Skip to main content

Dermal Pathology of Superficial Fungus Infections

  • Chapter
The Pathologic Anatomy of Mycoses

Part of the book series: Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie ((1692,volume 3 / 5))

Abstract

During the past three decades there has been a tremendous increase in the search for knowledge of fungus infections of man and animals. Until about two decades ago, only dermatologists and a few pathologists shared the botanist’s interest in fungus diseases, but now almost every specialty includes discussions of the mycoses on scientific programs and in publications.

From the Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Temple University School of Medicine; and The Skin and Cancer Hospital of Philadelphia, 3322 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140.

This investigation was supported in part by Research Training Grant CA-05189, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland 20014.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adamson, H. G.: Observations on the parasites of ringworm. Brit. J. Derm. 7, 201 (1895).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, G.C., Georg, L.K.: Nomenclature of the faviforme Trichophytons. Mycologia 46, 9 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajello, L.: Dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum as saprophyte and parasite. J. invest. Derm. 21, 157 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, A.C.: The skin: A clinicopathological treatise (ed. 2). New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc. 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Audette, R.C.S., Baxter, R.M., Walker, G. C. A.: A study of the lipid content of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Canad. J. Microbiol. 7, 282 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, S., Jr., Mihan, R.: Erythrasma response to tolnaftate, an antifungal medication. Arch. Derm. 97, 173 (1968).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R.L., Muskabilt, E.: Extensive Trichophyton purpureum infection with nevoid anomaly of the skin. Report of a case, together with mycologic and physiologic studies. Arch. Derm. 56, 834 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R.D.: Tissue changes in fungous disease. Arch. Path. 44, 459 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauslaugh, G., Just, G., Blank, F.: Isolation of ergosterol peroxide from Trichophyton schoenleinii. Nature (Lond.) 202, 1218 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birt, A.R., Wilt, J.C.: Mycology, bacteriology, and histopathology of suppurative ringworm. Arch. Derm. 69, 441 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, C.T., Blank, F., Hranisavljevic-Jakovl-jevic, M.: The water-soluble polysaccharides of dermatophytes. 1. A galactomannan from Trichophyton granulosum. Canad. J. Chem. 40, 1816 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, C.T., Blank, F., Gardner, P. E.: The cell wall polysaccharides of Candida albicans: Glucan, mannan, and chitin. Canad. J. Chem. 38, 869 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, C.T., Perry, M.B.: The water-soluble polysaccharides of dermatophytes. V. Galactomannans II from Trichophyton granulosum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Microsporum quinckeanum, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton schoenleinii. Canad. J. Chem. 44, 2291 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, C.T., Perry, M.B., Hulyalkar, U.K.: The water-soluble polysaccharides of dermatophytes. VI. Glucans from Trichophyton granulosum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Microsporum quinckeanum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton schoenleinii. Canad. J. Chem. 44, 2299 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, C.T., Perry, M.B., Blank, F., Cooper, F. P.: The water-soluble polysaccharides of dermatophytes. IV. Galactomannans I from Trichophyton granulosum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Microsporum quinckeanum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton schoenleinii. Canad. J. Chem. 43, 30 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F.: On the isolation and classification of dermatophytes. In: Current problems in dermatology, Vol. I, Schuppli. Basel: S. Karger 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F.: The chemical composition of the cell walls of dermatophytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 10, 110 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F.: Dermatophytes of animal origin transmissible to man. Amer. J. med. Sci. 229, 302 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F.: Endothrix ringworm endemic in rural eastern Quebec. Canad. J. Publ. Hlth. 49, 157 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F.: Tinea capitis. A histopathological and histochemical study by J.H. Graham, W.C. Johnson, C.F. Burgoon, Jr., and E.B. Helwig. Unpublished opening discussor remarks of paper read before the Section on Dermatology, 112th Annual Meeting, American Medical Association, Atlantic City, New Jersey, June 17, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F., Chin, O., Just, G., Meranze, D.R., Shimkin, M.B., Wieder, R.: Carcinogens from fungi pathogenic for man. Cancer Res. 28, 2276 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F., Leclerc, G., Telner, P.: Clinical manifestations of mouse favus in man. Arch. Derm. 83, 587 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F., Ng, A.S., Just, G.: Metabolites of pathogenic fungi. V. Isolation and tentative structures of vioxanthin and viopurpurin, two colored metabolites of Trichophyton violaceum. Canad. J. Chem. 44, 2873 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F., Prichard, H.: Epidemic ringworm of the groin. Arch. Derm. 85, 410 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F., Schopflocher, P., Poirier, P., Riopelle, J.L.: Extensive Trichophyton infection of about fifty years’ duration in two sisters. Dermatologica (Basel) 115, 40 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F., Shortland, F.E., Just, G.: The free sterols of dermatophytes. J. invest. Derm. 39, 91 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F., Strachan, A.A.: Infections due to Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton sulfureum in rural eastern Quebec. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 18, 207 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, F., Telner, P.: Note on the parasitic growth-phase of Trichophyton rubrum in hairs. Canad. J. Microbiol. 2, 402 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, H., Roth, F.J., Jr.: Systemic control of cutaneous fungous infections. Amer. J. med. Sci. 240, 466 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blank, H., Sagami, S., Boyd, C., Roth, F.J., Jr.: The pathogenesis of superficial fungous infections in cultured human skin. Arch. Derm. 79, 524 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, H., Smith, J.G., Jr.: Widespread Trichophyton rubrum granulomas treated with griseofulvin. Arch. Derm. 81, 779 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, H., Taplin, D., Roth, F.J., Jr.: Electron microscopic observations of the effects of griseofulvin on dermatophytes. Arch. Derm. 81, 667 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, H., Taplin, D., Zaias, N.: Cutaneous Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections in Vietnam. Arch. Derm. 99, 135 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, J.M.: Microsporum nanum, a cause of tinea capitis. Arch. Derm. 84, 504 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdick, K.H.: Piedra in mother and daughter. Arch. Derm. 73, 386 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgoon, C.F., Jr., Graham, J.H., Keiper, R.J., Urbach, F., Burgoon, J.S., Helwig, E. B.: Histopathologic evaluation of griseofulvin in Microsporum audouini infections. Arch. Derm. 81, 724 (1960).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgoon, C.F., Jr., Graham, J.H., Keiper, R.J., Urbach, F., Burgoon, J.S., Helwig, E. B.: Griseofulvin in tinea capitis. A clinical and histopathologic evaluation. Kansas City: American Academy of General Practice 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterworth, T., Graham, J.H.: Linear papular ectodermal-mesodermal hamartoma. Arch.Derm. 101, 191 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callaway, J.L.: Dermatophytes as opportunistic organisms. Lab. Invest. 11 (part 2), 1132 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canizares, O., Shatin, H., Kellert, A.J.: Cushing’s syndrome and dermato-mycosis. Arch. Derm. 80, 705 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty, A.N., Ghosh, S., Blank, F.: Isolation of Trichophyton rubrum (Castellani) Sabouraud, 1911, from animals. Canad. J. comp. Med. 18, 436 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coiscou, A.G., Kourie, M.: Epidermofitosis verrucosa. Reporte de un caso. Rev. Dom. Dermat. 2, 112 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Conant, N.F., Smith, D.T., Baker, R.D., Callaway, J.S., Martin, D.S.: Manual of clinical mycology (ed. 2). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co. 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J.L., Mikhail, G.R.: Trichophyton rubrum. Perifolliculitis on amputation stump. Arch. Derm. 94, 56 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cremer, G.: A special granulomatous form of mycosis of the lower legs caused by Trichophyton rubrum Castellani. Dermatologica (Basel) 107, 28 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daly, J.F.: Piedra in Vermont. Arch. Derm. 75, 584 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, G.: The digestion of human hair keratin by Microsporum canis Bodin. J. gen. Microbiol. 8, 289 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B.D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H.N., Ginsberg, H.S., Wood, W.B., Jr.: Microbiology. New York: Harper &Row 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desai, S.C., Bhat M.L.A.: Effect of griseofulvin on T.Rubrum and T.Violaceum infections. Arch. Derm. 81, 849 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, S.C., Bhat M.L.A.: Studies on experimental infections with T. rubrum in humans and the mechanism of griseofulvin effect. J. invest. Derm. 35, 297 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, C.W., Binford, C.H., Utz, J.P.: Medical mycology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • English, M.P., Turvey, J.: Studies in the epidemiology of tinea pedis. IX. Tinea pedis and erythrasma in new patients at a chiropody clinic. Brit. med. J. 4, 228 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischman, O.: Black piedra in Brazil. A contribution to its study in Manaus (State of Amazonas). Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 25, 201 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, B.K., Smith, J.G., Jr., Crounse, R.G., Roth, F.J., Jr., Blank, H.: Verrucous epidermophytosis. Its response and resistance to griseofulvin. Arch. Derm. 84, 65 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Foresman, A.H., Blank, F.: The location of the fluorescent matter in Microsporon infected hair. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 31, 314 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franks, A.G., Frank, S.B.: Extensive verrucous dermatitis associated with dermatophytosis and onychomycosis due to Trichophyton gypseum. Arch. Derm. 63, 489 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franks, A.G., Goldfarb, N.: Erythrasma and tinea versicolor. Arch. Derm. 71, 405 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gans, O., Steigleder, G.K.: Histologie der Hautkrankheiten (ed. 2). Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georg, L.K.: Studies on Trichophyton tonsurans. I. The taxonomy of T.Tonsurans. Mycologia 48, 65 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Georg, L.K., Doupagne, P., Pattyn, S.R., Neves, H.: Trichophyton yaoundei. A dermatophyte indigenous to Africa. J. invest. Derm. 41, 19 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M.A.: The occurrence of dermatophyte, Microsporum gypseum, as a saprophyte in soil. J. invest. Derm. 20, 201 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Götz, H.: Zur Morphologie der Pilzelemente im Stratum corneum bei Tinea (Epidermophytia) pedis, Manus et inguinalis. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 12, 124 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Götz, H.: Die Pilzkrankheiten der Haut durch Dermatophyten. In: Jadassohn, Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten, Ergänzungswerk Vol. IV/3, Marchionini and Götz. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Götz, H.: Die Pilzkrankheiten der Haut durch Hefen, Schimmel, Actinomycetin und verwandte Erreger. In: Jadassohn, Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten, Ergänzungswerk Vol. IV/4, Marchionini and Götz. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J.H., Johnson, W.C., Burgoon, C.F., Jr., Helwig, E.B.: Tinea capitis. Arch. Derm. 89, 528 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J.H., Blank, F., Johnson, W.C., Gray, H.R.: Trichophyton rubrum infections. A histopatho-logical, histochemical and chemical study. Amer. J. Path. 46, 34a (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J.H., Wright, E.T., Newcomer, V.D., Sternberg, T.H.: The use of nystatin as a topical antifungal agent. In: Therapy of fungus diseases. Ed. by Sternberg and Newcomer. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grappel, S.F., Blank, F., Bishop, C.T.: Immunological studies on dermatophytes. IV. Chemical structures and serological reactivities of polysaccharides from Microsporum praecox, Trichophyton ferrugineum, Trichophyton sabouraudii and Trichophyton tonsurans. J. Bact. 97, 23 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gridley, M.F.: A stain for fungi in tissue sections. Amer. J. clin. Path. 23, 303 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grocott, R. G.: A stain for fungi in tissue sections and smears using Gomori’s methenamine silver nitrate technic. Amer. J. clin. Path. 25, 975 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruby, D.: Quoted from S.J. Zakon and T. Benedek: “David Gruby and The Centenary of Medical Mycology, 1841–1941”. Bull. Hist. Med. 16, 155 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halprin, K.M.: Diagnosis with Wood’s light: Tinea capitis and erythrasma. J. Amer. med. Ass. 99, 841 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanusova, S.: Pityriasis versicolor im Flächenbild. Arch. klin. exp. Derm. 215, 33 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanusova, S.: Onychomycosis im morphologischen Bild. I. Das Verhalten der Pilze im Nagelapparat. Arch. klin. exp. Derm. 227, 1014 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanusova, S.: Onychomycosis im morphologischen Bild. II. Reaktion des Nagelapparates auf die Anwesenheit von Pilzen. Arch. klin. exp. Derm. 227, 1026 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J.H., Lewis, G.M.: Trichophyton purpureum (Bang) as a deep invader of the skin. Report of a case. Arch. Derm. 22, 1 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, F. V., Rothman, S.: Monilial granuloma. Report of a case and review of the literature. Arch. Derm. 61, 297 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellier, F.F., LaTouche, C.G., Rowell, N.R.: Monilial granuloma treated by amphotericin B in a achon-droplastic with bronchiectasis. Brit. J. Derm. 75, 375 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildick-Smith, G., Blank, H., Sarkany, I.: Fungus diseases and their treatment. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitch, J.M.: Piedra. Report of a fifth case originating in the U.S.A. Arch. Derm. 79, 99 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitch, J.M.: Tinea nigra palmaris. Report of a case originating in North Carolina. Arch. Derm. 84, 318 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutter, R.V.P., Collins, H.S.: The occurrence of opportunistic fungus infections in a cancer hospital. Lab. Invest. 11 (part 2), 1035 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Imperato, P.J., Buckley, C.E., III, Callaway, J.L.: Candida granuloma. A clinical and immunologic study. Arch. Derm. 97, 139 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jillson, O.F., Buckley, W.R.: Fungous diseases in man acquired from cattle and horses (due to Trichophyton faviforme). New Engl. J. Med. 246, 996 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.A., Rosenthal, S.A.: Superficial cutaneous infection with Trichophyton Soudanese. Arch. Derm. 97, 428 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W.C.: Histochemistry of cutaneous ground substance. In: Methods and achievements in experimental pathology, Vol. I, ed. by Bajusz and Jasmin. Basel: S. Karger 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapica, L., Blank, F.: Growth of Candida albicans on keratin as sole source of nitrogen. Dermatologica (Basel) 115, 81 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapica, L., Blank, F.: Growth of Candida parapsilosis with keratin as sole source of nitrogen. Dermatologica (Basel) 117, 433 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, W.: Piedra in lower animals. A case report of white piedra in a monkey and a review of the literature. J. Amer. vet. med. Ass. 134, 113 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, W.: The occurrence of black piedra in primate pelts. Trop. geogr. Med. 11, 115 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keddie, F., Shadomy, S.: Etiological significance of Pityrosporum orbiculare in tinea versicolor. Sabouraudia 3, 21 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligman, A.M.: The pathogenesis of tinea capitis due to Microsporum audouini and Microsporum canis. I. Gross observations following the inoculation of humans. J. invest. Derm. 18, 231 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligman, A.M.: Tinea capitis due to M. audouini and M. canis. II. Dynamics of host-parasite relationship. Arch. Derm. 71, 313 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligman, A.M., Constant, E.R.: Family epidemic of tinea capitis due to Trichophyton tonsurans (variety sulfureum). Arch. Derm. 63, 493 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligman, A.M., Mescon, H., DeLamater, E.D.: The Hotchkiss-McManus stain for the histopathologic diagnosis of fungus diseases. Amer. J. clin. Path. 21, 86 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koblenzer, P. J., Lopresti, P.S., Blank, F.: Non-fluorescent ringworm of the scalp due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum. Clin. Pediat. 6, 217 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kugelman, T.P., Cripps, D.J., Harrell, E.R., Jr.: Candida granuloma with epidermophytosis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Arch. Derm. 88, 150 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, C.G.: Tinea corporis (Trichophyton purpureum). Moniliasis of feet; ichthyosis. Arch. Derm. 40, 119 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Langeron, M.: Piedra. In: Nouvelle pratique dermatologique, Vol. II. Ed. by Darier, Sabouraud, Gougerot, Milian, Pautrier, Ravaut, Sezary and Simon. Paris: Masson et Cie 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leeming, J.A.L.: Tinea nigra. Brit, J. Derm. 75, 392 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lever, W.F.: Histopathology of the skin (ed. 4). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G.M., Cormia, F.E.: Eosinophilic granuloma. Theoretic and practical considerations based on the study of a case. Arch. Derm. 55, 176 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G.M., Hopper, M.E., Scott, M.J.: Generalized Trichophyton rubrum infection associated with systemic lymphoblastoma. Report of three cases. Arch. Derm. 67, 247 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G.M., Hopper, M.E., Wilson, J.W., Plunkett, O.A.: An introduction to medical mycology (ed. 4). Chicago: The Year Book Publishers, Inc. 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G.M., Montgomery, R.M., Hopper, M.E.: Cutaneous manifestations of Trichophyton purpureum (Bang). Arch. Derm. 37, 823 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillie, R.D.: Reactions of various parasitic organisms in tissues in the Bauer, Feulgen, Gram, and Gram-Weigert methods. J. Lab. clin. Med. 32, 76 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lillie, R.D.: Histopathologic technic and practical histochemistry (ed. 3). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luscombe, H.A., Bingul, O.: Nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis caused by Microsporum gypseum. Arch. Derm. 89, 162 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKenna, R.N.B., Calnan, C.D.: Trichophyton rubrum infection. Brit. J. Derm. 66, 411 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, D.W.R.: “Hairbrush diagnosis” in detection and eradication of non-fluorescent scalp ringworm. Brit. med. J. 2, 363 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majocchi, D.: Sopra una nuova tricofizia (granuloma trichofitico). Studi Clinicie Micologici. Bull. R. Acad. Med. Roma 9, 220 (1883).

    Google Scholar 

  • Majocchi, D.: Contribuzione clinica istologica et micologia sul granuloma tricofitico. G. ital. Mal. vener. 61, 397 (1920).

    Google Scholar 

  • Male, O., Holubar, K.: Comparative studies on the enzyme-histochemical behaviour of some dermatophytes. Part 1. In vitro investigations (saprophytic biophase). Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 35, 150 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Male, O., Holubar, K.: Comparative studies on the enzyme histochemical behaviour of some dermatophytes. Part II. In vivo investigations (parasitic biophase). Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 35, 161 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manson-Bahr, P.H.: Manson’s tropical diseases. A manual of the diseases of warm climates (ed. 15). London: Cassell & Co., Ltd. 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manual of Histologic Staining Methods. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (ed. 3). American Registry of Pathology. Ed. by L.G. Luna. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marples, M.J.: The ecology of the human skin. Springfield/Ill.: Charles C. Thomas 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaffree, D.L., Fethiére, A., Blank, F.: Dermatophytic flora of Philadelphia. Dermatologica (Basel) 138, 115 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehregan, A.H., Coskey, R.J.: Perforating folliculitis. Arch. Derm. 97, 394 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehregan, A.H., Schwartz, O.D., Livingood, C.S.: Reactive perforating collagenosis. Arch. Derm. 96, 277 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, E.H., Verma, B.S.: Hair digested by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. An electron microscopic examination. Arch. Derm. 87, 357 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merwin, C.F.: Tinea nigra palmaris. Review of the literature and case report. Pediatrics 36, 537 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michalowski, R., Rodziewicz, H.: Pityriasis versicolor in children. Brit. J. Derm. 75, 397 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, W. J., Branom, W.T., Jr., Frank, S.B.: Tinea nigra. Report of two cases and results of treatment with tolnaftate. Arch. Derm. 94, 203 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montes, L.F.: Fungi and fungal infections. In: Ultrastructure of normal and abnormal skin. Ed. by A.S. Zelickson. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montes, L.F., Dobson, H., Dodge, B.G., Knowles, W.R.: Erythrasma and diabetes mellitus. Arch. Derm. 99, 674 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, H.: Dermatopathology. New York: Harper & Row,Publ.,Inc. 1967.—Moore,M.: Radiate formation onpathogenic fungi inhuman tissue. Arch. Path. 42, 113 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M., Cratly, R.Q., Lane, C.W.: Cicatrizing tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton rubrum (Trichophyton purpureum). Arch. Derm. 66, 363 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munro-Ashman, D., Wells, R.S., Clayton, Y.M.: Erythrasma in adolescence. Brit. J. Derm. 75, 401 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, R.J., Hamilton, J.B.: Regeneration and rate of growth of hairs in men. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 53, 562 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, L.M., McNiece, K.J.: Recurrent Cushing’s syndrome with Trichophyton rubrum infection. Arch. Derm. 80, 700 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neves, H.: Mycological study of 519 cases of ringworm infections in Portugal. Significance of multiple localizations Tinea as a single infection. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 13, Fasc. 2, 121 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neves, J.A., Costa, O.G.: Tinea nigra. Arch. Derm. 55, 67 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neves, J.A., Costa, O.G.: Tinea nigra. In: Handbook of tropical dermatology and medical mycology, Vol. II. Ed. by Simons. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer, V.D.: The ease of identifying superficial fungus infections. Consultant 9, 28 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer V.D., Wright, E.T., Sternberg, T.H.; A study of the host-parasite relationship of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum when introduced into the granuloma pouch of rats. J. invest. Derm. 23, 359 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Partridge, B. M.: Multiple fungous infections with special reference to their occurrence with the Trichophyton rubrum syndrome. Trans. St John’s Hosp. derm. Soc. (Lond.) 34, 41 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Partridge, B.M., Jackson, F.L.: The fluorescence of erythrasma. Brit. J. Derm. 74, 326 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, J.C., Laine, S.L., Taylor, W.B.: White piedra. Arch. Derm. 85, 534 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearse, A.G.E.: Histochemistry theoretical and applied (ed. 2). Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peck, S.M.: Epidermophytosis of the feet and epidermophytids of the hands. Arch. Derm. 22, 40 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Percival, G.H., Montgomery, G.L., Dodds, T.C.: Atlas of histopathology of the skin (ed. 2). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, J.P., Bishop, C.M., Chick, E. W., Baker, R.D.: A simple fluorescent stain for fungi. Selective staining of fungi by means of a fluorescent method for mucin. Amer. J. clin. Path. 34, 197 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pipkin, J.L.: Tinea capitis in adult and adolescent. Arch. Derm. 66, 9 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, B.J., Shimkin, M.B., Blank, F.: Study of tinea capitis in Philadelphia using case and control groups. Publ. Hlth. Rep. (Wash.) 83, 497 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, F.: Successful inoculations of animals with Trichophyton purpureum. Arch. Derm. 49, 242 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Riddell, R. W.: The pathogenesis of tinea capitis. In: Modern trends in dermatology, 2nd series. Ed. by MacKenna. New York: Paul B. Hoeber 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rippon, J.W.: Elastase production by ringworm fungi. Science 157, 947 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rippon, J.W., Lorincz, A.L.: Collagenase activity of Streptomyces (Nocardia) madurae. J. invest. Derm. 43, 483 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rippon, J.W., Varadi, D.P.: The elastases of pathogenic fungi and actinomycetes. J. invest. Derm. 50, 54 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rippon, J.W., Eng, A., Malkinson, F.D.: Trichophyton simi infection in the United States. Arch. Derm. 98, 615 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, E. B., Taylor, T. E.: A study of tinea nigra palmaris. Report of a case and inoculation experiments. Arch. Derm. 89, 601 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, S.: Systemic disturbances in recalcitrant Trichophyton rubrum (purpureum infection). Studies and short report on therapeutic experiments. Arch. Derm. 67, 239 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, S.: Some unusual forms of cutaneous moniliasis. Arch. Derm. 79, 598 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabouraud, R.J.A.: Les Teignes. Paris: Masson et Cie. 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saferstein, H.L., Blank, F.: Tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum. Mycopathologia (Den Haag) 31, 267 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saferstein, H.L., Reid, B.J., Blank, F.: Endothrix ringworm. A new public health problem in Philadelphia. J. Amer. med. Ass. 190, 851 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saferstein, H.L., Strachan, A.A., Blank, F., Bishop, C.T.: Trichophyton activity and polysaccharides. Dermatologica (Basel) 136, 151 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sagher, F.: Histologic examinations of fungous infections of the nails. J. invest. Derm. 11, 337 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salton, M.R.J.: The bacterial cell wall. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkany, I., Taplin, D., Blank, H.: Erythrasma — common bacterial infection of the skin. J. Amer. med. Ass. 177, 130 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkany, I., Taplin, D., Blank, H.: The etiology and treatment of erythrasma. J. invest. Derm. 37, 283 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkany, I., Taplin, D., Blank, H.: Incidence and bacteriology of erythrasma. Arch. Derm. 85, 578 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkany, I., Taplin, D., Blank, H.: Organism causing erythrasma. Lancet 2, 304 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkany, I., Taplin, D., Blank, H.: Erythrasma a bacterial disease. In: Proceedings of the XII International Congress of Dermatology, Vol. II. Ed. by Pillsbury and Livingood. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation, Internat. Cong. Series No. 55, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, M.M., Shapiro, S.I., Berry, C.Z., Dahlen, R.F.: Trichophyton rubrum perifollicular granuloma of legs. Cutis 3, 1083 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M.J.: Piedra. Report of a case. Arch. Derm. 64, 767 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sequeira, J.H.: A case of trichophytic granulomata. Brit. J. Derm. 24, 207 (1912).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanon, J., Raubitschek, F.: Tinea faciei simulating chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Arch. Derm. 82, 268 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shelley, W.B., Ohman, S.: Technique for cross sectioning hair specimens. J. invest. Derm. 52, 533 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, R. D. G.: Piedra and piedraia. In: Handbook of tropical dermatology and medical mycology, Vol. II. Ed. by Simons. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slepyan, A.H., Geuting, B.G.: Tinea nigra palmaris in the Chicago area. Arch. Derm. 76, 570 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.G., Jr., Sams, W.M., Roth, F.J., Jr.: Tinea nigra palmaris. A disorder easily confused with junction nevus of the palm. J. Amer. med. Ass. 167, 312 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, T.H., Tarbet, J.E., Newcomer, V.D., Winer, L.H.: Deep infection of mice with Trichophyton rubrum (purpureum). J. invest. Derm. 19, 373 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strachan, A.A., Blank, F.: On 1117 Microsporum canis infections in Montreal (1954–1961). Dermatologica (Basel) 126, 271 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swartz, J.H., Conant, N.F.: Extensive lichenified eruption caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Arch. Derm. 42, 614 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taplin, D., Blank, H.: Microscopic morphology of Trichophyton rubrum. J. invest. Derm. 37, 523 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Telner, P., Blank, F., Schopflocher, P.: Trichophyton rubrum infections of the lower legs. Canad. med. Ass. J. 77, 1033 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temple, D. E., Boardman, C. R.: The incidence of erythrasma of the toewebs. Arch. Derm. 86, 518 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K.W.: Relationship of dermatomycoses to certain peripheral vascular infections. Int. Clin. 2, 156 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K.W.: Skin-reacting antigen of Trichophyton purpureum and its relation to peripheral vascular disorders. J. invest. Derm. 5, 475 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolmach, J.A., Schweig, J.: Generalized Trichophyton purpureum infection simulating dermatitis herpetiformis. Report of a case. Arch. Derm. 41, 732 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • VanVelsor, H., Singletary, H.: Tinea nigra palmaris. A report of 15 cases from coastal North Carolina. Arch. Derm. 90, 59 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waisman, M.: Trichophyton rubrum infection simulating erythema perstans. J. invest. Derm. 22, 237 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weary, P.E.: Pityrosporum ovale. Observations on some aspects of host-parasite interrelationship. Arch. Derm. 98, 408 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weary, P.E., Canby, C.M.: Kera-tinolytic activity of Trichophyton schoenleinii, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J. invest. Derm. 48, 240 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weary, P.E., Canby, C.M., Cawley, E.P.: Keratinolytic activity of Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum. J. invest. Derm. 44, 300 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, W.E., Ulrich, J.A.: Kerion caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Report of two cases. Arch. Derm. 66, 624 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, A.L., Goldman, L.: Localized urticarial reaction associated with Trichophyton rubrum infections of the skin. Cutis 3, 59 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, C.J., Laipply, T.C.: Diseases of the nails. 792 cases. Clinical and microscopical findings with resume of newer therapeutic methods. Industr. Med. Surg. 27, 325 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D.I.: Griseofulvin and Trichophyton rubrum infections. Arch. Derm. 81, 769 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.W.: Trichophyton granuloma (tinea profunda) due to Trichophyton rubrum. Arch. Derm. 65, 375 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.W., Plunkett, O.A.: The fungous diseases of Man. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.W., Plunkett, O.A., Gregersen, A.: Nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis of the legs caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Arch. Derm. 69, 258 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, J.C., Anand, S.R.: The fatty acids of Trichophyton rubrum. Canad. J. Microbiol. 10, 23 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, J.C., Beesley, T., Miller, W.: The isolation of a unique sterol from the mycelium of a strain of Trichophyton rubrum. J. invest. Derm. 37, 153 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, J.C., O’Brien, P.J., Schmitt, F.L., Sohler, A.: The isolation in crystalline form of some of the pigments of Trichophyton rubrum. J. invest. Derm. 29, 47 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaffee, H.S., Grots, I.A.: Tinea nigra “plantaris.” Arch. Derm. 91, 153 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, R.J., Harmon, S.R., Blank, F.: Isolation and purification of an extracellular keratinase of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J. Bact. 96, 1435 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1971 Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Graham, J.H., Barroso-Tobila, C. (1971). Dermal Pathology of Superficial Fungus Infections. In: The Pathologic Anatomy of Mycoses. Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, vol 3 / 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80570-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80570-7_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-80572-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-80570-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics