Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie ((1692,volume 3 / 5))

Abstract

Busse-Buschke’s disease, earlier referred to also as torulosis, European blastomycosis, and other terms, is a deep, visceral, systemic, or generalized mycosis caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans (Sanfelice) Vutllemin, 1901. Cryptococcosis has been reported from almost all countries of the world and is the most frequent systemic mycosis found in man in Europe (Matheis).

The manuscript of this chapter was finished and delivered March 1968; bibliography is considered only up to this date.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrahams, I.: Further studies on acquired resistance to murine cryptococcosis. Enhancing effect of Bordetella pertussis. J. Immunol. 96, 525–529 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, I., Gilleran, T. G.: Studies on actively acquired resistance to experimental cryptococcosis in mice. J. Immunol. 85, 629–635 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, I., Gilleran, T.F., Weiss, C.B.: Quantitative studies on reverse cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice with progressive cryptococcosis. J. Immunol. 89, 684–690 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agustoni, C.B., Vivot, N. A., Marini, L.C.: Cryptococcosis (torulosis) cerebromeningea. Estudio clinico y anatomopatológico. Prens. méd. argent. 37, 1055–1059 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahuja, M.M., Nayak, N.C., Bhargava, S.: Clinicopathological conference A.I.I.M.S. (a fatal case of cryptococcosis). J. Indian med. Ass. 42, 474–478 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aikat, B.K., Chatterjee, B.D., Banerjee, P.L.: The rising incidence of cryptococcosis. Indian. J. med. Res. 55, 43–46 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aitken, G.W., Symonds, E.M.: Cryptococcal meningitis in pregnancy treated with amphotericin B. A case report. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Comm. 69, 677–679 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajello, L.: Occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans in soils. Amer. J. Hyg. 67, 72–77 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajello, L.: Medium for selective isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Georgia 151, 208–209 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajello, L.: Comparative ecology of respiratory mycotic disease agents. Bact. Rev. 31, 6–24 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajello, L., Grant, V.Q., Gutske, M.A.: The effect of tubercle bacillus concentration procedures on fungi causing pulmonary mycoses. J. Lab. clin. Med. 38, 486–491 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alajouanine, Th., Grasset, A.: La cryptococcose (torulose) de systeme nerveux central. Sem. Hop. Paris 33, 3575–3585 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alajouanine, Th., Houdart, R., Drouhet, E.: Les formes chirurgicales spinales de la torulose torulome de la queue de cheval. Revue Neurol. 88, 153–163 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman, L.W.: Report of a case of cerebrospinal meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula hominis). Med. J. Aust. 2, 914–916 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, W.P.: An investigation of the anticryptococcal properties of normal serums. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Michigan. Michigan: Ann Arbor 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, V.K., Lowbeer, T.: Rectal ulcera with perirectal fistula as a port of entrance for torula (histolytica) encephalitis. Sth. med. J. 38, 565–569 (1945).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allende, G.: Meningitis a torula. Prens. méd. argent. 27, 816–818 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida, F.: Algunos datos sobre la criptococcosis en América del Sur. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 15, 389–393 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida, F., Lacaz da Silva, C., Monteiro Salles: Blastomicose do tipo Busse-Buschke (granulomatose criptococcia. Torula infection, Torulosis). Segundo caso observada en São Paulo. An. Fac. Med. Univ. Sao Paulo 20, 115–139 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Amorim, F. de, Pascualucci, E. A.: Natureza das lesoes do sistema nervoso central na torulose. Rev. lat.-amer. Anat. pat. 2, 41–50 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Amorim, F. de, Pascualucci, E. A.: Die Art der Schäden des ZNS bei Torulosis. Rev. lat.-amer. Anat. pat. 2, 41–50 (1958) [Portugiesisch, mit englischer Zusammenfassung].

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, H.W.: Yeast-like fungi of human intestinal tract. J. infect. Dis. 21, 341–385 (1917).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, K., Beech, M.: Serological tests for the early diagnosis of cryptococcal infection. Med. J. Aust. 45, 601–602 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andre, L., Desausse, P., Moncourrier, L., Billiotter, J., Deletraz, R.: Un cas mortel de blastomycose thora-cique avec envahissement du canal medullaire. Bull. Soc. méd. Hôp. Paris 66, 1046–1049 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andriole, V.T., Kravetz, H.M.: The use of amphotericin B in man. J. Amer. med. Ass. 180, 269–272 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aneck-Hahn, H.G.L.: Blastomycosis of the central nervous system. S. Afr. med. J. 7, 369–370 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anguli, V.C., Natarajan, P.: Systemic cryptococcosis with a toruloma of the left ventricle. Case report. Indian. J. Path. Bact. 4, 179–182 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Angulo Ortega,A., Rodriguez, C., Garcia Galindo, G.: Cryptococcosis in Venezuela. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 15, 367–388 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appelbaum, E., Shtokalko, S.: Cryptococcus meningitis arrested with amphotericin B, a new fungicidal agent. Ann. intern. Med. 47, 346–351 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aragon, P.R., Reyes, A.C.: Cryptococcus neoformans infection of the brain-laboratory studies. Acta med. philipp. 16, 23–30 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artagereytia-Allende, R.C.: Contribución al conocimiento de Torulopsis glabrata (Anderson 1917) Lodder y de Vries 1938. An. Fac. Med. Montevideo 37, 467–469 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arzt, L.: Zur Klinik und Pathologie der Sproßpilzerkrankungen. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Berl.) 145, 311–312 (1924).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aschner, M., Mager, J., Leibowitz, J.: Production of extracellular starch in cultures of cap-sulated yeasts. Nature (Lond.) 156, 295 (1945).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J.B., Delaney, W.E., Miller, F. R.: Cryptococcus meningitis in a case of congenital hemolytic anemia. Ann. intern. Med. 44, 1015–1019 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atlanta: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.; Annual Suppl. Vol. 11, 16, Sept. 1963; Vol. 13, 30, Sept. 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacon, A.E., Jr., Scott, E.G., Huntington, P. W.: Meningoencephalitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica). Delaware med. J. 26, 3–8 (1954).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Backhouse, T.C., Bollinger, A.: Cryptococcosis in the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Aust. J. Sci. 23, 86–87 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahr, R.D., Satz, H., Purlia, V.L.: Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis. Case report. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 87, 859–864 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R.D.: Resectable mycotic lesions and acutely fatal mycoses. J. Amer. med. Ass. 150, 1579–1581 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R.D.: Leukopenia and therapy in leukemia as factors predisposing to fatal mycoses. Amer. J. clin. Path. 37, 358–373 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R.D., Haugen, R.K.: Tissue changes and tissue diagnosis in cryptococcosis. Study of 26 cases. Amer. J. clin. Path. 25, 14–24 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakerspigel, A., Campsall, E.W.R., Hession, B.L.: A case of cryptococcal meningitis in South Western Ontario. Canad. med. Ass. J. 79, 998–1002 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balkrishna, Rao, B.N., Lilauwala, N.F.: Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system with report of a case. Indian J. Surg. 14, 10–19 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, H. A.: Human torula infections: review; report of cases. Calif. west. Med. 32, 338–346 (1930).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbeau, A., Gagnon, J.: La torulose cerebrale. Un. méd. Can. 93, 1374–1381 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. L.: Primary blastomycotic meningitis occurring in a child. Med. J. Aust. 2, 302–304 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, P. J. J.: Meningitis due to Torula histolytica. Proc. Transv. Mine med. Offrs’ Ass. 25, 92–94 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrash, M. J., Fort, M.: Amphotericin B therapy in torula meningitis. Arch. intern. Med. 106, 271–274 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barron, C.N.: Cryptococcosis in animals. J. Amer. vet. med. Ass. 127, 125–132 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basu Mallik, K. C.: An epidemiological study of cryptococcosis in Calcutta area. Indian J. med. Res. (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu Mallik, K.C., Banerjee, P.L., Chatterjee, B.D., Pramanick, M.: An experimental study of the course of infection in mice after intranasal insufflation with Cryptococcus neoformans. Indian J. med. Res. 54, 608–610 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, G.L., Artis, D.: Growth inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans by cell free human serum. Amer. J. med. Sci. 241, 97–100 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, G.L., Artis, D.: Characterization of the growth inhibition factor for Cryptococcus neoformans in human serum. Amer. J. med. Sci. 246, 87–91 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baum,G.L., Artis, D.: Isolation of fungi from Judean Desert soil. Myco-pathologia (Den Haag) 29, 350–354 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazex, A., Dupre, A., Parant, M., Lucioni: La cryptococcose (etude, clinique, biologique, anatomo-pathologique et therapeutique). Toulouse méd. 58, 111–146 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazex, A., Bouisson, H., Salvador, R., Dupre, A., Parant, M., Fabre, J.: Cryptococcose. Suites evolutives et aspects anatomiques. Bull. Soc. franç. Derm. Syph. 70, 298–301 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, E.M., Volyes, C.Q.: Systemic infection due to torula histolytica (Cryptococcus hominis). II. Effect of chemotherapeutic agents (potassium iodide, sulfadiazine, and sulfonamide) in experimentally produced infections. Arch. intern. Med. 77, 516–525 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beer, K.: Über Torulose. Schweiz. Z. allg. Path. 19, 534–539 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beeson, P. B.: Cryptococcic meningitis of nearly sixteen years duration. Arch. intern. Med. 89, 797–801 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beijerinck, M. V.: L’auxanographie, ou la methode de l’hydrodiffusion dans la gelatine appliquee aux recherches microbiologiques. Arch. neerl. dsc. exactes 23, 367–372 (1889).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, N.H., Andriole, V.T., Sabesin, S.M., Utz, J.P.: On the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B in man. Amer. J. Med. 33, 64–69 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benda, C.: Fall von Blastomycosis cerebri. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 13, 945–946 (1907).

    Google Scholar 

  • Benham, R.W.: Crypto-cocci — their identification by morphology and by serology. J. infect. Dis. 57, 255–274 (1935).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benda, C.: The terminology of the cryptococci with a note on Cryptococcus mollis. Mycologia 27, 496–502 (1935).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benda, C.: Cryptococcosis and blastomycosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 50, 1299–1314 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benda, C.: The genus Cryptococcus. The present status and criteria for identification of species. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. (Ser. II) 17, 418–429 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Benham, R. W., Hopkins, A.M.: Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 28, 532–543 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, S.C.J.: Cryptococcus infections in equidae. J. roy. Army vet. Cps 16, 108–118 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J.E. Tines, B.S. Hasen-clever, H.F.: A complement-fixing antigen test for cryptococcal meningitis. Clin. Res. 10, 213 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J.E., Hasenclever, H.F., Baum, G.L.: Evaluation of a skin test for cryptococcosis. Amer. Rev. resp. Dis. 91, 616 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J.E., Hasenclever, H.F., Tynes, B.S.: Detection of cryptococcal polysaccharide in serum and spinal fluid. Value in diagnosis and prognosis. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns. 77, 145–150 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, J.A.G. ten, Kuipers, F. C.: Generaliseerde toroulosis bij sen patiente met levercirrhose van Laennec. Ned. T. Geneesk. 106, 2429–2434 (1962).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, H., Bianchetti, B., Kuersteiner, W., Widmer, R., Stricker, E., Gloor, F.: Diagnostic difficulties in a fatal infection with Cryptococcus neoformans in a child. Ann. paediat. (Basel) 199, 315–346 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berghausen, O.: Torula infection in man. Ann. intern. Med. 1, 235–240 (1927/1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, F.: Pathology of experimental cryptococcosis. A study of course and tissue response in subcutaneously induced infection in mice. Acta path. microbiol. scand. 147, 1–163 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, F.: Occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans in Sweden. Acta med. scand. 174, 651–655 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, F.: Effect of temperature on intratesticular cryptococcal infection in rabbits. Sabouraudia 5, 54–58 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, F., Linell, F.: Cryptococcosis as a cause of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Acta path, microbiol. scand. 53, 217–224 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, F., Stormby, C.: A study of white blood cell and antibody response in mice infected subcutaneously with Cryptococcus neoformans. Sabouraudia 4, 107–111 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berk, M., Gerstl, B.: Torulosis (Cryptococcosis) producing a solitary pulmonary lesion. Report of 4 year cure with lobectomy. J. Amer. med. Ass. 149, 1310–1312 (1952).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, L.A., Owens, J.C.: Isolated cryptococcosis associated with Boeck’s sarcoid. Arch. intern. Med. 106, 101–111 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt, R., Zalewski, G., Burawski, J.: Generalisierte Torulose (Europäische Blastomykose). Arch. Derm. Syph. (Berl.) 173, 78–90 (1935).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, I., Mollaret, H.: Etude histo-pathologique d’un cas d’envahissement des centres nerveux et des viscères par torula histolytica, 1916 (Cryptococcus neoformans, 1949). Rev. neurol. 97, 241–250 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertschinger, H.U., Scholer, H. J.: Spontaneous cryptococcosis in guinea pigs. Path. et Microbiol. (Basel) 28, 12–20 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bettin, M.E.: Report of case of torula infection. Calif. west. Med. 22, 98–101 (1924).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biddle, A., Koenig, H.: An agent effective against cryptococcosis of the central nervous system. Arch. intern. Med. 102, 801–805 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binford, C.H.: Torulosis of central nervous system. Review of recent literature and report of case. Amer. J. clin. Path. 11, 242–251 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, R.A., Fisher, C.V.: Cryptococci bronchopneumonia. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 54, 81–88 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, D.: Torulosis of central nervous system. J. ment. Sci. 89, 42–51 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanc, P.E.: Contribution à l’étude des Cryptococcose humaines. A propos d’une observation anatomo-clinique d’infestation par un “Torula stricto sensu”. Lyon: Université Faculté mixte de med. et de pharm. 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomfield, N., Gordon, M.A., Elmendorf, D.F., Jr.: Detection of Cryptococcus neoformans antigen in body fluids by latex particle agglutination. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 114, 64–67 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Börner, P.: Eine viscerale Toru-lopsis neoformans-Infektion. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 107, 257–260 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boj, E., Wojcik, B.: A case of European torulosis of the central nervous system. Pol. Tyg. lek. 19, 958–959 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolliger, A., Finckh, E.S.: Cryptococcosis in the koala (Phascolarcto-scinereus). Further observations. Aust. J. Sci. 24, 325–326 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolliger, A., Finckh, E.S.: The prevalence of cryptococcosis in the koala. Med. J. Aust. 1, 545–547 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonmati, J., Rogers, J.V., Jr., Jopkins, W.A.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Radiology 66, 188–194 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borelli, D.: Ventajas y peligros del examen directo en fresco en el diagnóstico de la blastomicosis sud-americana. VI. Congreso Venezolano de Ciencias Medicas. IV, 2159–2174 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boshes, L.D., Sherman, I.C., Hesser, C.J., Milzer, A., MacLean, M.: Fungus infections of the central nervous system. Experience in treatment of cryptococcosis with cycloheximide (Actidione). Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 75, 175–197 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, H.E., Ritchey, J.O.: Cryptococcosis (torulosis) involving brain, adrenal and prostate. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 71, 373–378 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandriss, M. W., Wolff, S.M., Moores, R., Stohlman, F., Jr.: Anemia induced by amphotericin B. J. Amer. med. Ass. 189, 663–666 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandstaetter, S., Levitus, Z.A.: Torula meningitis. J. med. Ass. Israel. 4, 18 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, M.: Zur pathologischen Anatomie der Meningoencephalitis (ME) cryptococcica (Torulosis). Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 99, 113–120 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, M.: Über Meningoencephalitis crvptococcica (Torulosis). Ärztl. Wschr. 13, 995–1000 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, N.J., Sturup, H.: Kryptokokmeningitis behandlet med amphotericin B. Et tilfaelde hos en patient med histologisk diagnosticeret Boecks Sarkoid. Ugeskr. Laeg. 121, 1132–1134 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, G.E.: A case of blastomycosis. Proc. N.Y. path. Soc. 7, 54–57 (1907).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, G.E., Wood, F.C.: Blastomycosis of the spine. Double lesion. Two operations. Recovery. Ann. Surg. 48, 889–896 (1908).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brier, R.L., Coleman, M., Stone, J.: Cutaneous cryptococcosis. Presentation of a case and a review of previously reported cases. Arch. Derm. 75, 262–263 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, M.H., Scheerer, P., Linman, J.W.: Cryptococcal prostatitis. J. Amer. med. Ass. 192, 143–145 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumpt, V., Moisant, P.: Premiere observation de cryptococcose neuromeningee au Cambodge. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 57, 12–16 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, G.: Generalisierte Torulose (mit Befall der Dura mater). Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 87, 360–364 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bubb, H.: Cryptococcus neoformans infection in bone. S. Afr. med. J. 29, 1259–1261 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckle, G., Curtis, D.R.: Therapy of human torulosis with Actidione and “Contramine”. A report on two cases. Med. J. Aust. 2, 854–859 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brass, K.: Fortschritte in der histologischen Diagnostik der Pilzerkrankungen. Verh. dtsch. Ges. Path. 38, 260–265 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buell, C.B., Weston, W.H.: Application of the mineral oil conservation method to maintaining collections of fungous cultures. Amer. J. Botany 34, 555–561 (1947).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buitrago-Garcia, E., Gomez-Arango, S.: Comprobación de un caso de criptococosis. Caldas méd. 1, 5–16 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau, Y., Bronsard, M.: Blastomycose cutanée à “torula histolytica” ou “torulopsis neoformans”. Bull. Soc. franç. Derm. Syph. 61, 175 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau, Y., Barriere, H., Trichereau, R.: La torulose cutanée. Ann. Derm. Syph. (Paris) 82, 484–509 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau, Y., Trichereau, R., Barriere, H.: Un cas de torulose cutanée. Bull. Soc. franç. Derm. Syph. 62, 28 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, R.E., Morton, C.B.: Torula infection. Surgery 15, 312–325 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, R.E.: Fungus disease as a complication of steroid therapy. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 77, 686–689 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, B., Barclary, W.R.: Combined cryptococcal and tuberculous meningitis complicating reticulum cell sarcoma. Amer. Rev. Tuberc. 78, 760–768 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, R.M.: Lead encephalopathy complicating torula infection. West Virg. M.T. 37, 212–214 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buschke, A.: Über eine durch Coc-cidien hervorgerufene Krankheit des Menschen. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 21, 14–22 (1895).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busse, O.: Über parasitäre Zelleinschlüsse und ihre Züchtung. Cbl. Bakt. 16, 175–180 (1894).

    Google Scholar 

  • Butas, C.A., Lloyd-Smith, D.L.: Cryptococcal meningitis treatment with amphotericin B. Canad. med. Ass. J. 87, 558–591 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, W.T., Alling, D.W., Spickard, A., Utz, J. P.: Diagnostic and prognostic value of clinical and laboratory findings in cryptococcal meningitis. New Engl. J. Med. 270, 59–67 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, W.T.: Nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B. Early and late effects in 81 patients. Ann. intern. Med. 61, 175–187 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cableses-Molina, F., Ravens, J.R., Eidelberg, E.: Meningitis por Torula histolytica (pre-sentacion de un caso clinico). Rev. Neuro-psiquiat. 14, 90–103 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D.C., Raphael, S. S.: A case of cryptococcal meningitis. J. clin. Path. 8, 32–37 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, G.D.: Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis. Amer. Rev. resp. Dis. 94, 236–243 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carnecchia, B.M., Kurtzke, J.F.: Fatal toxic reaction to amphotericin B in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Ann. intern. Med. 53, 1027–1036 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrick, L.: Cutaneous cryptococcosis. Report of a case treated with potassium iodide and X-ray therapy. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 76, 777–778 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, H.S., Young, J.L.: Note on the isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from a sample of milk. J. Path. Bact. 62, 271–273 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carton, C.A.: Treatment of central nervous system cryptococcosis. Ann. intern. Med. 37, 123–154 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carton, C.A., Liebig, L.S.: Treatment of central nervous system cryptococcosis and laboratory studies. Arch. intern. Med. 91, 773–783 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carton, C.A., Mount, L.A.: Neurosurgical aspects of cryptococcosis. J. Neurosurg. 8, 143–156 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casazza, A.R., Duvall, C.P., Carbone, P.P.: Infection in lymphoma. Histology, treatment, and duration in relation to incidence and survival. J. Amer. med. Ass. 197, 118–124 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castellani, A.: Balanoposthitis chronica ulcerative cryptococcica. Dermatol. Trop. 2, 137–147 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellani, A., Jacono, I.: Manuale di Clinica Tropicale. Torino: Rosenberg & Seller 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellano, T.: Estudio clinico y anatomopatológico de un caso de torulosis meningeoencefálica y pulmonar. Rev. Asoc. méd. argent. 58, 1051–1055 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cawley, E. P., Grekin, R. H., Curtis, A. C.: Torulosis. A review of the cutaneous and adjoining mucous membrane manifestations. J. invest. Derm. 14, 327–344 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Champion de Crespigny, C.T.: Torula infection of the central nervous system. Med. J. Aust. 31, 605–615 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Champness, L.T., Clezy, J.K.: Torulosis in Papua and New Guinea. Med. J. Aust. 49, 560 (1962).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, W.F.: Cryptococcosis. Report of a case. Chin. med. J. (Peking) 74, 374–386 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiari, H.: Zur Pathologie und Histologie der generalisierten Torulose (Blastomykose). Arch. Derm. Syph. (Berl.) 162, 422–435 (1930).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chominskij, B. S.: K patomorfo-logii mikozow centralnoj nierwnoj sistemy. Arch. Patologii 18, 43–50 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chominskij, B. S.: Arch. Pat. (Moskwa) 18, 4–43 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, J. B.: A case of systemic blastomycosis with formation of a myxomatous-looking tumor-like abscess. Med. J. Aust. 1, 337–340 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloward, R.B.: Torula meningitis. First case to be reported in Hawaii. Hawaii med. J. 7, 377–381 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.: Binocular papilledema in a case of torulosis associated with Hodgkin’s disease. Arch. Ophthal. 32, 477–479 (1944).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. R., Kaufmann, W.: Systemic cryptococcosis. Report of case with review of literature. Amer. J. clin. Path. 22, 1069–1076 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colbert, J.W., Jr., Strauss, M. J., Green, R.H.: The treatment of cutaneous blastomycosis with propamidine. Preliminary report. J. invest. Derm. 14, 71–73 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Collomb, H., Philippe, Y., Cadillon, J.: Cryptococcose meningocerebrale (a propos d’un cas observé au Senegal). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 57, 105–110 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colmers, R.A., Irniger, W., Steinberg, D. H.: Cryptococcus neoformans endocarditis cured by amphotericin B. J. Amer. med. Ass. 199, 762–764 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, V.P.: Bone involvement in cryptococcosis (torulosis). Amer. J. Roentgenol. 63, 102–112 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, V.P., Gellhorn, A., Trimble, J.R.: The coincidence of cryptococcosis and disease of the reticuloendothelial and lymphatic systems. Cancer 4, 883–889 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, W.J., Brady, T.: Mechanism of high acid production by yeast; bearing on hydrochloric acid formation in stomach. Nature (Lond.) 159, 137–138 (1947).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A. W.: Cryptococcus (torula) meningitis. Report of 2 cases. J. Amer. med. Ass. 146, 1105–1107 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornish, A.L., Balows, A., Chipps, D.H., Holloway, J.B., Jr.: Isolated pulmonary cryptococcosis. Arch. intern. Med. 99, 285–289 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corpe, R.F., Parr, L.H.: Pulmonary torulosis complicating pulmonary tuberculosis treated by resection. J. thorac. Surg. 27, 392 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cossery, G.N.: Blastomycetic meningitis. J. Egypt. med. Ass. 13, 198–206 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, L.B., Tolhurst, J.C.: Human Torulosis. Melbourne: University Press 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crone, J.T., DeGroat, A.F., Wahlin, J.G.: Torula infection. Amer. J. Path. 13, 863–879 (1937).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crotty, J.M.: Systemic mycotic infection in Northern Territory aborigines. Med. J. Aust. 1, 184–186 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crounse, R. G., Lerner, A.B.: Cryptococcosis. Arch. Derm. 77, 210–215 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruickshank, D.B., Harrison, G.K.: Case of pulmonary cryptococcosis. Thorax 7, 182–184 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cudmore, J.H., Lisa, J.R.: Torula meningo-encephalitis. Case report. Ann. intern. Med. 11, 1747–1752 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Curbelo, A., Marquez, V., Palacin, A., Velasco, R., Ledo, E.A.: Septicemia y meningitis a Cryptococcus neoformans. Arch. Hosp. univ. (Habana) 9, 324–327 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, A.C.: Society Transactions. March 27, 1940. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 62, 330–331 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, A.J.: A case of torulosis in a domestic cat. Aust. J. Med. Technol. 1, 71 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dacorso, P., Chagas, W.A.: Criptococcose pulmonar em caprino. An. col. anat. bras. 3, 55–70 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dandy, W.E.: Hirnchirurgie. Leipzig: Ambrosius Barth 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, P.M., Schiller,F., Vollum, R.L.: Torulosis of the Central nervous System. Report of 2 cases. Lancet 1949, 53–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Silva, N.N.: Criptococose cutanea (Cutaneous cryptococcosis). Hospital (Rio de J.) 44, 375–381 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Aunoy, R., Lafferty, C.R.: Torula meningitis in child. Amer. J. clin. Path. 9, 236–238 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, D.M., Taghavy, A.: A test for spinal-fluid alcohol in torula meningitis. New Engl. J. Med. 269, 1423–1424 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debré, R., Lamy, M., Grumbach, M., Normand, E.: Development d’une meningite a Torula histolytica chez un enfant de douze ans atteint de lymphogranulomatose maligne. Bull. Acad. Méd. (Paris) 150, 443–449 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Debré, R., Lamy, M., Leblois, C., Nick, J., Grumbach, M., Normand, E.: Sur la torulose. Etude clinique et expérimentale. A-propos d’un cas observé chez un enfant atteint de lymphogranulomatose maligne. Bull. Acad. Méd. (Paris) 130, 443–449 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Debré, R., Lamy, M., Leblois, C., Nick, J., Grumbach, M., Normand, E.: Sur la torulose. Etude clinique et expérimentale. A-propos d’un cas observé chez un enfant atteint de lymphogranulomatose maligne. Ann. paediat. (Basel) 168, 1–33 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Buen, S., Zimmerman, L.E., Foerster, H.C.: Patologia ocular en la Criptococcosis. Rev. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. trop. (Méx.) 14, 163–178 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Busscher, J., Scherer, H. J., Thomas, F.: La meningite a Torula (contribution à l’étude des localisations nerveuses des infections a pseudolevures). Rev. neurol. 70, 149–168 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLedesma, J.P.R., Alguacil, D.C.G.: Torula histolitica cerebral. Rev. clin. esp. 46, 106–108 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demassieuz, J.L., Grasset, A., Mollaret, H., Bejot, J., Lacret, P., Safavian, A.: Septicemie a Cryptococcus neoformans. Presse méd. 71, 1297–1299 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Demme, H., Mumme, C.: Blastomykose des Zentralnervensystems. Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 127, 1–26 (1932).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demoulin-Brahy, L.: Study of the influence of the culture medium on the formation of the capsule in Cryptococcus neoformans. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 43, 35–46 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demoulin-Brahy, L., Feyen, M., Kellens, M.R.: The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 44, 641–651 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Despeignes, M., Battesti, M.R., Viala, J.: Diagnostique de laboratoire de la cryptococcose meningee. Lyon méd. 212, 1079–1087 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Wan, C.H., Leffler, R.J., Collette, T.S.: Case report of cryptococcus meningitis. Guthrie Clin. Bull. (Sayre) 19, 75–80 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dezest, K.G.: Torulose spontanee chez le cobaye. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 85, 131–133 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dick, R.: The cryptococcus reviewed. J. Coll. Radiol. Aust. 9, 212–219 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickmann, G.H., Veppo, A.A., Negri, T.: Toru-lopsis del sistema nervioso central (cerebelo) de forma tumoral. Rev. neurol. B. Aires 7, 347–360 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienst, R. B.: Cryptococcus histolyticus isolated from subcutaneous tumor. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 37, 461–464 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, M.L., Sealy, W.C.: Surgical aspects of opportunistic fungus infections. Lab. Invest. 11, 1231–1236 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond, A.H.: Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. J. roy. Army med. Cps 109, 174–177 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dint aman, P.G.: Cryptococcosis — apparent cure by use of amphotericin B.J. Indiana med. Ass. 55, 317–321 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dormer, B.A., Friedlander, J., Wiles, F.J., Simson, F.W.: Tumor of the lung due to Cryptococcus histolyticus (blastomycosis). J. thorac. Surg. 14, 322–329 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dormer, B.A., Scher, P.: Tumor of the lung due to Cryptococcus histolyticus. Clin. Proc. 6, 269–273 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dormer, B.A., Findlay, M.: Generalized cryptococcosis with osseous involvement. S. Afr. med. J. 34, 611–613 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dosa, A.: Ein Fall von Blastomycosis purulenta profunda (Busse-Buschke). Arch. Derm. Syph. (Berl.) 176, 742–746 (1938).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfuss, M.L., Simon, S., Sommer, R.I.: Granulomatous prostatitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula) with disseminated cryptococcosis and meningitis. N.Y. J. Med. 61, 1589–1592 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouhet, E.: Action de l’amphotericine B dans les mycoses profondes. Etude mycologique, clinique et therapeutique de 15 observations. Sem. Hôp. Paris 37, 101–121 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouhet, E.: Therapeutique de la cryptococcose. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 44, 673–690 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouhet, E., Segretain, G., Aubert, J.P.: Polyoside capsulaire d’un champignon pathogene Torulopsis neoformans. Relation avec la virulence. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 79, 891–900 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouhet, E., Couteau, M.: Sur les variations sectorielles des colonies de Torulopsis neoformans. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 80, 456–457 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouhet, E., Segretain, G.: Inhibition de la migration leucocytaire in vitro par un polyoside capsulaire de Torulopsis (Cryptococcus) neoformans. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 81, 674–676 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouhet, E., Martin, L., Brumpt, L., Debray, J.: Cryptococcose cutanée, meningée et viscerale associée a une reticulose maligne. Presse méd. 69, 1983–1986 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouhet, E., Martin, L.: Cryptococcose cutanée et osseuse chez une diabetique agée. Traitement par l’amphotericine B. Bull. Soc. franç. Derm. Syph. 69, 25–29 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ducuing, J., Bassal, L., Miletsky, O.: Tumeur osseuse de l’orbite a allure cancereuse determinée par le Torulopsis neoformans. Bull. Ass. franç. Cancer 26, 580–584 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Durant, J.R., Epifano, L.D., Eyer, S.W.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Treatment with amphotericin B. Ann. intern. Med. 53, 534–547 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Durie, E.B., MacDonald, L.: Cryptococcosis (torulosis) of bone. Report of case. J. Bone Jt Surg. 43, 68–70 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Einbinder, J.M., Benham, R.W., Nelson, C.T.: Chemical analysis of the capsular substance of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. invest. Derm. 22, 279–283 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, D., Shapiro, I., Fischer, J.B.: Case of cryptococcosis with involvement of lungs and spine. Canad. med. Ass. J. 72, 33–35 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elkins, C.W., Fonseca, J.E.: Ventriculovenous anastomosis in obstructive and acquired communicating hydrocephalus. J. Neurosurg. 18, 139–144 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel, B., Ching, E., Lieberman, A.D., Goldin, M.: Cryptococcus meningitis in a child successfully treated with amphotericin B. J. Pediat. 59, 577–591 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C.W.: Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from soil. J. Bact. 62, 685–690 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C.W.: The isolation from soil of fungi which cause disease in man. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Ser. II, 14, 51–54 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C.W.: Cryptococcus neoformans strains from a severe outbreak of bovine mastitis. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 6, 231–234 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C.W.: Saprophytic sources of Cryptococcus neoformans associated with the pigeon (Columbia livia). Amer. J. Hyg. 62, 227–232 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C.W.: Prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans in pigeon habitats. Publ. Hlth. Rep. (Wash.) 75, 362–365 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C.W.: Natural occurrence of opportunistic fungi. Lab. Invest. 11, 1026–1032 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C.W., Binford, C.H., Utz, J.P.: Medical Mycology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erbsloh, F., Wolfer, E.: Zur Pathogenese der chronischen diffusen Meningopathien. Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 167, 51–73 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, K.R., Jensen, E., Reske-Nielse, E., Stenderup, A., Videbaek, A.: Et tilfaelde af kryptokokkose (Torulose). A case of cryptococcosis (torulosis). Ugeskr. Laeg. 121, 1127–1131 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, K.R., Erichson, I.: Isolation of pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings. Ugeskr. Laeg. 124, 1878–1880 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, E.E.: The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans. I. A serologic classification by means of the capsule agglutination reactions. J. Immunol. 64, 423–430 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, E.E., Kessel, J.F.: The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans. II. Serologic studies with the capsular polysaccharide. J. Immunol. 67, 109–114 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, E.E., Harrell, E.R., Jr.: Univ. Mich. med. Bull. 18, 43–63 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, N.: Torula infection. Report of two cases. Calif. Med. 20, 383–385 (1922).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eveland, W.C., Marshall, J.D., Silverstein, A.M.: Rapid identification of pathogenic microorganisms using fluorescent antibodies of contrasting colors. VIIth Intern. Congr. Microbiol., p. 313 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Evenson, A.E., Lamb, J.W.: Slime flux of mesquite as a new saprophytic source of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bact. 88, 542 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrer, R.: Torula meningitis. Roy. Melb. Hosp. clin. Rep. 12, 31–32 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazakas, S.: Report on oculomycoses due to the fungus flora of human eyes. Ophthalmologica (Basel) 121, 249–258 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fazekas, G., Schwarz, J.: Histology of experimental murine cryptococcosis. Amer. J. Path. 34, 517–529 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R.: Cryptococcosis (torulosis) of the central nervous system treated with amphotericin B during pregnancy. Sth. med. J. (Bgham, Ala.) 52, 1415–1417 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felsenfeld, O.: Yeast-like fungi in the intestinal tract of chronically institutionalized patients. Amer. J. med. Sci. 207, 60–63 (1944).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fetter, B.F., Klintworth, G.K., Hendry, W.S.: Mycoses of the Central Nervous System. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fingerland, A., Vortel, V., Dvorak, J., Zdrahal, L.: Generalisovana kryptokokkosa (torulosa). Cas. Lék. čes. 93, 809–816 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, A.M.: Clinical picture associated with infections due to Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica). Report of three cases with experimental studies. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 86, 383–414 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitchett, M.S., Weidman, F.D.: Generalized torulosis associated with Hodgkin’s disease. Arch. Path. 18, 225–244 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, M. J., Rubin, H., Poser, C.M.: The treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with amphotericin B, a new fungicidal agent. Ann. intern. Med. 49, 249–259 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, M. J., Poser, C.M.: Management of cryptococcal meningitis. Arch. intern. Med. 106, 261–270 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flinn, L.B., Hooker, J.W., Scott, E.G.: Torula histolytica (Cryptococcus hominis) infection. Report of a case refractory to sulfonamides. Delaware med. J. 18, 141–147 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flu, P.C., Woensdregt, M.M.C: Een geval van blastomycose van het centraatzenuwstelsel. Mededel. Geneesk. Nederl. Indie 3, 1–36 (1918).

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbus, W.D.; in discussion, Terplan, K.: Pathogenesis of cryptococcic (Torula) meningitis. Amer. J. Path. 24, 711–712 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortune, C., Donnan, G., Colebatch, J., Lubbe, T.: Torulosis. Med. J. Aust. 2, 199–204 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fragner, P.: Parasitische Pilze beim Menschen. Prag: Verlag der Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, W.: Torula infection of the central nervous system. J. Psychol. Neurol. (Lpz.) 61, 236–345 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, W.: Torula meningo-encephalitis. Comparative histopathology in 17 cases. Trans. Amer. neurol. Ass. 56, 203–217 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, W.: Fungus infections of the central nervous system. Ann. intern. Med. 6, 595–607 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, W., Weidman, F.D.: Cystic blastomycosis of the cerebral gray matter. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 9, 589–603 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, D., Durie, E. B.: The isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica) from soil in New Guinea and pigeon droppings in Sydney, New South Wales. Med. J. Aust. 25, 947–949 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisk, Å., Holmgren, B.: Amphotericin B vid cryptococcusmeningit. Nord. méd. 61, 927–929 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Froio, G.F., Bailey, C.P.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Report of case with surgical cure. Dis. Chest. 16, 354–359 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frothingham, L.: A tumor-like lesion in the lung of a horse caused by a blastomyces (Torula). J. med. Res. 3, 31–43 (1902).

    Google Scholar 

  • Furcolow, M.L.: The use of amphotericin B in blastomycosis, cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 47, 1119–1130 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furtado, T.A.: Cryptococcosis, 6 first cases observed in Minas Gerais and treatment of 2 cases with amphotericin B. Hospital (Rio de J.) 62, 151–164 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadebusch, H.H.: Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans in anemic mice. J. Bact. 78, 259–262 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadebusch, H.H.: Active immunization against Cryptococcus neoformans. J. infect. Dis. 102, 219–226 (1958a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadebusch, H.H.: Passive immunization against Cryptococcus neoformans. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 98, 611–614 (1958b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadebusch, H.H.: On the mechanisms of cytotoxicity by cationic tissue proteins for Cryptococcus neoformans. Z. Naturforsch. 21b, 1048–1051 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadebusch, H.H., Gikas, P.W.: Natural host resistance to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. The influence of thiamine on experimental infection in mice. J. infect. Dis. 112, 125–133 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadebusch, H.H., Johnson, A.G.: Natural host resistance to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. IV. The effect of some cationic proteins on the experimental disease. J. infect. Dis. 116, 551–565 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadebusch, H.H., Johnson, A.G.: Natural host resistance to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. V. The influence of cationic tissue proteins upon phagocytosis and on circulating antibody synthesis. J. infect. Dis. 116, 566–572 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galindo, D.L., Bohls, S.W.: Combined pulmonary and central nervous system cryptococcosis. A case report. Milit. Surg. 113, 403–413 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galli, G.: Observazioni e studi su casi di mastite micotica bovina. Vet. ital. 5, 587–604 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandy, W.M.: Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 62, 97–104 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gantz, J.A., Nuetzel, J.A., Keller, L.B.: Cryptococcal meningitis treated with amphotericin B. Arch. intern. Med. 102, 795–800 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabcin, R., Gruner, J., Valmas, T.: Sur un cas de mycose vertebrale et epidurale ayant simule une tuberculose verticale posterieure (crypto-coccose prealable). Sem. Hôp. Paris 33, 2281 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabin, J.P., Humbert, G., Yongui: Un cas de meningite a Cryptococcus neoformans. Soc. fr. mycol. med. Lyon, 25 mai. 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaspar, I.: Blastomycotic meningo-encephalitis. Report of a case. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 22, 475–486 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Geaney, B., Horsfall, W.R., Neilson, G.: Torulosis in Queensland. Report of 14 cases. Med. J. Aust. 2, 378–382 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Geever, E.F., Carter, H.R., Neubuebgeb, K.T., Schmidt, E.A.: Roentgenologic and pathologic aspects of pulmonary tumors probably alveolar in origin. With report of 6 cases, one of them complicated by torulosis of the central nervous system. Radiol. 44, 319–327 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gendel, B.R., Ende, M., Nobmal, S.L.: Cryptococcosis. A review with special reference to apparent association with Hodgkin’s disease. Amer. J. Med. 9, 343–355 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genevbay, Bablet: Sur un cas de blastomycose meningée a saccharomyces tumefaciens observé au Tonkin. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Indochine 1930, 33–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebaci, J.E., Donoghue, F.E., Ellis, F.H., Je.: Focal pulmonary cryptococcosis. Evaluation of necessity of amphotericin B therapy. Proc. Mayo Clin. 40, 552–559 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebmain, A., Mobvan, A.: A-propos du diagnostic du rhumatisme cerebral: meningoencephalite aigue a Torulopsis histolitica. Bull. Soc. Méd. Paris 54, 231–234 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebstenbrand, F., Weingarten, K.: Torulose des Nervensystems. Wien. klin. Wschr. 69, 278–280 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gettelfinger, W.C.: Cryptococcus meningitis. J. Kentucky State Med. Ass. 56, 1112–1113 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giffobd, H., Hullinghobst, R.L.: Streptomycin in cryptococcosis. Calif. Med. 69, 279–282 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, W.D.: Torula mycosis in man with special reference to involvement of upper respiratory tract. Trans. Amer. laryng. rhin. otol. Soc. 40, 247–262 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, W.D.: Torula mycosis in man with special reference to involvement of the upper respiratory tract, with case reports. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 44, 702–718 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Globus, J.H., Gang, K.M., Bebgmann, P.S.: Torula meningo-encephalitis. J. Mt Sinai Hosp. 16, 14–34 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Globus, J.H., Gang, K.M., Bebgmann, P.S.: Torula meningo-encephalitis. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol. 10, 208–228 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldbebg, F.A.: Torula meningitis. Memphis med. J. 23, 129–130 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldbebg, L.H.: Torula infections of central nervous system. J. Lab. clin. Med. 26, 299–301 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, J.N., Schwabz, J.: Cytology of four yeastlike organisms in tissue expiants. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 24, 161–167 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, E., Rambo, O.N.: Cryptococcal infection following steroid therapy. Ann. intern. Med. 56, 114–120 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, A., Fuentes, E., Pebez-Tamayo, R.: Cryptococcosis generalizada. Presentación de un caso. (Disseminated cryptococcosis. Report of a case.) Prens. méd. mex. 24, 373–378 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodhabt, S.E., Davison, C.: Torula infection of the central nervous system. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 37, 435–438 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobdon, J.J.: Torulose. Med. Klin. 26, 74 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobdon, M.A., Lapa, E.: Synergistic action of immune globulin with amphotericin B in cryptococcosis. Ann. Rep. Div. Lab. Res. Albany 1961, 70–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobdon, M.A., Lapa, E.: Serum protein enhancement of antibiotic therapy in cryptococcosis. J. infect. Dis. 114, 373–377 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gobdon, M. A., Veddeb, D.K.: Serologic tests in diagnosis and prognosis of cryptococcosis. J. Amer. med. Ass. 197, 961–967 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, H.R., Gilmeb, W.S., Jr.: Skeletal cryptococcosis (torulosis). Report of case and review of literature. J. Bone Jt Surg. 38-A, 660–668 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goto, K.: Über Blastomycetenmeningitis. Mitt. med. Fak. Tokyo 15, 75–101 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gbasset, A.: La cryptococcose (torulose) du systeme nerveux central. These (Paris) 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gbay, F. C.: Two cases of torula meningitis with special reference to laboratory findings. S. Afr. med. J. 14, 65–70 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gbay, J.B., Chodosh, S.: Mycoses in New England. New Engl. J. Med. 276, 62 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gbeenfield, J.G., Mabtin, J.P., Moobe, M.T.: Lancet 1938 II, 1154–1157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gbeening, R.R., Menville, L.J.: Roentgen findings in torulosis. Report of 4 cases. Radiol. 48, 381–388 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gbidley, M.F.: A stain for fungi in tissue sections. Amer. J. clin. Path. 23, 303–307 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gbimley, P.M., Wbight, L.D., Jr., Jennings, A.E.: Torulopsis glabrata infection in man. Amer. J. clin. Path. 43, 216–223 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gbocott, R.G.: A stain for fungi in tissue sections and smears. Using Gomori’s methenamine-silver nitrate technic. Amer. J. clin. Path. 25, 975–979 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gbschebin, S.: Ein Fall von tiefer primärer Blastomykosis der Haut (Busse-Buschke). Derm. Wschr. 85, 1049–1055 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Habeb, R.W., Joseph, M.: Neurological manifestation after amphotericin B therapy. Brit. med. J. 5273, 230–231 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagen, W.S.: Torula histolytica meningoencephalitis. Report of a case; spinal fluid studies and autopsy report. Milit. Surg. 94, 29–35 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajsig, M., Cubctja, Z.: Kriptokoki u fekalijama fazana golubova s osvrtom na nalaze Cryptococcus neoformans. Vet. Arch. 35, 115–118 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hale, J.M., Lomanitz, R.: Enhanced dissemination of experimental murine cryptococcosis with Hodgkin’s serum. J. Okla. med. Ass. 57, 104–108 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halde, C.: Percutaneous Cryptococcus neoformans inoculation without infection. Arch. Derm. 89, 545 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halde, C., Fbaheb, M.A.: Cryptococcus neoformans in pigeon feces in San Francisco. Calif. Med. 104, 188–190 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G.W., Hirsch, E.F., Mock, H.E.: Torula histolytica meningoencephalitis. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 19, 689–694 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpert, B., Whitcomb, F.C., McRoberts, C.C., Carton, C.A.: Systemic and central nervous system involvement in cryptococcosis and coccidioidomycosis. Sth. med. J. (Bgham, Ala.) 47, 633–642 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, J.B. Tyler, G.R.: Pulmonary torulosis. Radiol. 47, 149–155 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, L.C., Thompson, P.E.: Treatment of cryptococcic meningitis with penicillin. Report of a case. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 72, 334–342 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammerschlag, E.: Zur Kasuistik und experimentellen Pathologie der generalisierten Blastomykose. Wien. klin. Wschr. 46, 43–46 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansemann, D. v.: Über eine bisher nicht beobachtete Gehirnerkrankung durch Hefen. Verh. dtsch. Ges. Path. 9, 21–24 (1905).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansmann, G.H.: Torula infection in man. Report of a case. Boston med. surg. J. 190, 917–919 (1924).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardaway, R.M., Crawford, P.M.: Pulmonary torulosis. Report of a case. Ann. intern. Med. 9, 334–340 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Har-land, W.A.: Cryptococcosis. Report of 5 cases. Canad. med. Ass. J. 83, 580–584 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, T.R., Blumenfeld, H.B., Cruthirds, T.P., McCall, C.B.: Coexisting sarcoidosis and cryptococcosis. Arch. intern. Med. 115, 637–643 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasenclever, H.F., Mitchell, W. O.: Virulence and growth rates of Cryptococcus neoformans in mice. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 89, 156–162 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasenclever, H.F., Emmons, C.W.: The prevalence and mouse virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from urban areas. Amer. J. Hyg. 78, 227–231 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haspel, R., Baker, J., Moore, M.B., Jr.: Disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans. New Orleans med. surg. J. 101, 573–575 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassin, G.B.: Torulosis of the central nervous system. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol. 6, 44–60 (1947).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haugen, R.K., Baker, R. D.: The pulmonary lesions in cryptococcosis with special reference to subpleural nodes. Amer. J. clin. Path. 24, 1381–1390 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J.A.: Cavitary pulmonary cryptococcosis. Amer. Rev. resp. Dis. 84, 579–581 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Health, P.: Massive separation of retina in full term infants and juveniles. J. Amer. med. Ass. 144, 1148–1154 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hehre, E.J., Carlson, A.S., Hamilton, D.M.: Crystalline amylose from cultures of a pathogenic yeast (Torula histolytica). J. biol. Chem. 177, 289–293 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heine, J., Lauer, A., Mumme, C.: Generalisierte Blastomykose und Lymphogranulomatose. Beitr. path. Anat. 104, 55–75 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs, H.: Beitrag zur Pathologie der Blastomykose. Zbl. Path. 53, 422–428 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinsius, E.: Augenbeteiligung bei Blastomykose. Ber. dtsch. Ophthal. Ges. 55, 358–362 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, S., McLean, R.A., Campbell, C.G., Jones, I.H.: A case of coexistent non-meningitic cryptococcosis and Boeck’s sarcoid. Amer. J. Med. 22, 986–994 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helmboldt, C.F., Jungherr, E.L.: Case 5, Seminar, Amer. Coll. Vet. Path., Chicago, Nov. 29. 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herin, V., Dormal, R.: Un cas de cryptococcose equine cerebrale en Leopoldville. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 42, 865–870 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herms, G.: Morphologie der generalisierten Kryptokokkose. Gegenbauers morph. Jb. 109, 85–90 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera, J.M., Briceño, C.E., Souza, O.E.: Blastomicosis generalizada por Cryptococcus neoformans. Primer caso mortal estudiado en Panama. Arch. méd. panameñ. 5, 105–125 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hersh, E.M., Bodey, G.P., Nies, B. A., Freireich, E. J.: Causes of death in acute leukemia. J. Amer. med. Ass. 193, 105–109 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, R.: Cryptococcosis. A case report and review. Southwestern Med. 47, 266–269 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickie, J.B., Walker, T.: Cryptococcosis (torulosis). Some problems in diagnosis and management. Aust. Ann. Med. 13, 229–240 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, G.J., Butler, W.T., Wertlake, P. T., Utz, J.P.: The renal histopathology in amphotericin B toxicity in man and dog. A study of biopsy and post-mortem specimens. Clin. Res. 10, 249 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., Zimmerman, H.M., Levine, S.: The fine structure of cerebral fluid accumulation. III. Extracellular spread of cryptococcal polysaccharides in the acute stage. Amer. J. Path. 45, 1–19 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., Zimmerman, H.M., Levine, S.: The fine structure of cerebral fluid accumulation. IV. On the nature and origin of extracellular fluid following cryptococcal polysaccharide implantation. Amer. J. Path. 45, 195–207 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., Zimmerman, H.M., Levine, S.: The fine structure of cerebral fluid accumulation. V. Transfer of fluid from extracellular to intracellular compartments in acute phase of cryptococcal polysaccharide lesions. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 11, 632–641 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., Zimmerman, H.M., Levine, S.: The fine structure of cerebral fluid accumulation. VI. Intracellular accumulation of fluid and cryptococcal polysaccharide in the Oligodendroglia. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 12, 189–196 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., Zimmerman, H.M., Levine, S.: The fine structure of cerebral fluid accumulation. VII. Reactions of astrocytes to cryptococcal polysaccharide implantation. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol. 24, 386–397 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsh, E.F., Coleman, G.H.: Acute miliary torulosis of lungs. J. Amer. med. Ass. 92, 437–438 (1929).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitaka, O.: The growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in tissue culture. Jap. J. med. Mycol. 5, 154–169 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hochstetter, W.: Rare infection simulating expanding intracranial lesions. Proc. R. Virchow Med. Soc. N.Y. 10, 71–72 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, C.L.: Immunity studies of Cryptococcus hominis (Torula histolytica) in mice. J. Lab. clin. Med. 27, 751–754 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmeister, W.: Die Torulosis neoformans-Infektion. Beitrag zur Differentialdiagnose der Meningoencephalopathie, Lymphogranulomatose und pneumonischen Infiltrationen. Klin. Wschr. 29, 301–307 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogen, W. S.: Torula histolytica meningoencephalitis. Report of case; spinal fluid studies and autopsy report. Milit. Surg. 94, 29–35 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoigne, R., Beer, K., Cottier, H.: Über Torulose. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 1957, 97–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, S.J., Hawks, G.H.: Torulosis of the central nervous system. Canad. med. Ass. J. 68, 143–146 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R.A.: Identification of Blastomycoides histolytica in 3 infections of central nervous system. J. Lab. clin. Med. 27, 58–62 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holtz, K.H.: Torulosis (cryptococcosis) with skin involvement. Report of case treated with amphotericin B. Arch. klin. exp. Derm. 211, 347–350 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzworth, J.: Cryptococcosis in a cat. Cornell Vet. 42, 12–15 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzworth, J., Coffin, D.L.: Cryptococcosis in a cat. A second case. Cornell Vet. 43, 546–550 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooft, C., Pintelon, J., Callens, J.: Meningite a cryptococcus. Acta paediat. belg. 9, 152–168 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, K.H., Wannan, J.S.: Torulosis in Queensland. Med. J. Aust. 2, 669–671 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Houk, V.N., Moser, K.M.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Must all receive amphotericin B? Ann. intern. Med. 63, 583–596 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, D.H.: Some factors which affect the initiation of growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bact. 82, 430–435 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, G. W.: An atypical case of meningoencephalitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica). Sth. med. J. (Bgham, Ala.) 43, 649–651 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, P.T.: A case of crypto-coccal meningitis. Acta paediat. Sinica 4, 270–273 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huant, C.T., Wong, P.C., Chan-Tesh, C.H.: Cryptococcal meningitis in Hong Kong. J. clin. Path. 26, 464–469 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubschmann, K., Trapl, J., Fragner, P.: Zum Problem der Diagnostik und Pathogenese der Kryptokokkose. Hautarzt 10, 534–539 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutter, R.V.P., Collins, H.S.: The occurrence of opportunistic fungus infections in a cancer hospital. Lab. Invest. 11, 1035–1045 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Igel, H.J., Bolande, R.P.: Humoral defense mechanisms in cryptococcosis. Substances in normal human serum, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid affecting the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. infect. Dis. 116, 75–83 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Innes, J.R.M., Seibold, H.R., Arentzen, W.P.: The pathology of bovine mastitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Amer. J. vet. Res. 13, 469–475 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishida, K., Sato, A.: Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings in Japan. In: Recent Advances in Botany, pp. 326–330. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, H., Parker, F.: Hodgkin’s disease and allied disorders (p. 177). New York: Oxford University Press 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, L.G.: Pulmonary torulosis. Radiol. 71, 398–403 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, J.: Zur Kenntnis der Torulopsis-neofor-mans-Infektion. Frankfurt. Z. Path. 66, 135–141 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssens, J.: Torulosis bij een zwangere vrouw, met lokalisatie in de longen. Ned. T. Geneesk 101, 824–826 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssens, J., Beetstra, A.: Torulose bei einer schwangeren Frau (Lokalisation in der Lunge). Geburtsh. u. Frauenheilk. 19, 892–899 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayewardene, R.P., Wijekoon, W.B.: Cryptococcosis of the nervous system. Postgrad. Med. 39, 546–547 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, K.: Cryptococcosis. Oversigt of et pulmonalt tilfaelde. (Cryptococcosis. A survey and a report of a case with pulmonary involvement; First case in Denmark.) Nord méd. 60, 1722–1725 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jesse, C.H.: Cryptococcus neoformans infection (torulosis) of bone. Report of a case. J. Bone Jt Surg. 29, 810–811 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johns, F.M., Attaway, C.L.: Torula meningitis. Report of a case and summary of literature. Amer. J. clin. Path. 3, 459–465 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G.F., Saichek, H.B., James, L.R.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Neb. St. med. J. 46, 146–150 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E.L.: Torula infection of the nasopharynx. Sth. med. J. (Bgham, Ala.) 20, 120–126 (1927).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S.H., Klinck, G.H., Jr.: Torula histolytica (Cryptococcus hominis) meningitis. A case report and therapeutic experiments. Ann. intern. Med. 22, 736–745 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalsbeek, F., Planteyde, H.T.: Cryptococcosis tijdens be-handeling met Cortison en breedspectrum antibiotica. Geneesk. Gids 36, 150–152 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, C.J., Schwarz, J.: The isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon nests. Amer. J. clin. Path. 27, 652–663 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kase, A., Marshall, J.D.: A study of Cryptococcus neoformans by the fluorescent antibody technique. Amer. J. clin. Path. 34, 52–56 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, R.I., Birnbaum, H., Eckmann, B.H.: Resection of pulmonary cryptococcosis associated with meningitis. Amer. resp. Dis. 84, 725–729 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L.: The application of fluorescent antibody techniques for the detection and identification of mycotic disease agents. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 26, 257–263 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, T.H., Layton, J.M.: Massive pulmonary cryptococcosis. Amer. J. clin. Path. 38, 596–604 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M.J., Myers, R., Koshi, G.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. A case report and experimental study. Dis. Chest 36, 656–660 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi, K.: Über einen Fall von Blastomykose beim Pferd. J. Jap. Soc. Vet. Sci. 2, 4–5 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • King, R.H.: Torulosis. Aust. J. Derm. 6, 303–310 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinoshita, Y., Sasagawa, T., Nakana, S., Arakawa, M., Morita, A., Niwayama, A.: A case of systemic lupus erythematodes associated with cryptococcosis. J. Jap. Soc. Int. Med. 51, 38–43 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kisszekelyi, O., Trencseni, T.: Acut szakban felismert Cryptococcus neoformans altal okozott meningoencephalitis hazai esete (Hungarian case of meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and diagnosed in the acute phase). Orv. Hetil. 1957, 1110–1112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klatzo, I., Geisler, P.H.: Demonstration of Cryptococcus neoformans in polarized light. Stain Technol. 33, 55–56 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, E.: Pathogenic microbes in milk. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 1, 78–95 (1901).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligman, A.M., Crane A.P., Norris, R.F.: Effect of temperature on survival of chick embryos infected intravenously with Cryptococcus neoformans. Amer. J. med. Sci. 221, 273–278 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligman, A.M., Weidman, F.D.: Experimental cryptococcosis (Torulosis). Arch. Derm. 60, 726–741 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kloos, K., Busing, C.W.: Mesenchymreaktionen bei Cryptococcose des Menschen. Berl. Med. 13, 287–293 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudson, R.J., Burch, H.B., Hatch, H.B.: Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis. J. thorac. cardiovasc. Surg. 45, 730–740 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlmeier, W.: Torulose der Nasennebenhöhlen. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 93, 92 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlmeier, W., Kreitner, H.: Blastomykose der Mamma. Wien. klin. Wschr. 65, 13–15 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlmeier, W., Niel, K.: Über einen Fall von Torulose, europäischer Blastomykose. Wien. klin. Wschr. 62, 97–98 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolukanov, I.E., Vojtsekhovskii, B.L.: On the isolation of cryptococci and keratinolytic fungi from the soil. Mycological studies. Proc. Sci. Mycol. Congr., 6th, Leningrad, 106–108 (1965a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolukanov, I.E., Vojtsekhovskii, B.L.: On the evaluation of pigeons as a source of environment infection. Mycological studies. Proc. Sci. Mycol. Congr., 6th, Leningrad, 108–110 (1965b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Königsbauer, H.: Über die Wirkung von Corton auf die experimentelle Torulose und Chromoblastomykose. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 160, 637–643 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Koshi, G., Sudersanam, D., Selvapandian, A.J., Myers, R.: Cryptococcosis “masquerading” as tuberculosis of the spine. Indian J. Path. Bact. 7, 264–271 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovi, J.: Mycoses associated with leukemia. Orv. Hetil. 105, 1175–1179 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krainer, L., Small, J.M., Hewlitt, A.B., Deness, T.: A case of systemic torula infection with tumor formation in the meninges. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psy-chiat. 9, 158–162 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreger-Van-Rij, N. J. W., Staib, F.: The utilization of creatine and creatinine by some debaryomyces species. Arch. Mikrobiol. 45, 115–118 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krejči, D., Vaneček, R.: Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis unsuccessfully treated with amphotericin B. Čas. Lek. Česk. 102, 910–914 (1963).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krejči, O., Vysoka, B., Hanzal, F., Řehánek, L., Manych, J.: Generalizovana kryptokokoza (Toruloza) Generalized cryptococcosis [Torulosis]). Cas. Lek. Cesk. 100, 484–492 (1961).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, M.B., Cantrell, J.R.: Pulmonary and meningeal cryptococcosis. Successful treatment of the meningitis with lateral cerebral intraventricular injection of amphotericin B. Arch. intern. Med. 112, 386–392 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruyt, R.C.: Torulosis van het centrale zenuwstelsel behandeld met amfotericine B (Torulosis of the central nervous system treated with amphotericin B). Ned. T. Geneesk. 104, 1370–1373 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, L.R.: Growth and viability of Cryptococcus hominis at mouse and rabbit body temperatures. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 67, 539–541 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, D.: A case of torulosis of the central nervous system during pregnancy. Med. J. Aust. 1, 558–560 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurlander, G. J.: X-ray film of the month. Dis. Chest. 39, 549–550 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurup, P.V., Panikar, C.K.J.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 21, 129–134 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuykendall, S.J., Ellis, F.H., Jr., Weed, L.A., Donoghue, F.E.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. New Engl. J. Med. 257, 1009–1016 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan, W.Y.: Mycotic meningitis. Report of a case. Chung Nan Med. J. 2, 472 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laas, E., Geiger, W.: Blastomykose bei Lymphogranulomatose. Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 159, 314–331 (1948).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacaz da Silva, C., Pereira, O.A., de Castro Fernandes, J., Mattos Ulson, C.: Contri-bução para o estudo da prova de urease na identicião do Cryptococcus neoformans. Med. Cirurg. Farm. 262/263 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacaz da Silva, C.: Manual de Micologia Medica. 3a. edicao. Rio de Janeiro/Sao Paulo, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamardo, M.R.: Cryptococcosis. Arch. venez. Pueric. 29, 404–407 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamerson, O.P.: Cryptococcus infections in man. Delaware med. J. 30, 70–72 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laporte, A., Houdart, R., Caldera, R., Manigand, G.: La meningite a Cryptococcus neoformans. Un nouveau cas d’evolution rapide. Presse méd. 62, 44–47 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laumen, F.: Cryptococcal infection as an apparent cause of exudative pleuresy and meningoencephalitis. Prax. Pneumol. 18, 234–243 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauze, S.: Infection a Torula chez un individu traite aux antibiotiques et a la cortisone. Union Med. Canada 81, 935–940 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leithold, S.L., Reeder, P.S., Baker, L. A.: Cryptococcal infection treated with 2-Hydroxy-stilbamidine in a patient with Boeck’s sarcoid. Arch. intern. Med. 99, 736–743 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leopold, S.S.: Pulmonary moniliasis and cryptococcal osteomyelitis in the same patient. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 37, 1737–1746 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepau, H., Rubinstein, L., Cohn, F., Shandra, J.: A case of Cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis complicating Boeck’s sarcoid. Pediatrics 19, 377–386 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, J.P., Lane, J.C., Kern, W.H., Jones, J.C.: The surgical treatment of isolated pulmonary cryptococcosis. J. thorac. cardiovasc. Surg. 44, 207–215 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, E. A.: Torula infection of the central nervous system. Arch. intern. Med. 59, 667–684 (1937).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, S., Zimmerman, H.M., Scorza, A.: Experimental cryptococcosis (torulosis). Amer. J. Path. 33, 385–409 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, S., Evans, E.E., Kabler, P. W.: Studies of cryptococcus polysaccharides by infrared spectrophotometry. J. infect. Dis. 104, 269–273 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Valensi, A., Sarfata, E., Cohen-Adad, F., Lorente, P.: Maladie de Hodgkin associée a une tuberculose ganglionaire et compliquée de torulose a forme meingée. Arch. franç. Pediat. 14, 225–233 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, W., Roux, P.: Torula infection of the central nervous system. Four recent cases. S. Afr. med. J. 20, 2–5 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ley, A., Jacas, R., Oliveras, C.: Torula granuloma of cervical spinal cord. J. Neurosurg. 8, 327–335 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim Teong Wah, Chan Kok Ewe: Observations on the laboratory diagnosis of cerebral torulosis (cryptococcosis). Med. J. Malaya 16, 193–205 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, I.H., Steffen, C.G.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Amer. Rev. Tuberc. 69, 116–120 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Line, F.G.: A case of cryptococcus (torula) meningitis treated with ethyl vanillate. J. Tenn. med. Ass. 47, 292–294 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linell, F., Magnusson, B., Norden, A.: Crypto-coccos (torulos), ett fall med sympton fran hud, lungor och centrala nervsystemet. (Krypto-kokkose [Torulose]. Ein Fall mit Symptomen an Haut, Lungen und zentralem Nervensystem.) Nord. Med. 46, 1195–1199 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linell, F., Magnusson, B., Norden, A.: Cryptococcosis. Review and report of a case. Acta derm.-venereol. (Stockh.) 33, 103–122 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lippelt, H.: Zur Pathogenität der Blastomyzeten. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 140, 116–118 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M.L.: A culture medium for the primary isolation of fungi. Science 106, 109–111 (1947).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M.L.: Growth of pathogenic fungi on a new culture medium. Amer. J. clin. Path. 18, 409–420 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M.L.: Liver-spleen glucose blood agar for Histoplasma capsulatum and other pathogenic fungi. Amer. J. clin. Path. 25, 1148–1159 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M.L.: Cryptococcosis (torulosis). Current concepts and therapy. Amer. J. Med. 27, 976–998 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M.L.: Therapy of cryptococcosis. In: Fungi and Fungal Diseases, pp. 292–306. Springfield/Ill.: Ch.C. Thomas 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M.L., Zimmermann, L.E.: Cryptococcosis, Torulosis or European blastomycosis. New York and London: Grune & Stratton 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M.L., Schneierson, S. S.: Cryptococcus neoformans in pigeon excreta in New York City. Amer. J. Hyg. 69, 49–59 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M.L., Tsubura, E.: Effect of degree of encapsulation upon virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 101, 773–777 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littman, M.L., Borok, R., Dalton, T.J.: Experimental avian cryptococcosis. Amer. J. Epidem. 82, 197–207 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C.T.: Intracerebral cryptococcic granuloma. Case report. J. Neurosurg. 10, 686–689 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lodder, J., DeVries, N.F.: Some notes on Torulopsis glabrata (Anderson) nov. comb. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 1, 98–103 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodder, J., Kreger-van Rij, N.J.W.: The Yeasts. A Taxonomic Study. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomanitz, R., Hale, J.M.: Production of delayed hypersensitivity to Cryptococcus neoformans in experimental animals. J. Bact. 86, 505–509 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lombardo, T.A., Rabson, A.D., Dodge, H.T.: Mycotic endocarditis. Report of a case due to Cryptococcus neoformans. Amer. J. Med. 22, 664–670 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longmire, W.P., Jr., Goodwin, T. C.: Generalized Torula infection. Case report and review with observations on pathogenesis. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 64, 22–43 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez Fernandez, J.R.: Action patógena experimental de la levadura Torulopsis glabrata (Anderson, 1917) Lodder y de Vries 1938 pro-ductora de lesiones histopatológicas, semejantes a las de la histoplasmosis. An. Fac. Med. Montevideo 37, 470–483 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Louria, D.B.: Specific and non-specific immunity in experimental cryptococcosis in mice. J. exp. Med. 111, 643–665 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louria, D.B.: In: Baum, G.L.: Textbook of Pulmonary Diseases. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Louria, D.B., Feder, N., Emmons, C.W.: Amphotericin B in experimental histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis. Antibiotics. Ann. 1956–1957, New York Med. Encyclopedia, Inc., p. 870, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lotjria, D.B., Greenberg, S.M., Molander, D.W.: Fungemia caused by certain nonpathogenic strains of family cryptococcaceae. Report of 2 cases due to rhodotorula and Torulopsis glabrata. New Engl. J. Med. 263, 1281–1284 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Louria, D.B., Kaminski, T., Finkel, G.: Further studies on immunity in experimental cryptococcosis. J. exp. Med. 117, 509–520 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutsky, I., Brodish, J.: Experimental canine cryptococcosis. J. infect. Dis. 114, 273–276 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, F.B., Jr., Rose, E.: Torula meningitis. Report of an additional case. Ann. clin. Med. 4, 755–760 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGillivray, J.B.: Two cases of cryptococcosis. J. clin. Path. 19, 424–428 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, D.E.: Some studies of three pathogenic fungi isolated from animals. Cornell Vet. 32, 383–389 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Magarey, F.R., Denton, P.H.: Brit. med. J. 116, 1082–1083 (1948).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mager, J., Aschner, M.: Starch reaction as aid in identification of causative agent of European blastomycosis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 62, 71–72 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magruder, R.G.: A report of three cases of Torula infection of the central nervous system. J. Lab. clin. Med. 24, 495–499 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahnke, P.-F.: Experimentelle Cryptococcose der Maus. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 103, 447–454 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahnke, P.-F., Schimpf, A., Schönborn, Ch., Dieckmann, U.: An cryptococcosis with skin involvement. Frankfurt. Z. Path. 71, 383–397 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manfredi, R.A.: Cryptococcal meningitis. Proc. Inst. Med. Chic. 25, 160 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Manganiello, L.O.J., Nichols, P., Jr.: Intraventriuclar torula granuloma. J. Neurosurg. 12, 306–310 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markham, J.W., Alcott, D.L., Manson, R.M.: Cerebral granuloma caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Report of a case. J. Neurosurg. 15, 562–568 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, T.M.: Torular meningoencephalitis. J. Ky med. Ass. 50, 292–297 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, M., Teed, R.W.: Torula histolytica meningoencephalitis. Recovery following bilateral mastoidectomy and sulfonamide therapy. J. Amer. med. Ass. 120, 527–529 (1942).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, M., Teed, R.W.: Ann. intern. Med. 34, 1277–1279 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J.D.,Eveland, W.C., Smith, C.W.: Superiority of fluorescein isothiocyanate (Riggs) for fluorescent antibody technique with modification of its application. Proc. Soc. exp. biol. (N.Y.) 98, 898–900 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J.D., Iverson, L., Eveland, W.C., Kase, A.: Comparison of fluorescent antibody staining and special histologic stains for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. Amer. J. Path. 35, 684–685 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J.D., Iverson, L., Eveland, W.C., Kase, A.: Application and limitations of the fluorescent antibody stain in the specific diagnosis of cryptococcosis. Lab. Invest. 10, 719–728 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H., Padberg, F.: Torulosis of the brain. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 62, 679–680 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W.J., Nichols, D.R., Svien, H.J., Ulrich, J.A.: Cryptococcosis. Further observations and experience with amphotericin B. Arch. intern. Med. 104, 4–15 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mashiba, H., et al.: Case of cryptococcosis. Nika 13, 777–782 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massee, J.C, Rooney, J.S.: Meningitis due to Torula histolytica. Report of a case. J. Amer. med. Ass. 94, 1650–1653 (1930).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matheis, H.: Die Cryptococcose (Torulose) des Nervensystems. Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 180, 595–639 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matras, A., Tappeiner, S.: Über eine tödlich verlaufende generalisierte Blastomykose der Haut und der inneren Organe. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Berl.) 181, 444–450 (1940).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, J., Afed-Kamiuska, M., Zgorzelski, S.: Torulosis (cryptococcosis) zomowieniem wtasnego przypadku. Pol. Tyg. lek. 13, 480–484 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McConchie, I.: Torula granuloma of the lung. Med. J. Aust. 38, 685–686 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • McConchie, I.H., Hayward, J.I.: Torula histolytica (Cryptococcus neoformans) granuloma of the lung treated by pulmonary resection. Postgrad. med. J. 34, 190–194 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCul-lough, N.B., Louria, D.B., Hilbish, T.F., Thomas, L.B., Emmons, C.: Cryptococcosis. Clinical staff conference at the National Institutes of Health. Ann. intern. Med. 49, 642–661 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, E.S., Ajello, L., Ausherman, R.J., Balows, A., McClellan, J., Brinkman, S.: Amer. J. Hyg. 73, 75–83 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • McGehee, J.L., Michelson, I.D.: Torula infection in man. Report of a case. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 42, 803–808 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • McGibbon, C., Readett, M.: Torulosis presenting in a skin department. Brit. J. Derm. 72, 430–433 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, J.T.: Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system in domestic animals. Amer. J. Path. 30, 651 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • McKendree, C.A., Cornwall, L.H.: Meningo-encephalitis due to torula. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 16, 167–181 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • McMath, W.F.T., Hussain, K.K.: Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Brit. med. J. 4244, 91–93 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mello, R.P., Teixera, G. de A.: Cryptococcosis in the initial phase of dissemination. Hospital (Rio de J.) 61, 355–361 (1962) [Portuguese].

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendonca Cortez, Jr.: Criptococcose pulmonar (Blastomicose europeia). An. paul. Med. Cirurg. 58, 315 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mezey, C.M., Fowler, R.: Torula cerebro-spinal cryptococcosis (due to Cryptococcus or Torula histolytica). J. Amer. med. Ass. 132, 632–634 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, K.F.: A pathogenic blastomyces from the horse. Proc. path. Soc. Philad. 16, 28 (1914).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mider, G.B., Smith, F.D., Bray, W.E., Jr.: Systemic manifestations with Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica) and Histoplasma capsulatum in the same patient. Arch. Path. 43, 102–110 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.M., et al.: Treatment of infection due to cryptococcosis with stilbamidine. Antibiot. and Chemother. 2, 444–446 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Minkowithz, S., Koffler, D., Zak, F.G.: Torulopsis glabrata septicemia. Amer. J. Med. 34, 252–255 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Misch, K.A.: Torulosis associated with Hodgkin’s disease. J. clin. Path. 8, 207–210 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, L.A.: Torulosis. J. Amer. med. Ass. 106, 450–542 (1936).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr, W.: Die Mykosen. In: Handbuch der inneren Medizin, Bd. II, S. 825–937. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: J.F. Springer 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollaret, P., Reilly, J., Bastin, R.: La forme ganglionaire localisée de la cryptococcose. Lyon méd. 1, 71–84 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Molnar, J.: Torulosis. Orv. Hetil. 96, 685 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar, J.: Meningo-encephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Acta morph. Acad. Sci. hung. 6, 233–239 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Monnet, P., Blanc, P.: Les cryptococcoses humaines. Sem. Hôp. Paris 31, 3851–3862 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monnet, P., Coudert, J., Berthenod, M., Blanc, P.E.: Meningo-encephalite a Torula chez un nourrisson. Lyon méd. 193, 377–388 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, A.M.: Asphyxiai death due to pulmonary cryptococcosis. A case report. Calif. Med. 67, 105–106 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mook, W.H., Moore, M.: Cutaneous torulosis. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 33, 951–962 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M.: Cryptococcosis with cutaneous manifestations. J. invest. Derm. 28, 159–182 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, E., Wolinsky, E.: Localized osseous cryptococcosis. A case report. J. Bone Jt Surg. 47, 1027–1029 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosberg, W.H., Jr., Alvarez-DeChoudens, J.A.: Lancet 1951, 1259–1260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosberg, W.H., Jr., Arnold, J.G., Jr.: Torulosis of the central nervous system. Ann. intern. Med. 32, 1153–1183 (1950).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, E.M., McQuown, A.L.: Atlas of Medical Mycology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muchmore, H.G., Rhoades, E.R., Nix, G.E., Felton, E.G., Carpenter, R.E.: Occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans in the environment of three geographically associated cases of cryptococcal meningitis. New Engl. J. Med. 268, 1112–1114 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muchmore, H.G.: Meeting. Amer. Soc. Mycol.,New Orleans 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, C.S., Ransome, G.A.: Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis. Med. J. Malaya 14, 125–134 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjea, A.K., Sengupta, M., Roy, H.N.: Retinal cyst due to Cryptococcus neoformans. Bull. Calcutta Sch. trop. Med. 9, 106–107 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, E., Schaltenbrandt, G.: Coc-cidiose der Meningen. Nervenarzt 19, 327–333 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, E., Hilscher, W.M.: Zur Frage der generalisierten Blastomykose und ihrer Beziehungen zur Lymphogranulomatose. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 92, 331–338 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mumenthaler, M.: Meningoencephalitis durch Cryptococcus neoformans. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 90, 386–391 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mumme, C., Lippelt, H.: Zur Pathogenität der Blastomyceten. Z. klin. Med. 135, 187–197 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muslow, F.W., Lindley, E.L.: Cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis. A case report. J. Iowa St. med. Soc. 47, 579–580 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nanda, S.P., Kass, I., Cohn, M., Dressler, S.H.: Coexistence of tuberculous and cryptococcal meningitis. Pediatrics 20, 45–52 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nassau, E., Weinberg-Heiruti, C.: Torulosis of the newborn. Harefuah 35, 50–51 (1948). —

    Google Scholar 

  • Negroni, P., Briz-de Negroni, C.: Manifestaciones cutaneomucosas de la blastomicosis europea. A proposito de una nueva observation. Rev. argent. Dermatosif. 34, 228–232 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neill, J.M., Kapros, C.E.: Serological tests on soluble antigens from mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans and Sporotrichum schenckii. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 73, 557–559 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill, J.M., Sugg, J. Y., McCauley, D.W.: Serologically reactive material in spinal fluid, blood, and urine from a human case of cryptococcosis (Torulosis). Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 77, 775–778 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhauser, E.B.D., Tucker, A.: The Roentgen findings produced by diffuse torulosis in the newborn. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 59, 805–815 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nevill, L.M.B., Cooke, E.R.N.: Human cryptococcosis in Kenya. E. Afr. med. J. 36, 209–219 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer, V.D., Sternberg, T.H., Wright, E.T., Reisner, R.M., McNall, Sorensen, L.J.: The treatment of systemic fungus infections with amphotericin B. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 89, 221–239 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, E.H.: The relation of blastomycetes to cancer. J. med. Res. 7, 312–359 (1902).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, I.C.: Torula meningoencephalitis. Report of a case. R. I. med. J. 24, 221–222 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, D.R., Martin, W.J.: Cryptococcosis. Clinical features and differential diagnosis. Ann. intern. Med. 43, 767–780 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicod, J.L.: Un cas autochthone de Blastomycose des meninges. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 68, 234–237 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nino, F.L.: Blastomycosis humana generalizada por Cryptococcus (n. sp.). Estudio clinico, parasitológico, anatomopatológico y experimental. Sexta Reunión Soc. Arg. Path. Geog. del Norte. Univers. Buenos Aires 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nino, F.L.: Contribution al estudio de las blastomicosis en la República Argentina. Capitulo V. Granuloma criptococcico. Estudio de un nuevo caso argen-tino. Bol. Inst. Clin. quir. (B. Aires) 14, 656–755 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nino, F.L., Marano, A.: Blastomicosis a focos multiples por Cryptococcus neoformans (Sanfelice). Arch. Soc. argent. Anat. 9, 307–318 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, J.C., Armstrong, W.B.: Membraneous cryptococcic nasopharyngitis (Cryptococcus neoformans). Arch. Otolaryng. 60, 720–722 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, F.J., Foushee, J.H.S., Jr., Cox, C.E.: Prostatic cryptococcosis. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 94, 160–163 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue, J.G.: A case of blastomycotic meningitis. Med. J. Aust. 1, 118 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, K., Uejima, A., Inohara, T., Kuroda, K., Murase, J., Kanamoto, A.: Cryptococcosis. Pathological observations of 5 autopsy cases and one biopsy case. Acta Med. Okayama 13. 319–347 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Okudaira, M., Schwarz, J., Adriano, S.M.: Experimental production of Schaumann bodies by heterogenous microbial agents in the golden hamster. Lab. Invest. 10, 968–982 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okun, E., Butler, W.T.: Ophthalmologic complications of cryptococcal meningitis. Arch. Ophthal. 71, 52–57 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira Campos, J. de: Congenital meningo-encephalitis due to Torulopsis neoformans (cryptococcosis). Rev. clin. Inst. matern. Lisboa 87, 92 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira Campos, J. de: Preliminary report. Congenital meningoencephalitis due to Torulopsis neoformans (cryptococcosis). Bol. clin. Hosp. Lisboa 18, 609–618 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, F.J., Newcomb, A., Nielsen, C.S.: Cryptococcus meningitis. U.S. nav. med. Bull. 49, 300–305 (1949).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M.: Generalized cryptococcosis simulating Hodgkin’s disease. Tex. St. J. Med. 35, 767–771 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Padberg, F., Martin, J.: Torulosis of the brain. J. Neurosurg. 9, 307–309 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmrose, E.C., Losli, E.J.: Cryptococcus meningitis. Report of two cases. Northw. Med. (Seattle) 51, 121–126 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pariser, S., Littman, M.L., Duffy, L.: Cryptococcal meningo-encephalitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Mt Sinai Hosp. 28, 550–561 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Partridge, B.M., Winner, H.I.: Cryptococcus neoformans in bird droppings in London. Lancet 1965I, 1060–1062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perceval, A.K.: Experimental cryptococcosis: hypersensitivity and immunity. J. Path. Bact. 89, 645–655 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peroncini, J., Bence, A.E., Vaccarezza, D.A., Aguero, J.G.: Torulosis bronquial y meningica. Medicina (B. Aires) 9, 363–370 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perruchio, P., Bruel, R., Lagarde, C., Delpy, J.: Le torulome bronchectasiant. Une nouvelle forme clinique de la torulose respiratoire. Presse méd. 67, 387–390 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piers, F.: Torulosis, Cryptococcosis (European Blastomycosis, Buschkes disease). R.D. Simons Medical Mycology, pp. 254–260. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierson, P.H.: Torula in man. Report of a case with necropsy findings. J. Amer. med. Ass. 69, 2179–2181 (1917).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinney, C.T.: Solitary circumscribed lesion of the lung due to Cryptococcus neoformans. Amer. Rev. Tuberc. 74, 441–444 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piontek, J., Pulverer, G., Walter, H.T.: Cryptococcose bei Lymphogranulomatose. Medizinische 1959, 1373–1379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piper, J.E.: Torulosis of cerebrospinal type. Case report. Med. J. Aust. 31, 441 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaut, A.: Human infection with Cryptococcus glabratus. Report of a case involving uterus and Fallopian tubes. Amer. J. clin. Path. 20, 377–380 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, N.S., Symmers, W. St. C., Winner, H.I.: Sarcoidosis in identical twins with torulosis as a complication in one case. Brit. med. J. 2, 599–603 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, A.Q., Ward, L.M.: A hemagglutination test for cryptococcosis. Amer. J. Med. 32, 6–16 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poppe, J.K.: Cryptococcosis of the lung. Report of two cases with successful treatment by lobectomy. J. thorac. Surg. 27, 608–613 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potenza, L., Benaim, H.: Observation de dos casos con torulopsis (Cryptococcus neoformans) en el sistema nervioso central. Arch. venez. Pat. trop. 1, 236–263 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Potenza, L., Feo, M.: Use of polarized light in diagnosis of mycotic infections. Tech. Bul. Amer. Soc. Clin. Path. 26, 91–99 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Potenza, L., Rodriguez, C., Feo, M.: Torulopsis neoformans pleural. Estudio clinico, patológico y micologico del primer caso observado en Venezuela. Rev. Sanid. Asist. soc. 16, 195–213 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pounden, W.D., Amberson, J.M., Jaeger, R.F.: A severe mastitis problem associated with Cryptococcus neoformans in a large dairy herd. Amer. J. vet. Res. 13, 121–128 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Procknow, J.J., Benfield, J.R., Rippon, J.W., Diener, F., Archer, L.: Cryptococcal hepatitis presenting as a surgical emergency. J. Amer. med. Ass. 191, 93–98 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, T.F.: Pulmonary histoplasmosis. Study of 29 cases with identification of H. capsulatum in resected lesions. Amer. Rev. Tuberc. 67, 453–476 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pund, E.R., Van Wagoner, F.D.: Torula meningitis. Report of case. J. med. Ass. Ga 25, 48–50 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Quodbach, K.: Ein Beitrag zur Pathologie der Blastomykosen des Zentralnervensystems. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 69, 227–231 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rammaurthi, B., Anguli, V.C.: Intramedullary cryptococcic granuloma of the spinal cord. J. Neurosurg. 11, 622–624 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos-Morales, F., Dejesus, M.A., DeTorregrosa, M.V., Diaz Rivera, R.S.: Cryptococcal (Torula) meningitis. Case report. Bol. Asoc. méd. P. Rico 52, 121–130 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randhawa, H.S., Clayton, Y.M., Riddell, R.W.: Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon habitats in London. Nature (Lond.) 208, 801 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raper, K.B., Alexander, D.F.: Preservation of molds by the lyophil process. Mycologia 37, 499–525 (1945).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, B.Z., Kaplan, B.: Generalized torula mycosis. Arch. Path. 1, 720–741 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, H.E., Cook, W.R.: Cryptococcosis. U.S. armed Forces med. J. 1, 957–967 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravisse, P., Reynand, R., Depoux, R., Salles, P.: Sur le premier cas de cryptococcose decouvert en A.E.F. Presse méd. 67, 727–728 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravits, H.G.: Cutaneous cryptococcosis. A survey of cryptococcus on normal and pathologic skin. J. Invest. Derm. 12, 271–284 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rawson, A. J., Collins, L.H., Jr., Grant, J. L.: Histoplasmosis and torulosis as causes of adrenal insufficiency. Amer. J. med. Sci. 215, 363–371 (1948).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reale, E.: Un caso di meningite da torula histolitica. Morgagni 73, 66–68 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, D.L., Butt, E.M., Hammack, R.W.: Torula infection of the lungs and central nervous system. Arch. intern. Med. 68, 57–79 (1941).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichel,R.: Über Blastomykose des Gehirns, der Hirnhäute und der Lunge. Klin. Wschr. 1939, 1468–1471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, J. D.: The influence of the vitamin B complex on the growth of Torulopsis (Cryptococcus) neoformans on a synthetic medium. J. Bact. 58, 777–782 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, E.B., Artman, E.L.: Cryptococcosis. Report of a case and experimental studies. Arch. intern. Med. 81, 1–8 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Revol, L., Garin, J.P., Morel, P.L.: Hepatosplenomegalie febrile mortelle. Association cryptococcosetoxoplasmose. Soc. Fr. Mycol. Med. Lyon, 25 mai. 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rey-Bellet, J.: Les mycoses des systeme nerveux central. Rev. méd. Suisse rom. 83, 734–748 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes Armijo, E., Alamanza Velez, R.: Comunicacion preliminar sobre cuatro casos de torulosis del sistema nervioso central. Rev. méd. Hosp. gen. (Méx.) 27, 293–300 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, E.R., Ginn, H.E., Muchmore, H.G., Smith, W.O., Hammarsten, J.F.: Effect of amphotericin B upon renal function in man. Clin. Res. 8, 232 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieth, H.: Untersuchungen zur Hefediagnostik in der Dermatologie. Arch. klin. exp. Derm. 207, 413–430 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigdon, R.H., Kirksey, O.T.: Mycotic aneurysm (cryptococcosis) of the abdominal aorta. Amer. J. Surg. 84, 486–491 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinehart, J.F., Abul-Haj, S.K.: Improved method for histologic demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides in tissues. Arch. Path. 52, 189–194 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ring, E.D., Williams, T. H.: Torulosis. Canad. med. Ass. J. 67, 360–361 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rippey, J. J., Rober, W.A.G., Jeanes, A.L., Bright, M.V.: Cryptococcal menin-go-encephalitis. J. clin. Path. 18, 296–300 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Risgaard Petersen, B.: Cryptococcosis. Ugeskr. Laeg. 128, 1060–1061 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, R.C., Larsh, H. W.: The infection of white mice following an intranasal instillation of Cryptococcus neoformans. Amer. J. Hyg. 78, 241–246 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riveros, M., Boggino, J., Mayor, V.: Sobre un caso blastomicosis a Torula histolitica. Rev. méd. Parag. 3, 95–102 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roantree, W.B., Dunkerley, G. E.: Meningoencephalitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans. Report of a case. Lancet 1952, 1274–1278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, H.C., Jr., Moseley, V.: Cryptococcus meningitis. Ann. intern. Med. 36, 1538–1540 (1952).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, W.E., Robertson, H.F., Riggs, H.E., Schwartz, L.: Torulosis involving human cerebrum. J. Amer. med. Ass. 113, 482–484 (1939).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodger, R.C., Terry, L.L., Binford, C.H.: Histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis and tuberculosis complicating Hodgkin’s disease. Report of a case. Amer. J. clin. Path. 21, 153–157 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez de Ledesma, J.P., Gonzalez Alguacil, C.: Torula histolitica cerebral. Rev. clin. esp. 46, 106–108 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez Perez, J., Suquet, M.: Blastomicosis de los centros nerviosis. Vida nueva 28, 452–461 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roger, H., Poursines, Y.: La meningo-encephalite a Torula. Marseille-méd. 80, 24–42 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roger, H., Poursines, Y., Pitot, Tempier: Etude anatomo-clinique d’ une meningoencephalite a Torula a forme d’ hypertension intracranienne aigue. Rev. neurol. 74, 333–334 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rook, A., Woods, B.: Cutaneous cryptococcosis. Brit. J. Derm. 74, 43–49 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, F. Cl., Grant, H.C., Jeanes, A.L.: Torulosis of the central nervous system in Britain. Brain 81, 542–555 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S.H., Castleman, B., Liebow, A.A.: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. New Engl. J. Med. 258, 1123–1142 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross Russel, R.W., Dean, D.: Torula meningitis in Malaya. Brit. med. J. 5045, 627 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, L.P., Griffiths, C.D., Kabat, E. A.: Myasthenia gravis, thymoma and cryptococcal meningitis. New Engl. J. Med. 273, 620–627 (1965). —

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Royer, P. J., Delville, P., Mairlot, F.: Observations d’un cas de torulose meningée et pulmonaire. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 34, 229–232 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H., Furcolow, M.L.: Promising results in cryptococcal meningitis. Neurology (Minneap.) 8, 590–595 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H., Lehan, P.H., Fitzpatrick, M.J., Furcolow, M.L.: Amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. Antibiot. Ann. 1957–1958, Medical Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, pp. 71–74,1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiter, M., Ensink, G.J.: Acute primary cutaneous cryptococcosis. Dermatologica (Basel) 128, 185–201 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rusk, G.Y.: A case of pulmonary cerebral and meningeal blastomycosis. Proc. N.Y. path. Soc. 10, 48–50 (1910/1911).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusk, G.Y., Farnell, F.J.: Systemic oidiomycosis. A study of 2 cases developing terminal oidiomycetic meningitis, with clinical notes. Univ. Calif. Publ. Path. 2, 47–58 (1912).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabesin, S.M., Fallon, H.F., Andriole, V.T.: Hepatic failure as a manifestation of cryptococcosis. Arch. intern. Med. 111, 661–669 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacquet, E., Drouhet, E., Vallee, A.: Un cas spontanée de cryptococcose (Cryptococcus neoformans) chez le souris. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 97, 252–253 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saez, H.: Etude de 29 souches de cryptococcus isolées en cinq ans chez des mammiferes et des oiseaux. Rev. Mycol. 30, 57–73 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagi, T., Feherpataky, J.: Torulom des Zentralnervensystems. Path. et Microbiol. (Basel) 23, 3–9 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salfelder, K., Schwarz, J.: Thirteen cases of cryptococcosis in Cincinnati. Unpublished data (1967a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salfelder, K., Schwarz, J.: Histoplasma capsulatum and chickens. Mykosen 10, 337–350 (1967b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salfelder, K., Schwarz, J., Romero, A., de Liscano, T.R., Zambrano, Z., Diaz, P.I.: Habitat de Nocardia asteroides, Phialophora pedrosoi y Cryptococcosus neoformans en Venezuela. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) (1967) [in press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Salveraglio, F. J., Mackinnon, J.E., Cantonnet-Blanch, P., Canzani, R., Cantoni de Anzalone, H., Fazzio-Montans, H., Conti-Diaz, I.A.: Caso autóctono de criptococcosis en el Uruguay. An. Fac. Med. Montevideo 47, 25–32 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvin, S.B., Smith, R.F.: Mechanism of fungus pathogenicity. 4. Delayed hypersensitivity and cryptococcosis. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 14, 232 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvin, S.B., Smith, R.F.: An antigen for detection of hypersensitivity to Cryptococcus neoformans. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 108, 498–501 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanfelice, F.: Sull’azione patogena de blastomiceti como contribute alla etiologia dei tumori maligni. Nota preliminare. II. Policlinico, Sez. chir. 2, 204–211 (1895).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanfelice, F.: Sull’azione patogena dei blastomiceti. Ann. d’Igiene 5, 239–262 (1895).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanfelice, F.: Über einen neuen pathogenen Blastomyceten, welcher innerhalb der Gewebe unter Bildung kalkartig aussehender Massen degeneriert. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 18, 521–526 (1895).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanfelice, F.: Contributo alla morfologia e biologia dei blastomiceti che si sviluppano nei succhi di alcuni frutti. Ann. d’Igiene 4, 463–465 1895 – 1899).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanfelice, F.: Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Ätiologie der bösartigen Geschwulste. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 24, 155–158 (1898).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, B.F., Farren, J.E.: Another case of torula meningitis. S. Afr. med. J. 16, 245–247 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu, R.S., Jaggi, O.P., Randhawa, H.S., Sandhu, D.K., Gupta, I.M.: Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from a patient without clinical signs of infection. A case report. Indian J. Chest Dis. 6, 93–97 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanz, J., Gomez, J., de Cisneros, J.M.: Torulosis pulmonar de forma diseminada. Rev. clin. esp. 70, 303–309 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerteig, E.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Torulopsis neoformans. Infektion des Menschen. Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 17, 109–123 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, L.Z.: Systemic fungus infections in animals. A review. Cornell Vet. 38, 213–238 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawers, W.C., Thomson, E.F.: Torulosis with a report of a case of meningitis due to Torula histolytica. Med. J. Aust. 2, 581–593 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schellner: Über eine beim Pferde durch Hefezellen verursachte Geschwulst in der Nasenhöhle und deren Nebenhöhlen. Z. Vet. 47, 111–116 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schepel, J.A.C., Carsjens, F.W.: Torulosis with pulmonary localization; case. Ned. T. Geneesk. 97, 2723–2726 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, E.G., Alvares-de Choundens, J.A., McElvain, N.F., Beardsley, J., Tawab, S.A.A.: A microbiological study of Cryptococcus neoformans. Arch. Biochem. 26, 15–24 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, H.J., Schneider, P.A., Bertschinger, H.U.: Nachweis von Cryptococcus neoformans und anderen Hefen aus Milch von Kühen mit Mastitis. Path. et Microbiol. (Basel) 24, 803–818 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, J., Baum, G.L.: Pioneers in the discovery of deep fungus diseases. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 25, 73–81 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, J., Schornagel, H.E., Straub, M.: Ein Fall von Torulosis; Pilzkrankheiten und Tuberculose, ihre Ähnlichkeit und Unterschiede. Docum. Med. geogr. trop. (Amst.) 6, 69–75 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sciortino, A.L., MacHaffie, R.H., Alliband, G.T., Zaayer, K.: Cryptococcosis. Arch. intern. Med. 102, 451–458 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seabury, J.F.: Experience with amphotericin B. Chemo-therapia (Basel) 3, 81–94 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seabury, J.H., Dascomb, H.E.: Experience with amphotericin B (Fungizone) for treatment of systemic mycoses. Arch. intern. Med. 102, 960–976 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seabury, J.H., Dascomb, H.E.: Experience with amphotericin B. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 89, 202–220 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeliger, H.P.R.: Use of a urease test for the screening and identification of cryptococci. J. Bact. 72, 127–131 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeliger, H.P.R.: Das kulturell-biochemische und serologische Verhalten der Cryptococcus-Gruppe. Ergebn. Mikrobiol. 32, 23–72 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeliger, H.P.R.: Les phenomenes d’immunité dans les mycoses. Path. et Biol. 8, 297–306 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeliger, H.P.R.: Immunbiologisch-serologische Nachweisverfahren bei Pilzerkrankungen. In: Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten, Bd. IV, S. 605–734. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: J.F. Springer 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeliger, H.P.R.: Use of serological methods for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. A review. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 44, 657–668 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeliger, H.P.R., Christ, P.: Zur Schnelldiagnose der Cryptococcus-Meningitis mittels der Liquorpräcipitation. Mykosen 1, 88–92 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Segretain, G., Couteau, M.: Differentation entre Torulopsis (Cryptococcus) neoformans et corps amyloides du systeme nerveux central. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 88, 128–132 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seibold, H.R., Roberts, C.S., Gordon, E.M.: Cryptococcosis in a dog. J. Amer. vet. med. Ass. 122, 213–215 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiler, S.: Beitrag zur Klinik der Blastomykose. Beitr. klin. Chir. 156, 609–624 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Semerak, C.B.: Torula leptomeningitis. Arch. Path. 6, 1142–1145 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, K.K.: Pigeons and mycoses. New Engl. J. Med. 276, 62 (1967a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, K.K.: Attempts to produce experimental intestinal cryptococcosis and sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 31, 245–250 (1967b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, K.K., Salfelder, K., Schwarz, J.: Experimental cutaneous primary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans (Sanfelice) Vuillemin. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 27, 357–368 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, K.K., Schwarz, J.: Experimental ocular cryptococcosis in pigeons. Amer. J. Ophthal. 62, 95–98 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shadomy, H.J., Utz, J.P.: Preliminary studies on a hypha-forming mutant of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycologia 98, 383–390 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, P.M., Sharma, K.D.: Cryptococcosis. A report of a case with review of the literature. Indian J. Pediat. 1, 181–189 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, L.L., Neal, J.B.: Torula Meningitis. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 13, 174–190 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppe, W.M.: Torula infection in man. Amer. J. med. Sci. 167, 91–108 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, L.H.: Disseminated cryptococcosis producing a sarcoid type reaction. Arch. intern. Med. 104, 736–770 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, A.B., Ajello, L.: Medium for selective isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans. Science 151, 208–209 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siewers, C.M.F., Cramblett, H.G.: Cryptococcosis (torulosis) in children. A report of 4 cases. Pediatrics 34, 393–400 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, M.E.: Ocorrencia de Cryptococcus neoformans e Microsporum gypseum em solos da Bahia, Brasil. Bol. Fund. G. Moniz 17, 1–14 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, M.E., Paula, L.A.: Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from excrement and nests of pigeons (Columba livia) in Salvador, Bahia (Brasil). Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo 5, 9–11 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, S.L.: Pulmonary moniliasis and cryptococcal osteomyelitis in the same patient. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 37, 1737–1746 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, J., Nicholas, R.E., Morse, E.V.: An outbreak of bovine cryptococcosis. J. Amer. vet. med. Ass. 122, 31–35 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, E.: Two cases of fungus infection. China med. J. 66, 85–89 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, G.B., Barua, D.: Cerebral cryptococcosis. Bull. Calif. Sch. Trop. Med. 8, 140 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Skulski, G., Symmers, W. St. C.: Actinomycosis and torulosis in the ferret (Mustela puro). J. comp. Path. 64, 306–311 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G.W.: The treatment of Torula meningo-encephalitis with amphotericin B.J. Neurosurg. 15, 572–575 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F.B., Crawford, J.S.: Fatal granulomatosis of the central nervous system due to a yeast (Torula). J. Path. Bact. 33, 291–296 (1930).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F.: Cryptococcosis and associated Hodgkin’s disease. N.Z. med. J. 59, 285–288 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.L.T., Fischer, J.B., Barnum, D.A.: Generalized Cryptococcus neoformans infection in a dog. Canad. med. Ass. J. 72, 18–20 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C.W., Marshall, J.D., Jr., Eveland, W.C.: Use of contrasting fluorescent dye as counter stain in fixed tissue preparations. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 102, 179–181 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G.W., Kemp, J.A., Farrar, W.E., Jr., Kemble, J. W., Philpot, D.F., Jr.: Cryptococcosis of central nervous system. Four cases treated with amphotericin B. Sth. med. J. (Bgham, Ala.) 53, 305–311 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C.D., Ritter, R., Larsh, H.W., Furcolow, M.L.: Infection of white swiss mice with airborne Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bact. 87, 1364–1368 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soemiatno: Meningitis disebabkan oleh Debaryomyces (Cryptococcus) neoformans dan sum-bangan pen getahuan tentang „Blastomycetes”-Djamur Jang pathogen bagimanusia. J. In-dones. med. Ass. 3, 137–149 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonck, C.E.: Kryptokokkose mit Knochenmetastase. Mykosen 10, 319–324 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sotgiu, G., Mazzoni, A., Mantovani, A., Ajello, L., Palmer, J.: Survey of soils for human pathogenic fungi from the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. II. Isolation of Allescheria boydii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Amer. J. Epidemiol. 83, 329–337 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soysal, S.S., Unat, E.K., Tahsinoglu, M.: Un cas de cryptococcose. Arch. franç. Pédiatr. 11, 246–260 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spivack, A.P., Nadel, J.A., Eisenberg, G.M.: Cryptococcus renal infection. Report of case. Ann. intern. Med. 47, 990–1002 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spicer, C., Hiatt, W.O., Kessel, J.F.: Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans occurring as infective agents in an 8-year-old boy. J. Pediat. 33, 761–769 (1948).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spickard, A., Butler, W.T., Andriole, V.T., Utz, J.P.: The improved prognosis of cryptococcal meningitis with amphotericin B therapy. Ann. intern. Med. 58, 66–83 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (a): Vorkommen von Cryptococcus neoformans im Vogelmist. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 182, 562–563 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (b): Cryptococcus neoformans im Muskelgewebe. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 185, 135–144 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (c): Cryptococcus neoformans und Guizotia abyssinica (syn. G. oleifera D.C.). Z. ges. Hyg. 148, 466–475 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (d): Cryptococcus neoformans beim Kanarienvogel. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 185, 129–134 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (e): Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 186, 233–247 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (f): Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 186, 274–275 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (g): Zur Kreatinin-Kreatin-Assimila-tionin der Hefepilzdiagnostik. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Ref. 191, 429–432 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (h): Zur Widerstandsfähigkeit von Cryptococcus neoformans gegen Austrocknung und hohe Temperaturen. Arch. Mikrobiol. 44, 323–333 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (i): The importance of thiamin (vitamin B1) for the assimilation of creatinine by Cryptococcus neoformans. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 190, 115–131 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (k): Membranfiltration und Negersaat (Guizotia abyssinica). Nährboden für den Cryptococcus neoformans -Nachweis (Braunfarbeffekt). Z. ges. Hyg. 149, 329–335 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (l): Saprophytic life of Cryptococcus neoformans. Its relation to low molecular nitrogen substances in nature and the human. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 44, 611–615 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F. (m): Zur Cryptococcose bei Mensch und Tier unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Vorkommens von Cryptococcus neoformans im Vogelmist. Tierärztl. Umsch. 19, 69–72 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Staib, F., Zissler, J. (a): Sproßpilze, insbesondere Cryptococcus neoformans und menschliches Serum. Z. Haut- u. Geschl.-Kr. 35, 145–148 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zissler, J. (b): The possibility of utilization of rest nitrogen substances of human sera by Cryptococcus neoformans. Zbl. Bakt., I. Abt. Orig. 189, 117–119 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Starr, K.W., Geddes, B.: Pulmonary torulosis. Aust. N.Z.J. Surg. 18, 212–214 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J.M., Burdon, P.J.: Cryptococcus neoformans infection of the central nervous system. A case treated by amphotericin B with postmortem examination. Ann. intern. Med. 52, 445–453 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenvers, H.W.: Torula-infectie van het centrale zenuwstelsel. Ned. T. Geneesk. 78, 3361–3366 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, L.D., Vogel, F.S., Williams, V.: Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system and incidental cryptococcic granuloma. Arch. Path. 49, 321–332 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiefel, E., Andreu Urra, J., Lazaro, J.: La criptococcosis pulmonar. Rev. clin. esp. 49, 293–300 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuns, J., Royer, P.: Un cas de meningite a torulosis au Congo belge. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 33, 483–486 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, W.W., Curtiss, A.N.: Torula meningoencephalitis. Observations of cerebrospinal fluid. J. Amer. med. Ass. 116, 1633–1635 (1941).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoddard, J.L., Cutler, E.G.: Torula Infection in Man. Rockefeller Inst. Med. Res. Monograph No. 62, pp. 1–98 (Jan. 31) 1916.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, W. J., Sturdi-vant, B.F.: Meningoencephalitis due to Torula histolytica. Arch. intern. Med. 44, 560–575 (1929).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stypulkowski, C., Maciejewska, G., Nowak, J.: Intra vitam diagnosis of crypto-coccal septicemia involving especially the central nervous system during the course of lymphatic leukemia. Pol. Tyg. lek. 19, 104–107 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, S., Sivaraman, K., Prab-haker, R.: Cultivation and animal pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from a case of meningitis. Ind. J. Microbiol. 5, 61–64 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Susman, M.P.: Torula (cryptococcus) infection of the lung. Aust. N.Z.J. Surg. 23, 296–299 (1953–1954).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutmoller, P., Poelma, F. G.: Cryptococcus neoformans infection (torulosis) of goats in the Leeward Islands region. W. Indian med. J. 6, 225–228 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, H.S., Smith, W. A.: Torula granuloma simulating cerebral tumor. Report of two cases. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 51, 426–431 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Swatek, F.E., Becker, S.W., Wilson, J.W., Omieczynski, D.T., Kazan, B.H.: A new method for the direct isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from the soil. Proc. 7th Intern. Congr. Trop. Med. Malaria 3, 122–124 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, H., Bull, L.B.: Notes on a case of systemic blastomycosis. Blastomycotic cerebrospinal meningitis. Med. J. Aust. 2, 265–267 (1917).

    Google Scholar 

  • Symmers, W.St.C.: Torulosis. A case mimicking Hodgkin’s disease and rodent ulcer, and a presumed case of pulmonary torulosis with acute dissemination. Lancet 1953, 1068–1074.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symmers, W.St.C.: Torulosis and Hodgkin’s disease. Brit. med. J. 1, 459–460 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Symmers, W.St.C.: Torulosis. Lancet 1959, 943–944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symmers, W.St.C.: Cryptococcus neoformans in bird droppings. Letters. Lancet (January 21) 1967, 159–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szilagyi, G., Reiss, F., Smith, J.C.: The anticrypto-coccal factor of blood serum. A preliminary report. J. invest. Derm. 46, 306–308 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taber, K.W.: Torulosis in man. Report of a case. J. Amer. med. Ass. 108, 1405–1406 (1937).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takos, M. J.: Experimental cryptococcosis produced by the ingestion of virulent organisms. New Engl. J. Med. 254, 598–601 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takos, M.J., Elton, N.W.: Spontaneous cryptococcosis of marmoset monkeys in Panama. Arch. Path. 55, 403–407 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W.A.: Demonstration at 96th meeting of Pathological Society of Gt. Britain and Ireland in London. Cited by Symmers, p. 1068 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Terplan, K.: Pathogenesis of cryptococcic (Torula) meningitis. Amer. J. Path. 24, 711–712 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiers, H., Coudert, J., Pelloux, H., Fayolle, J., Colomb, D., Joud, R.: Un cas de cryptococcose osseuse et pulmonaire. Bull. Soc. franç. Derm. Syph. 67, 127–128 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R.C., McClenathan, J.E., Osborne, D.P.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Report of three cases. Med. Ann. D.C. 31, 77–80 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiant, F.R., Fuentes, C.A.: Cryptococcosis de localización cutanea. Bol. Soc. cuba. Derm. Sif. 15, 65–72 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillotson, J.R., Lerner, A.M.: Prostatism in an 18-year-old boy due to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. New Engl. J. Med. 273, 1150–1152 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timmermann, H. J.: Fatal case of yeast meningitis in pregnancy. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 31, 686–688 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinney, W.S., Schmidt, H.W.: Torula infection. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 28, 950–956 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, R.L., Herrmann, W.W.: The life cycle of the organism causing yeast meningitis. J. Bact. 32, 89–103 (1936).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomcsik, J.: Die Struktur der Bakteriengrenzflächen. In: Ergebnisse der medizinischen Grundlagenforschung, p. 1–56 Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toone, E.C., Jr.: Torula histolytica (Blastomycoides histolytica). Report of case with recovery. Virginia med. Mth. 68, 405–407 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey, F.A.: Cutaneous cryptococcosis in a patient with Hodgkin’s disease. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 55, 738–739 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trautwein, G., Nielson, S.V.: Cryptococcosis in 2 cats, a dog and a mink. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 140, 437–442 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truant, J.P., Tesluk, H.: The effect of cortisone upon experimental cryptococcosis. Bact. Proc. 87, 1 p. (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, W.: Ein Fall von Hefeinfektion (Saccharomykose) der Meningen. Arch. Klin. Med. 90, 335–366 (1907).

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, P.P.: A case of cryptococcosis with choroidal torulomata. E. Afr. med. J. 36, 220–223 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, R.: Spinal fluid alcohol in yeast meningitis. Amer. J. med. Sci. 232, 560–561 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unat, E.K., Pars, B., Kos yak, J.P.: A case of cryptococcosis of the colon. Tip. Fak. Mec. (Istanbul) 22, 1327–1330 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unat, E.K., Pars, B., Kos yak, J.P.: A case of cryptococcosis of the colon. Brit. med. J. 2, 1501–1502 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urbach, E., Zach, F.: Generalisierte Torulosis. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 162, 401–421 (1930).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Utz, J.P., Andriole, V.: Analysis of amphotericin treatment failures in the systemic fungal diseases. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 89, 277–282 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Utz, J.P., Bennett, J.E., Brandriss, M. W., Butler, W.T., Hill, G.S.: Amphotericin B toxicity. Combined clinical staff conference at the National Institutes of Health. Ann. intern. Med. 61, 334–354 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Utz, J.P., Butler, T.: Cryptococcus Meningitis. Neuere Beobachtungen zur Erkennung und Therapie. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 90, 941–943 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanbreuseghem, R.: Torulose et Torulopsis neoformans. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 33, 495–501 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanbreuseghem, R.: Cryptococcose chez la souris blanche. Bull. Soc. franç. Mycol. Med. 8, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandepitte, J., Colaert, J., Liegeois, A.: Leptomeningite aigue a Torulopsis neoformans. Seconde observation Congolese. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 33, 503–509 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vargas, A.: Cryptococcosis (o torulosis) pulmonar (con excepcional reacción hemática); 1. Sección estudio clinico. Rev. méd. Valparaiso 3, 42–52 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Varma, R.M., Sriramachari, S., Pillai, K.M., Srid-hara Rama Rao, B.S., Ramananda Rao, R., Sirsi, M.: A case report of cryptococcal infection of the brain. Trans. All India Inst. Ment. Hlth. 1, 63–73 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vassiliadis, P., DeAntas, V.: Nouveau cas de cryptococcosis au Congo belge. Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop. 39, 753–758 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Versé, M.: Über einen Fall von generalisierter Blastomykose beim Menschen. Verh. dtsch. path. Ges. 17, 275–278 (1914).

    Google Scholar 

  • Viala, J.J., Faith, A., Racle, P.: Cryptococcose cerebro-meningee et hemopathie maligne a-propos de deux observations. Lyon méd. 212, 1059–1077 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, R.A.: The indirect fluorescent antibody test for the detection of antibody in human cryptococcal disease. J. infect. Dis. 116, 573–580 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, R.A., Sellers, T.F., Jr., Woodward, P.: Fluorescent antibody techniques applied to the study of human cryptococcosis. J. Amer. med. Ass. 178, 921–923 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, J.A.: Generalized blastomycosis with clinical picture of meningitis. Norsk Mag. Laegevidensk. 84, 550–560 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Voyles, G.Q., Beck, E.M.: Systemic infection due to Torula histolytica (Cryptococcus hominis). I. Report of four cases and review of literature. Arch. intern. Med. 77, 504–515 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuillemin, P.: Les blastomycetes pathogenes. Rev. Gen. Sci. 12, 732–751 (1901).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, L.J., Stevenson, L.D.: Torula Infection. Yale J. Biol. Med. 13, 467–476 (1941).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wager, H.E., Calhoun, F.P.: Torula uveitis. Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthal. 58, 61–67 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, J.E., Atchison, R.W.: Epidemiological and immunological studies of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bact. 92, 82–87 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warvi, W.N., Rawson, R.W.: Torula meningitis. Arch. intern. Med. 69, 90–98 (1942).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, J.W. Torula infection. Amer. J. Path. 8, 167–192 (1932).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, W.R., Biggs, R.H.: Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Dis. Chest 30, 659–668 (1956).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber: Sitzungsbericht. Zbl. inn. Med. 24, 96 (1903).

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, B.H.: Bronchopulmonary cryptococcosis. Dis. Chest 43, 513–518 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wegmann, T.: Blastomykose und andere Pilzerkrankungen der Lunge. Dtsch. Arch. klin. Med. 199, 192–205 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weidman, F.D.: Cutaneous torulosis. Sth. med. J. (Bgham, Ala.) 26, 851–863 (1933).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weidman, F.D., Ratcliffe, H.L.: Extensive generalized torulosis in a chetah or hunting leopard. Arch. Path. 18, 362–369 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weis, J.D.: Four pathogenic torulae (blastomycetes). J. med. Res. 2, 280–311 (1902).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, C., Perry, I.H., Shevky, M.C.: Infection of the human eye with Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica). Arch. Ophthal. 39, 739–751 (1948).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, J.D., Foerster, D.W., Camp, W.A., Rhoades, E.R.: Torula meningitis treated with amphotericin B. J. Okla. med. Ass. 52, 683–687 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen, S.F., Yang, S.P., Lu, H.C., Lu, C.H.: Cryptococcosis. A report of 4 additional cases with review of 11 cases found in Taiwan. J. Formosa Med. Ass. 60, 861–867 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, W.A.: Pulmonary and cerebral cryptococcosis without meningitis. Amer. Rev. resp. Dis. 92, 476–478 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wettingeld, R.F., Schmidt, E.C., Naegele, C.F., Doerner, A.A.: Systemic cryptococcosis without central nervous system involvement. A case report. Ann. intern. Med. 44, 1259–1264 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, E.C.: A case of meningo-encephalitis due to Torula. U.S. nav. med. Bull. 28, 615–618 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, M., Arany, L.S.: Resection in pulmonary cryptococcosis (torulosis). J. thorac. Surg. 35, 402–410 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehill, M.R., Rawson, A.J.: Treatment of generalized cryptococcosis with 2-hydroxystilbamidine. Report of a case with apparent cure. Virginia med. Mth. 81, 591–594 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wickerham, L.J.: A critical evaluation of the nitrogen assimilation tests commonly used in the classification of yeasts. J. Bact. 52, 293–301 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wickerham, L.J., Burton, K. A.: Carbon assimilation tests for the classification of yeasts. J. Bact. 56, 363–371 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiebecke, B., Staib, F.: Generalisierte Cryptokokkose. Münch. med. Wschr. 107, 361–365 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, M.F.: Generalized torulosis with bone involvement. Arch. intern. Med. 87, 713–726 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wile, U.J.: Cutaneous torulosis. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 31, 58–66 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelmj, CM.: The primary meningeal form of systemic blastomycosis. Amer. J. med. Sci. 169, 712–721 (1925).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, R.H., Bennett, J.E., Wertlake, P.T., West, J.T.: Mesenchymoma and visceral cryptococcosis. Report of a case. Arch. Surg. 88, 761–767 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, J.D., Marples, M. J., Dihanna, M.E., Rodda, R., Pullar, T.H.: Crypto-coccal (Torula) meningitis in New Zealand. A report of four cases. N.Z. med. J. 56, 99–109 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, H.M., Duryea, A.W.: Cryptococcus meningitis (torulosis) treated with a new antibiotic, Actidione. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 66, 470–480 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.W.: Cryptococcosis (torulosis, European blastomycosis, Busse-Buschke’s disease). J. chron. Dis. 5, 445–459 (1957)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, L.L.: Cryptococcosis (torulosis). A report of 9 cases. Aust. Ann. Med. 7, 276–285 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winslow, D.J., Hathaway, B.M.: Pulmonary Pneumocystis and cryptococcosis. Amer. J. clin. Path. 31, 337–342 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J.N., Jacobson, G.: Roentgen manifestations of torulosis. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 79, 216–227 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wortis, S.B., Wightman, H.B.: A case report of Torula meningitis. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 4, 531–536 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu-Fei, C.: Cryptococcosis. Report of a case. China med. J. 74, 374–384 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, S., Ishida, K., Sato, A.: Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pulmonary granuloma of a cat and from pigeon droppings. Jap. J. vet. Sci. 19, 179–191 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yasaki, Y., Miyake, M., Okudaira, M., Toriumi, J., Inoue T., Nakajima, S.: A new histological method for the detection of Cryptococcus neoformans and its histopathological study. Acta path. jap. 9, 351–360 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zappoli, R., et al.: On 2 cases of cerebral mycosis caused by Torula histolitica (Cryptococcus neoformans). Riv. Pat. nerv. ment. 86, 135–151 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zawirska, B.: Mitteilung über 4 Fälle von Torulose des Zentralnervensystems. Pat. pol. 8, 305–316 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zawirska, B., Bratter, J.: Case of cryptococcosis of the central nervous system diagnosed as progressive paralysis. Neurol. Neurochir. Psychiat. pol. 5, 627 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zawirska, B., Derubska, A.: Diagnostische Schwierigkeiten in einem seltenen Falle generalisierter Torulosis. Zbl. allg. Path. path. Anat. 102, 178–188 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeitl-hofer, J.: Torulopsis neoformans-Infektion des Menschen; „Torulom” der Cauda equina. Frankfurt. Z. Path. 69, 324–335 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zelman, S., O’Neil, R.H., Plaut, A.: Disseminated visceral torulosis without nervous system involvement. With clinical appearance of granulocytic leukemia. Amer. J. Med. 11, 658–664 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeman, W., Bebin, J.: Zur pathologischen Anatomie der Torula-Meningoencephalitis. Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 168, 406–417 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, L.E.: Etiology of so-called pulmonary tuberculoma. Med. Ann. D.C. 23, 423–427 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, L.E., Rappaport, H.: Occurrence of cryptococcosis in patients with malignant disease of reticuloendothelial system. Amer. J. clin. Path. 24, 1050–1072 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1971 Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Salfelder, K. (1971). Cryptococcosis. In: The Pathologic Anatomy of Mycoses. Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, vol 3 / 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80570-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80570-7_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-80572-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-80570-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics