Abstract
The actual understanding of bone electric phenomena is traced by three biophysical discoveries:
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1.
The piezoelectricity of bone, stated by Fukada and Yasuda (10), pointing to the problems of bound but displacable electric charges involved in biologic processes of osseous tissue.
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2.
The existence of the PN junction between the apatite-collagen crystals recognized by Becker, Bassett and Bachman (1), which made it possible to explain the biologic effectiveness of the shift and injection of electric charges within or into the bone.
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3.
The recognition by Cieszyński (2–6) of the constructive or destructive influence on bone crystals of positive or negative electric polarization, respectively, enabled him to initiate and develop some original methods of electric bone treatment in humans. The discovery of this basic relation also enabled him to clarify the physical nature of the electropositive crystalline bond using structural and energetic analyses (7, 8, 9).
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References
Becker, R.O., Bassett, C.A., Bachman, C.H.: Bioelectrical Factors Controlling Bone Structure in Bone Biodynamics. Boston: Little, Brown and Company 1964, pp. 209–232
Cieszyfiski,T.: Electric surface-depth potential of Iwonicz-Spa and Jastrzebie-Spa, as well as of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Acta Physiol. Pol. 13, (No.2), 290 (1962) Reports from Sess. Wroclaw Branch Pol. Physiol. Soc., October 24, 1961
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Cieszyfiski, T.: Studies on regeneration of ossal tissue, part 1: On the electric surface-depth potential of Salines of Iwonicz-Spa and Jastrzebie-Spa and of NaOH and HCl solutions. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 11, (No.1–2), 182–190, 189–197 (1963)
Cieszynski, T.: Studies on regeneration of ossal tissue, part 2: Treatment of bone fractures in experimental animals with electric energy. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 11 (No.1–2), 191–209, 199–217 (1963)
Cieszyfiski, T.: Studies on regeneration of ossal tissue, part 3: Influence of positive and negative electricity on callus formation in humans. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 12 (No.2), 269–295 (1964)
Cieszyfiski, T.: The concept of electropositive crystalline bond. Acta Physiol. Pol. 20 (No.3), 440 (1969). Reports from Sess. Wroclaw Branch Pol. Physiol. Soc., March 28, 1968
Cieszyfiski, T.: Concept of Electropositive Crystal Bond Based on Ossification and Other Phenomena in Cellular Mechanisms for Calcium Transfer and Homeostasis. New York-London: Academic Press 1971, p. 509
Cieszyfiski, T.: Melting point of apatites as bond energy property in relation to structure. 2nd. Symp. Inorg. Phosphorus Compounds IUPAC, Prague, 1974, Abstracts, pp. 150–153
Fukada, E., Yasuda, I.: On the piezoelectric effect on bone. J. Physiol. Soc. Jpn. 12 (No.10), 1158–1162 (1957)
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Cieszyński, T. (1978). Achievements and Discrepancies in Understanding Bone Electric Phenomena. In: Burny, F., Herbst, E., Hinsenkamp, M. (eds) Electric Stimulation of Bone Growth and Repair. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81193-7_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81193-7_4
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