiation on tissues. XII. Effects on bone, cartilage and teeth. AMA Arch Pathol 35: 323–340
Gauwerky F (1958) Strahlenbedingte Wachstumsstörungen am Gesichtsschädel und deren Verhütung auf Grund biologischer Untersuchungen und klinischer Erfahrungen. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir 4: 33–43
Gauwerky F (1960) Über die Strahlenschädigung des wachsenden Knochens. Strahlentherapie 113: 325–350
Gerber GB, Métivier H, Smith H (eds) (1987) Age-related factors in radionuclide metabolism and dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht
Goodrich WA, Lenz M (1948) Laryngeal chondronecrosis following roentgen therapy. Am J Roentgenol 60: 22–28
Gössner W (1972) Grundlagen und allgemeine pathologische Anatomie der Strahlenschäden. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 56: 168–187
Gössner W, Schwabe M (1968) Histochemische Untersuchungen am Knochen nach Inkorporation von Ra-224 (Thorium X). Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 52: 334–338
Gössner W, Schwabe M (1971) Enzymhistochemie des Knochengewebes. Z Orthop 109: 212–230
Gössner W, Calvo W, Zurcher C (1982) Pathological findings in lethally irradiated and reconstituted dogs. In: Fliedner TM, Gössner W, Patrick G (eds) Late effects after therapeutic whole-body irradiation. Commission of the European Communities. Luxembourg, pp 89–98 EUR 8070 EN
Gowgiel JM (1960) Experimental radio-osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Dent Res 39: 176–197
Green N, French S, Rodriquez G, Hays M, Fingerhut A (1969) Radiation-induced delayed union of fractures. Radiology 93: 635–641
Gregg PJ, Walder DN (1980) Scintigraphy versus radiography in the early diagnosis of experimental bone necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 62: 214–221
Greve W (1952) Spontanfrakturen nach Röntgentiefenbe- strahlung. Strahlentherapie 86: 617–621
Grimm G (1971) Klinische und experimentelle Untersuchungen über die radiogene Knochenschädigung am Kieferapparat. Nova Acta Leopoldina (Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina), NF 36: 196
Güngör T, Hedlund T, Hulth A, Johnell O (1982) The effect of irradiation on osteoclasts with or without transplantation of hematopoietic cells. Acta Orthop Scand 53: 333–337
Günsel E (1953) Die Strahlenschäden am wachsenden Knochen. Strahlentherapie 91: 595–601
Gutjahr P, Greinacher I, Kutzner J (1975) Ergebnisse der kombinierten Wilmstumor-Behandlung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der therapiebedingten Skelettveränderungen. Strahlentherapie 149: 119–130
Gutjahr P, Greinacher I, Kutzner J (1976) Spätfolgen der Tumortherapie. Form- und Strukturveränderungen der Wirbelsäule im Röntgenbild. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 101: 988–992
Hagemann G (1970) Die Wirkung ionisierender Strahlen auf proliferierendes Knorpelgewebe, Dissertation. Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaft, Technische Univ Hannover
Hall BK (1981) Intracellular and extracellular control of the differentiation of cartilage and bone. Histochem J 13: 599–614
Hardt AB, Jee WSS (1982) Trabecular bone structural variation in biopsy sites of the beagle ilium. Calcif Tissue Int 34: 391–395
Hattner RS, Hartmeyer J, Wara WM (1982) Characterization of radiation-induced photopenic abnormalities on bone scans. Radiology 145: 161–163
Hazuka MB, Ibbott GS, Kinzie JJ (1988) HIP protheses during pelvic irradiation: effects and corrections. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14: 1311–1317
Heaston DK, Libshitz HI, Chan RC (1979) Skeletal effects of megavoltage irradiation in survivors of Wilm’s tumor. Am J Roentgenol 133: 389–395
Held F (1960) Die Bedeutung der Strahlenqualität für die schädigende Wirkung ionisierender Strahlung auf die Tibia-Epiphysenfuge der Albinoratte. Radiobiol Radiother (Berl) 1: 151–158
Heller M (1948) Bone. In: Bloom W (ed) Histopathology of irradiation from external and internal sources. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 70–161
Hempelmann LH, Hall WJ, Phillips M, Cooper RA, Ames WR (1975) Neoplasms in persons treated with x-rays in infancy: fourth survey in 20 years. J Natl Cancer Inst 55: 519–530
Heuck F (1967) Allgemeine Radiologie und Morphologie der Knochenkrankheiten. In: Diethelm L (ed) Röntgendiagnostik der Skeletterkrankungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie, vol V/1, pp 3–303
Heuck F, Gössner W (1973) Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Knochen. In: Braun H von, Heuck F, Ladner HA, Messerschmidt O, Musshoff K, Streffer C (eds) Strahlenempfindlichkeit von Organen und Organsystemen der Säugetiere und des Menschen. Thieme, Stuttgart (Strahlenschutz in Forschung und Praxis, vol XIII, pp 153–171
Heuck F, Lauritzen C (1967) Veränderungen von Mineralgehalt und Struktur des Femur nach gynäkologischer Strahlentherapie. Deutscher Röntgenkongress 1967, part B. Strahlentherapie [Sonderb] 66: 87–92
Heuck F, Schmidt E (1960) Die quantitative Bestimmung des Mineralgehaltes der Knochen aus dem Röntgenbild. Fortschr Roentgenstr 93: 523–554
Hinkel CL (1942) The effect of roentgen rays upon the growing long bones of albino rats. I. Quantitative studies of the growth limitation following irradiation. Am J Roentgenol 47: 439–457
Hinkel CL (1943a) The effect of roentgen rays upon the growing long bones of albino rats. II. Histopathological changes involving endochondral growth centers. Am J Roentgenol 49: 321–348
Hinkel CL (1943b) The effect of irradiation upon the composition and vascularity of growing rat bones. Am J Roentgenol 50: 516–526
Hoecker FE, Roofe PG (1951) Studies of radium in human bone. Radiology 56: 89–98
Hoffmann V (1923) Über Erregung und Lähmung tierischer Zellen durch Röntgenstrahlen. II. Experimentelle Untersuchungen an wachsenden Knochen von Kaninchen und Katzen. Strahlentherapie 14: 516–526
Holtrop ME, King GJ (1977) The ultrastructure of the osteoclast and its functional implications. Clin Orthop 123: 177–196
Hörmann D, Kamprad F, Hofmann V, Willnow U (1978) Wachstumsstörungen des kindlichen Skeletts im Röntgenbild nach kombinierter Therapie von Wilms- Tumoren und Neuroblastomen. Kinderärztl Prax 9: 475–488
Horn NL, Thompson M, Howes AE, Brown JM, Kallman RF, Probert JC (1974) Acute and chronic effects of x-irradiation on blood flow in the mouse limb. Radiology 113: 713–722
Horton MA (1988) Osteoclast-specific antigens. ISI atlas of science: immunology, pp 35–43
Horvath J, Horvath F, Juhász E, Urbányi L (1962) Über die Strahlenschädigungen wachsender Knochen. Strahlentherapie 118: 462–478
Howland WJ, Loeffler RK, Starchman DE, Johnson RG (1975) Postirradiation atrophic changes of bone and related complications. Radiology 117: 677–685
Huffer WE (1988) Morphology and biochemistry of bone remodeling: possible control by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and other substances. Lab Invest 59: 418–442
Hulth A, Westerborn O (1960) Early changes of the growth zone in rabbit following roentgen irradiation. Acta Orthop Scand 30: 155–168
Hulth A, Westerborn O (1962) Early changes of the growth zone in the rabbit following roentgen irradiation: autoradiographic investigation after the administration of radiosulphate. Br J Exp Pathol 43: 137–141
Humphreys ER, Loutit JF (1980) Lesions in CBA mice from nanocurie amounts of 239Pu. Int J Radiat Biol 37: 307–314
Humphreys ER, Green D, Howells GR, Thome MC (1982) Relationship between blood flow, bone structure, and 239Pu deposition in the mouse skeleton. Calcif Tissue Int 34: 416–421
Hunziker EB, Schenk RK, Cruz-Orive L-M (1987) Quantitation of chondrocyte performance in growth-plate cartilage during longitudinal bone growth. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 69: 162–173
Jacobsson M, Jönsson A, Albrektsson T, Turesson I (1985) Dose response for bone regeneration after single doses of 60Co irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11: 1963–1969
Jacobsson M, Kälebo P, Tjellström A, Turesson I (1987) Bone cell viability after irradiation. An enzyme histoche- mical study. Acta Oncol 26: 463–465
Jaffe N, Ried HL, Cohen M, McNeese MD, Sullivan MP (1983) Radiation induced osteochondroma in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9: 665–670
Jaworski ZFG (1987) Does the mechanical usage (MU) inhibit bone “remodeling”? Calcif Tissue Int 41: 239–248
Jee WSS (1971) Bone-seeking radionuclides and bones. In: Berdijs CC(ed) Pathology of irradiation. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 186–212
Jee WSS, Arnold JS (1961) The toxicity of plutonium deposited in skeletal tissues of beagles. Lab Invest 10: 797–825
Jee WSS, Nolan PD (1963) Origin of osteoclasts from fusion of phagocytes. Nature 200: 225–226
Jensh RP, Brent RL (1988) The effect of low level prenatal x-irradiation on postnatal growth in the Wistar rat. Growth Dev Aging 52: 53–62
Johnell O, Wiklund PE, Hulth A (1977) Osteoclast counting in crista biopsies. Acta Orthop Scand 48: 566–571
Johnson DR (1986) The genetics of the skeleton. Animal models of skeletal development. Clarendon, Oxford
Jones SJ, Boyde A (1977) Some morphological observations on osteoclasts. Cell Tissue Res 185: 387–397
Jones SJ, Hogg NM, Shapiro IM, Slusarenko M, Boyde A (1981) Cells with Fc receptors in the cell layer next to osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone. Metab Bone Dis Rel Res 2: 357–362
Judy WS (1941) An attempt to correct asymmetry in leg length by roentgen irradiation. A preliminary report. Am J Roentgenol 46: 237–240
Kember NF (1960) Cell division in endochondral ossification. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 42: 824–839
Kember NF (1962) Kinetics of population of bone-forming cells in the normal and irradiated rat. In: Dougherty F et al. (eds) Some aspects of internal irradiation. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 309–316
Kember NF (1965) An in vivo cell survival system based on the recovery of rat growth cartilage from radiation injury. Nature 207: 501–503
Kember NF (1967) Cell survival and radiation damage in growth cartilage. Br J Radiol 40: 496–505
Kember NF (1971) Cell population kinetics of bone growth: the first ten years of autoradiographic studies with tritiated thymidine. Clin Orthop 76: 213–230
Kember NF (1979) Proliferation controls in a linear growth system: theoretical studies of cell division in the cartilage growth plate. J Theor Biol 78: 365–374
Kember NF (1983) Cytotoxic effects on cartilage growth plates. In: Potten CS, Hendry JH (eds) Cytotoxic insult to tissue. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 353–367
Kember NF, Coggins J (1967) Changes in the vascular supply to rat growth cartilage during radiation injury and repair. Int J Radiat Biol 12: 143–151
Kember NF, Lambert BE (1981) Slowly cycling cells in growing bone. Cell Tissue Kinet 14: 327–330
Kember NF, Sadek M (1970) Mitotic suppression in gut and growth cartilage by x-irradiation in vivo. Int J Radiat Biol 17: 19–23
Kember NF, Sissons HA (1976) Quantitative histology of human growth plate. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 58: 426–435
Kember NF, Walker KVR (1971) Control of bone growth in rats. Nature 229: 428–429
Kimmel DB, Jee WSS (1980a) A quantitative histologic analysis of the growing long bone metaphysis. Calcif Tissue Int 32: 113–122
Kimmel DB, Jee WSS (1980b) Bone cell kinetics during longitudinal bone growth in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 32: 123–133
Kimmel DB, Jee WSS (1982) A quantitative histologic study of bone turnover in young adult beagles. Anat Rec 203: 31–45
King MA, Casarett GW, Weber DA (1979) A study of irradiated bone: I. Histopathologic and physiologic changes. J Nucl Med 20: 1142–1149
King MA, Weber DA, Casarett GW, Burgener FA, Corriveau O (1980) A study of irradiated bone. Part II: Changes in Tc-99m pyrophosphate bone imaging. J Nucl Med 21: 22–30
Koch W (1957) Die spezifische Strahlenreaktion des Knochens. In: Graul EH (ed) Fortschritte der Angewandten Radioisotopie und Grenzgebiete, vol II. Hüthig, Heidelberg, pp 102–193
Kofránek V, Parizek O, Svoboda V, Bubeniková D, Machek J (1977) 3H-TDR labelling of osteoprogenitor cells after 226Ra incorporation in mice. Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 16: 232–240
Kok G (1953) Spontaneous fractures of the femoral neck after the intensive irradiation of carcinoma of the uterus. Acta Radiol (Stockh) 40: 511–527
Kolår J, Vrabec R (1959) Gelenkknorpelschäden nach Röntgenbestrahlung. Forschr Roentgenstr 90: 717–721
Kolår J, Vrabec R (1976) Strahlenbedingte Knochenschäden. In: Diethelm L (ed) Röntgendiagnostik der Skeletterkrankungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie, vol V/1, pp 389–512)
Kolb HJ, Bender-Götze C, Janka G et al. (1982) Late radiation effects in patients treated with chemotherapy, total body irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for relapsed, acute leukemia. In: Fliedner TM, Gössner W, Patrick G (eds) Late effects after therapeutic whole-body irradiation. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, pp 27–33, EUR 8070 EN
Kollath J (1964) Radiogene Schäden der Knochen, des Knochenmarks und der Gefäße nach Telekobaltbe- strahlung. I. Mitteilung: Experimente an Meerschweinchen, Bestrahlungen mit 5000 R Co60. Strahlentherapie 123: 614–622
Kollath J (1965) Radiogene Schäden der Knochen und der umgebenden Weichteile nach Telekobaltbestrahlung. II. Mitteilung: Experimente an Meerschweinchen, Bestrahlungen mit 10000 R Co60. Strahlentherapie 126: 432–448
Kummermehr J (1971) Mikroradiographische Untersuchungen über den Einbau und die Retention von Calcium-45 im Kniegelenk der Ratte nach lokaler Röntgenbestrahlung. Dissertation, Med Fakultät Lud- wig-Maximilian-Universität München
Kuzma JF, Zander G (1957) Cancerogenic effects of Ca-45 and Sr-89 in Sprague Dawley rats. AMA Arch Pathol 63: 198–206
Lacroix P (1971) The internal remodeling of bones. In: Bourne GH (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol III, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 119–144
Langenskiöld A (1988) Growth plate regeneration. In: Uhthoff HK, Wiley JJ (eds) Behavior of the growth plate. Raven, New York, pp 47–54
Längle UW (1988) Frühe Knochenveränderungen nach Inkorporation kleiner Mengen von Alphastrahlern bei männlichen Ratten. Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, KfK 4473
Leblond CP, Weinstock M (1971) Radioautographic studies of bone formation. In: Bourne GH (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol III, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 181–200
Leiper AD, Stanhope R, Lau T, Grant DB, Blacklock H, Chessells JM, Plowman PN (1987) The effect of total body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation during childhood and adolescence on growth and endocrine function. Br J Haematol 67: 419–426
Levy BM, Rugh R (1952) The effect of total body roentgen irradiation on the long bones of hamsters. Am J Roentgenol 67: 974–979
Lind MG, Nathanson A (1977) 99Tcm-DP accumulation in rabbit skull bones after 60Co gamma irradiation. Acta Radiol [Ther] (Stockh) 16: 489–496
Lloyd KW, Keys H, Hubbard L, Thomas F, Evarts C (1979) Use of irradiation after total hip replacement to prevent heterotopic bone formation (abstract). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys [Suppl 2] 5: 208
Lobodziec W, Lubas B (1966) Influence of transverse dimensions of bone on roentgen dose distribution for different qualities of primary radiation. Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 4: 471–480
Loutit JF, Nisbet NW, (1982) The origin of osteoclasts. Immunobiology 161: 193–203
Loutit JF, Townsend KMS (1982a) Longevity of osteoclasts in radiation chimaeras of beige and osteopetrotic microphthalmic mice. Br J Exp Pathol 63: 214–220
Loutit JF, Townsend KMS (1982b) Longevity of osteoclasts in radiation chimaeras of osteopetrotic beige and normal mice. Br J Exp Pathol 63: 221–223
Loutit JF, Marshall MJ, Nisbet NW, Vaughan JM (1982) Versatile stem cells in bone marrow. Lancet II: 1090–1093
Lucht U (1972) Absorption of peroxidase by osteoclasts as studied by electron microscope histochemistry. Histochemie 29: 274–286
Luz A, Schäffer E, Erfle V et al. (1979) Vor- und Frühstadien des strahleninduzierten Osteosarkoms der Maus. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 63: 433–437
Maciejewski B, Preuss-Bayer G, Trott K-R (1983) The influence of the number of fractions and of overall treatment time on local control and late complication rate in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9: 321–328
Macpherson S, Owen M, Vaughan J (1962) The relation of radiation dose to radiation damage in the tibia of weanling rabbits injected with strontium 90. Br J Radiol 35: 221–234
Maeda M, Bryant MH, Yamagata M, Li G, Earle JD, Chao EYS (1988) Effects of irradiation on cortical bone and their time-related changes. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 70: 392–399
Marciani RD, Gonty AA, Giansanti JS, Avila J (1977) Autogenous cancellous-marrow bone grafts in irradiated dog mandibles. Oral Surg 43: 365–372
Marinelli LD, Kenney JM (1941) Absorption of radiophosphorus in irradiated and non-irradiated mice. Am J Roentgenol 37: 691–697
Markbreiter LA, Pelker RR, Friedlaender GE, Peschel R, Panjabi MM (1989) The effect of radiation on the fracture repair process. A biomechanical evaluation of a closed fracture in a rat model. J Orthop Res 7: 178–183
Marks SC Jr, Popoff SN (1988) Bone cell biology: the regulation of development, structure, and function in the skeleton. Am J Anat 183: 1–44
Marquart K-H (1977) Early ultrastructural changes in osteocytes from the proximal tibial metaphysis of mice after the incorporation of 224Ra. Radiat Res 69: 40–53
Marquart K-H, Gössner W (1978) Histopathology of early effects of 224Ra on bone tissue. In: Müller WA, Ebert HG (eds) Biological effects of 224Ra. Nijhoff, The Hague, pp 149–157
Marx RE (1983) Osteoradionecrosis: a new concept of its pathophysiology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 41: 283–288
Matsuzuwa T, Anderson HC (1971) Phosphatases of epiphyseal cartilage studied by electron microscopic cytochemical methods. J Histochem Cytochem 19: 801–808
Mauch PM, Weinstein H, Botnick L, Belli J, Cassady JR (1983) An evaluation of long-term survival and treatment complications in children with Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 51: 925–932
Maugh II TH (1982) Human skeletal growth factor isolated. Science 217: 819
Meier A (1951) Einwirkung der Radiumstrahlen auf den wachsenden menschlichen Knochen. Strahlentherapie 84: 587–600
Melanotte PL, Follis RH (1961) Early effects of x- irradiation on cartilage and bone. Am J Pathol 29: 1–15
Meisen F, Mosekilde L (1978) Tetracycline double-labeling of iliac trabecular bone in 41 normal adults. Calcif Tissue Res 26: 99–102
Miller SC, Marks SC Jr (1982) Osteoclast kinetics in osteopetrotic (ia) rats cured by spleen cell transfers from normal littermates. Calcif Tissue Int 34: 422–427
Möell C, Garwicz S (1988) Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet I: 1335
Möell C, Garwicz S, Westgren U, Wiebe T (1987) Disturbed pubertal growth in girls treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 4: 1–5
Mole RH (1982) Consequences of pre-natal radiation exposure for post-natal development. A review. Int J Radiat Biol 42: 1–12
Morgan DB (1984) Osteoporosis. Surv Synth Pathol Res 3: 442–456
Morrish RB, Chan E, Silverman S, Meyer J, Fu KK, Greenspan D (1981) Osteonecrosis in patients irradiated for head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 47: 1980–1983
Morse BS, Giuliani D, Giuliani ER (1974) Effects of radiation on bone formation: a functional assessment. Radiat Res 60: 307–313
Murray CG, Daly TE, Zimmerman SO (1980) The relationship between dental disease and radiation necrosis of the mandible. Oral Surg 49: 99–104
Myers R, Robinson JE, Field SB (1980) The relationship between heating time and temperature for inhibition of growth in baby rat cartilage by combined hyperthermia and x-rays. Int J Radiat Biol 38: 373–382
Neuhauser EBD, Wittenborg MH, Berman CZ, Cohen J (1952) Irradiation effects of roentgen therapy on the growing spine. Radiology 59: 637–650
Ng E, Chambers FW, Ogden HS, Coggs GC, Crane JT (1959) Osteomyelitis of the mandible following irradiation. Radiology 72: 68–74
Nilsson A (1969) Der Effekt der ionisierenden Strahlung auf das Skelett. In: Dobberstein J, Pallaske G, Stünzi H (eds) Handbuch der Spez Path Anat der Haustiere, vol I, 3rd edn. Parey, Berlin, pp 456–487
Norris WP, Cohn SH (1952) The effect of injected radium on the alkaline phosphatase activity of bone and tissues. J Biol Chem 196: 255–264
Ogden JA (1988) Skeletal growth mechanism injury patterns. In: Uhthoff HK, Wiley JJ (eds) Behavior of the growth plate. Raven, New York, pp 85–96
Owen M (1971) Cellular dynamics of bone. In: Bourne GH (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol III, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 271–298
Owen M (1978) Histogenesis of bone cells. Calcif Tissue Res 25: 205–207
Parker RG (1972) Tolerance of mature bone and cartilage in clinical radiation therapy. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 6: 312–331
Parker RG, Berry HC (1976) Late effects of therapeutic irradiation on the skeleton and bone marrow. Cancer 37: 1162–1171
Pesch H-J, Henschke F, Seibold H (1977) Einfluβ von Mechanik und Alter auf den Spongiosaumbau in Lendenwirbelkörpern und im Schenkelhals. Virchows Arch [A] 377: 27–42
Phemister DB (1926) Radium necrosis of bone. Am J Roentgenol 16: 340–348
Phillips RD, Kimeldorf DJ (1966) Age and dose dependence of bone growth retardation induced by x- irradiation. Radiat Res 27: 384–396
Pogrund H, Yosipovitch Z (1976) Osteochondroma following irradiation. Isr J Med Sci 12: 154–157
Polig E, Kimmel DB, Jee WSS (1984) Morphometry of bone cell nuclei and their location relative to bone surfaces. Phys Med Biol 29: 939–952
Polig E, Jee WSS, Dell RB, Johnson F (1988) Microdistribution and local dosimetry of 226Ra in trabecular bone of the beagle. Radiat Res 116: 263–282
Pömsl H (1974) Frühschäden and Tibia und Wirbel der Maus nach Inkorporation von Thorium-227 und Radium- 224. Dissertation, Fakultät für Medizin der Technischen Universität München
Priest ND (ed) (1985) Metals in bone. MTP, Lancaster
Pritchard JJ (1972) The osteoblast. In: Bourne GH (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol 1, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 21–43
Probert JC, Parker BR (1975) The effects of radiation therapy on bone growth. Radiology 114: 155–162
Prosnitz LR, Lawson JP, Friedlander GE, Farber LR, Pezzimenti JF (1981) Avascular necrosis of bone in Hodgkin’s disease patients treated with combined modality therapy. Cancer 47: 2793–2797
Putzke HP (1963) Histochemische Untersuchungen der Tibiaepiphyse der Ratte nach Röntgen- und Kobaltbestrahlung. Acta Histochem 15: 241–250
Rabbett WF (1965) Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. The relation of irradiation to malignant degeneration in this disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 74: 1149–1163
Raisz LG (1988) Local and systemic factors in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 318: 818–828
Ranudd NE (1966) Dose distribution studies in external irradiation of carcinoma colli uteri. Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 4: 353–362
Ray RD (1976) Circulation and bone, In: Bourne GH (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol IV, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 385–402
Ray RD, Thompson DM, Wolf NK, La Violette D (1956) Bone metabolism. II. Toxicity and metabolism of radioactive strontium in rats. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 38: 160–174
Regen EM, Wilkins WE (1936) Influence of roentgen irradiation on rate of healing of fractures and phosphatase activity of callus of adult bone. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 18: 69–79
Regezi JA, Courtney RM, Kerr DA (1976) Dental managements of patients irradiated for oral cancer. Cancer 38: 994–1000
Reidy JA, Lingley JR, Gall EA, Barr JS (1947) Effect of roentgen irradiation on epiphyseal growth. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 29: 853–873
Reining J, Heß F, Pfab R (1988) Strahlenbehandlung nach Hüfttotalendoprothese gegen periartikuläre Verknöcherungen. Dtsch Ärztebl 85: C-1031
Rhinelander FW (1972) Circulation of bone. In: Bourne GH (ed) Biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol II, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 2–77
Rissanen P, Rokkanen P, Paatsama S (1969a) The effect of Co60 irradiation on bone in dogs, part I. Mature bone. Strahlentherapie 137: 162–169
Rissanen P, Rokkanen P, Paatsama S (1969b) The effect of Co60 irradiation on bone in dogs, part II. Growing bone. Strahlentherapie 137: 344–354
Rohrer MD, Kim Y, Fayos JV (1979) The effect of cobalt-60 irradiation on monkey mandibles. Oral Surg 48; 424–440
Rosenstock JG, Jones PM, Pearson D, Palmer MK (1978) Ewing’s sarcoma, adjuvant chemotherapy and pathologic fracture. Eur J Cancer 14: 799–803
Rosenthall L, Marvin JF (1957) The effect of roentgen-ray quality on bone growth and cortical bone damage. Am J Roentgenol 77: 893–898
Rossleigh MA, Smith J, Straus DJ, Engel IA (1986) Osteonecrosis in patients with malignant lymphoma. A review of 31 cases. Cancer 58: 1112–1116
Rowland RE, Marshall JH (1959) Radium in human bone, the dose in microscopic volumes in bone. Radiat Res 11: 299–313
Rowland RE, Jowsey J, Marshall JH (1958) Structural changes in human bone containing 226Ra. Proc 2nd UN Int Conf on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva. 22: 242–246
Rowland RE, Jowsey J, Marshall JH (1959a) Microscopic metabolism of calcium in bone. III. Microradiographic measurements of mineral density. Radiat Res 10: 234–242
Rowland RE, Marshall JH, Jowsey J (1959b) Radium in human bone, the microradiographic appearance. Radiat Res 10: 323–334
Rubin P, Casarett GW (1968) Clinical radiation pathology, vol II. Saunders, Philadelphia
Rubin P, Casarett G (1972) A direction for clinical radiation pathology. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 6: 1–16
Rubin P, Brace KC, Gump H, Swarm R, Andrews JR (1957) The radiotoxic effects of S35 in growing cartilage. Radiology 69: 711–719
Rubin P, Andrews JR, Swarm R, Gump H (1959) Radiation induced dysplasias of bone. Am J Roentgenol 82: 206–216
Salinger S (1942) Arrested development of the larynx following irradiation for recurring papillomas. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 51: 273–277
Sams A (1963) Effect of x-irradiation on the circulatory system of the hind limb of the mouse. Int J Radiat Biol 7: 113–129
Sams A (1965a) Histological changes in the larger blood vessels of the hind limb of the mouse after x-irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 9: 165–174
Sams A (1965b) The long term effects of 2000 r of x-rays on the bone marrow of the mouse tibia. Br J Radiol 38: 914–919
Sams A (1966a) The effect of 2000 r of x-rays on the acid and alkaline phosphatase of mouse tibiae. Int J Radiat Biol 10: 123–140
Sams A (1966b) The effect of 2000 r of x-rays on the internal structure of the mouse tibia. Int J Radiat Biol 11: 51–68
Sandberg M, Vuorio T, Hirvonen H, Alitalo K, Vuorio E (1988) Enhanced expression of TGF-β and c-fos mRNAs in the growth plates of developing human long bones. Development 102: 461–470
Sanders JE, Pritchard S, Mahoney P et al. (1986) Growth and development following marrow transplantation for leukemia. Blood 68: 1129–1135
Scheven BAA, Wassenaar A-M, Kawilarang-de Haas EWM, Nijweide PJ (1987) Comparison of direct and indirect radiation effects on osteoclast formation from progenitor cells derived from different hemopoietic sources. Radiat Res 111: 107–118
Scott BL, Glimcher MJ (1971) Distribution of glycogen in osteoblasts of the fetal rat. J Ultrastruct Res 36: 565–586
Seelentag W, Kistner G (1969) Erzeugung von Krankheiten des Skeletts durch Strahlung. In: Eichler O (ed) Stütz- und Hartgewebe. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie, vol XVI/8, pp 96–169)
Sela J, Deutsch D, Bodner L, Bab I, Waschler Z, Muhlrad A (1982) Effect of x-ray irradiation on primary mineralization in rat alveolar bone. Virchows Arch [A] 398: 11–18
Sengupta S, Prathap K (1973) Radiation necrosis of the humerus. A report of three cases. Acta Radiol [Ther] (Stockh) 12: 313–320
Sherman MS, Selakovich WG (1957) Bone changes in chronic circulatory insufficiency. A histopathology study. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 39: 892–901
Shipley PG, Macklin CC (1916/17) Some features of osteogenesis in light of vital staining. Am J Physiol 42: 117–123
Shohoji T, Pasternak B (1973) Adolescent growth patterns in survivors exposed prenatally to the A-bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Health Phys 25: 17–27
Silbermann M, Frommer J (1972a) Vitality of chondrocytes in the mandibular condyle as revealed by collagen formation. An autoradiographic study with 3H-proline. Am J Anat 135: 359–370
Silbermann M, Frommer J (1972b) Further evidence for the vitality of chondrocytes in the mandibular condyle as revealed by 35S-sulfate autoradiography. Anat Rec 174: 503–512
Silbermann M, Lewinson D, Gonen H, Lizarbe MA, von der Mark K (1983) In vitro transformation of chondro- progenitor cells into osteoblasts and the formation of new membrane bone. Anat Rec 206: 373–383
Silverman CL, Thomas PRM, McAlister WH, Walker S, Whiteside LA (1981) Slipped femoral capital epiphyses in irradiated children: dose, volume and age relationships. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7: 1357–1363
Simmons DJ (1976) Comparative physiology of bone. In: Bourne GH (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol IV, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 445–516
Sissons HA (1956) Experimental study of the effect of local irradiation of bone growth. In: Mitchell JS (ed) Proc 4th Intern Conf on Radiobiol 1955, Cambridge. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh pp 436–448
Sissons HA (1971) The growth of bone. In: Bourne GH (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of bone, vol III, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 145–180
Smith JM, Miller SC, Jee WSS (1982) The microdistribution and local dosimetry of plutonium: effects of bone marrow microvasculature (abstract). Radiat Res 91: 297
Smith R (1987) Osteoporosis: cause and management. Br Med J 294: 329–332
Smith R, Davidson JK, Flatman GE (1982) Skeletal effects of orthovoltage and megavoltage therapy following treatment of nephroblastoma. Clin Radiol 33: 601–613
Sonneveld P, van Bekkum DW (1979) The effect of whole-body irradiation on skeletal growth in rhesus monkeys. Radiology 130: 789–791
Sontag W (1980) An automatic microspectrophotometric scanning method for the measurement of bone formation rates in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 32: 63–68
Sontag W (1986a) Quantitative measurements of periosteal and cortical-endosteal bone formation and resorption in the midshaft of female rat femur. Bone 7: 55–62
Sontag W (1986b) Quantitative measurements of periosteal and cortical-endosteal bone formation and resorption in the midshaft of male rat femur. Bone 7: 63–70
Sontag W (1987) Dosimetry of alpha-emitting radionuclides in bone - a practical approach. Health Phys 53: 495–501
Soskolne WA (1978) Phagocytosis of osteocytes by osteoclasts in femora of two week-old rabbits. Cell Tissue Res 195: 557–564
Spangler D (1941) The effect of x-ray therapy for closure of the epiphyses: preliminary report. Radiology 37: 310–314
Spiers FW (1949) The influence of energy absorption and electron range on dosage in irradiated bone. Br J Radiol 22: 521–533
Spiess H, Mays CW (1979) Exostoses induced by 224Ra (ThX) in children. Eur J Pediatr 132: 271–276
Spiess H, Mays CW, Spiess-Paulus E (1986) Growth retardation in children injected with 224Ra. In: Gössner W, Gerber GB, Hagen U, Luz A (eds) The radiobiology of radium and thorotrast. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich
Stampfli WP, Kerr HD (1947) Fractures of femoral neck following pelvic irradiation. Am J Roentgenol 57: 71–83
Stephenson WH, Cohen B (1956) Post-irradiation fractures of the neck of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 38: 830–845
Sylvester JE, Greenberg P, Selch MT, Thomas BJ, Amstutz H (1988) The use of postoperative irradiation for the prevention of heterotopic bone formation after total HIP replacement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14: 471–476
Tannock IF, Hayashi S (1972) The proliferation of capillary endothelial cells. Cancer Res 32: 77–82
Teft M (1972) Radiation effect on growing bone and cartilage. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 6: 289–311
Thurner J (1970) latrogene Pathologie. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich
Thyberg J (1972) Ultrastructural localization of arylsul- fatase activity in the epiphyseal plate. J Ultrastruct Res 38: 332–342
Thyberg J, Friberg U (1972) Electron microscopic enzyme histochemical studies on the cellular genesis of matrix vesicles in the epiphyseal plate. J Ultrastruct Res 41: 43–59
Thyberg J, Lohmander S, Friberg U (1973) Electron microscopic demonstration of proteoglycans in guinea pig epiphyseal cartilage. J Ultrastruct Res 45: 407–427
Timothy AR, Tucker AK, Park WM, Cannell LB (1978) Osteonecrosis in Hodgkin’s disease. Br J Radiol 51: 328–332
Tonna EA (1963) Origin of osteoclasts from fusion of phagocytes. Nature 200: 226–227
Tonna EA (1972) An electron microscopic study of osteocyte release during osteoclasis in mice of different ages. Clin Orthop 87: 311–317
Triffitt JT (1987) Initiation and enhancement of bone formation. A review. Acta Orthop Scand 58: 673–684
Ubios AM, Guglielmotti MB, Cabrini RL (1986) Effect of diphosphonate on the prevention of x-irradiation- induced inhibition of bone formation in rats. J Oral Pathol 15: 500–505
Ueberschär K-H (1959) Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über Verlauf und Reparation der radiogenen Knochenschädigung. Strahlentherapie 110: 529–540
Uhthoff HK, Wiley JJ (eds) (1988) Behavior of the growth plate. Raven, New York
Urist MR, Hernandez A (1974) Excitation transfer in bone. Deleterious effects of cobalt 60 radiation-sterilization of bank bone. Arch Surg 109: 486–493
Vaeth JM, Levitt SH, Jones MD, Holfreter C (1962) Effects of radiation therapy in survivors of Wilms’ tumor. Radiology 79: 560–568
van Caneghem P, Schirren CG (1956) Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Frage der Röntgenstrahlenempfind- lichkeit von Knochenwachstumszonen. Strahlentherapie 100: 433–444
van der Plas A, Nijweide PJ (1988) Cell-cell interactions in the osteogenic compartment of bone. Bone 9: 107–111
Vaughan JM (1973) The effects of irradiation on the skeleton. Clarendon, Oxford
Vaughan J (1981) Osteogenesis and haematopoiesis. Lancet II: 133–136
Vaughan J, Owen M (1959) The use of autoradiography in the measurement of radiation dose-rate in rabbit bones following the administration of Sr90. Lab Invest 8: 181–191
von Rottkay P (1985) Bericht über zwei Fälle von strahleninduzierten Knochennekrosen an Brustwirbelkörpern bei Bronchialkarzinomen nach akzelerierter Bestrahlung. Strahlentherapie 161: 704–705
Wachsmann F (1949) Ausblick auf die Anwendung’smög- lichkeiten der Elektronenschleuder in der Medizin und bisherige Versuchsergebnisse mit ultraharten Strahlungen. Acta Radiol (Stockh) 32: 146–158
Walker KVR, Kember NF (1972a) Cell kinetics of growth cartilage in the rat tibia. I. Measurements in young male rats. Cell Tissue Kinet 5: 401–408
Walker KVR, Kember NF (1972b) Cell kinetics of growth cartilage in the rat tibia. II. Measurements during ageing. Cell Tissue Kinet 5: 409–419
Wang CC, Doppke K (1976) Osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone - consideration of nominal standard dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1: 881–883
Wegener K (1970) Osteodystrophy after inhalation of radon-222. Virchows Arch [A] 350: 179–182
Weiss JF, Catravas GN, Reddi AH (1982) Influence of radiation on matrix-induced endochondral bone differentiation (abstract). Radiat Res 91: 353
Wells AB (1969) The effect of acute and fractionated doses of x-rays on the growth of the mouse tibia. Br J Radiol 42: 364–371
Wieland C (1983) Wirbelveränderungen nach Bestrahlung eines Ösophaguskarzinoms. Strahlentherapie 159: 211–213
Wilkins WE, Regen EM (1934) The influence of roentgen rays on the growth and phosphatase activity of bone. Radiology 22: 674–677
Wilson CW (1950) Dosage of high voltage radiation within bone and its possible significance for radiation therapy. Br J Radiol 23: 92–100
Wilson CW (1956a) The uptake of 32P by the kneejoint and tibia of six-week-old mice and the effect of x-rays upon it. Variation of uptake with time after a dose of 2000 r of 200 kV x-rays. Br J Radiol 29: 86–573
Wilson CW (1956b) The effect of x-rays on the uptake of 32P by the knee-joint and tibia of six-week-old mice: relation of depression of uptake to x-ray dose. Br J Radiol 29: 571–573
Wilson CW (1957) The effects of x-rays on the uptake of 32P by the knee joint and tibia of six-week-old mice. A comparison of the effects produced by equal doses of 200 kV and 2 MeV x-rays. Br J Radiol 30: 92–94
Wilson CW (1958) The effect of x-rays upon the uptake of 32P by the knee joint of the mouse. Relation between the depression of 32P uptake and the age of animal. Br J Radiol 31: 384–386
Wilson CW (1959) Effect of x-rays on uptake of 32P by the mouse knee joint when the x-ray dose is given in two carefully spaced fractions. Br J Radiol 32: 547–551
Wilson CW (1960) Effect of x-rays on the uptake of phosphorus 32 by the mouse knee joint. Dependence upon the spacing interval of the effect produced by two spaced equal dose fractions. Br J Radiol 33: 636–639
Wilson CW (1961) Effect of spaced x-ray dose fractions on 32P uptake by the mouse knee joint. Dependence upon size of fractions and their spacing intervals. Br J Radiol 34; 454–457
Woodard HQ (1957) Some effects of x-rays on bone. Clin Orthop 9: 118–130
Woodard HQ, Laughlin JS (1957) The effect of x-rays of different qualities on the alkaline phosphatase activity of living mouse bone. II. Effects of 22.5 Mevp x-rays. Radiat Res 7: 236–252
Woodard HQ, Spiers FW (1953) The effect of x-rays of different qualities on the alkaline phosphatase of living mouse bone. Br J Radiol 26: 38–46
Wozney JM, Rosen V, Celeste AJ et al. (1988) Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities. Science 242: 1528–1534
Wronski TJ, Smith JM, Jee WSS (1980) The microdistribution and retention of injected 239Pu on trabecular bone surfaces of the beagle: implications for the induction of osteosarcoma. Radiat Res 83: 74–89
Wronski TJ, Smith JM, Jee WSS (1981) Variations in mineral apposition rate of trabecular bone within the beagle skeleton. Calcif Tissue Int 33: 583–586
Wurster CF, Krespi YP, Curtis AW (1982) Osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 90: 126–129
Yeager VL, Chiemchanya S, Chaiseri P (1975) Changes in size of lacunae during the life of osteocytes in osteons of compact bone. J Gerontol 30: 9–14
Zinkernagel R, Riede UN, Schenk RK (1972) Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen der juxtaepiphysären Kapillaren nach Perfusionsfixation. Experientia 28: 1205–1206
Zollinger HU (1960) Radio-Histologie und Radio- Histopathologie In: Roulet F (ed) Strahlung und Wetter. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg (Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, vol 10/1, pp 127–287)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Luz, A., Gössner, W., Heuck, F. (1991). Bone. In: Scherer, E., Streffer, C., Trott, KR. (eds) Radiopathology of Organs and Tissues. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83416-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83416-5_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-83418-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-83416-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive