Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Micrometastasis Detection and Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies

  • Chapter
Attempts to Understand Metastasis Formation III

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 213/3))

Abstract

In industrialized societies, the most frequent forms of cancers are derived from epithelia of the gastrointestinal and urogenitary tract, mammary ducts, and bronchi. Despite recent progress in early detection and surgical therapy of these tumors, cancer-related mortality has remained high. The major reason for this disturbing discrepancy is that occult dissemination of viable malignant cells can occur at an eprly stage of tumor growth (Riethmüller and Johnson 1992). This implies that the acquisition of at least some characteristics of metastatic behavior can occur prior to attainment of the unrestrained growth observed in fully developed tumors. In this context, it is important to consider that tumorigenesis and metastasis development are not necessarily the result of the same genetic changes (Fidler and Radinsky 1990; Liotta et al. 1991).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Baum M (1977) The curability of breast cancer. In: Stall BA (ed) Breast cancer management. Heinemann, London, pp 3–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger U, Bettelheim R, Mansi JL, Easton D, Coombes RC, Neville AM (1988) The relationship between micrometastases in the bone marrow, histopathologic features of the primary tumor in breast cancer and prognosis. Am J Clin Pathol 90: 1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bezwoda WR, Lewis D, Livini N (1986) Bone marrow involvement in an aplastic small-cell lung cancer. Cancer 58: 1762–1765

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnheim DC, Petrelli NJ, Herrera L, Walsh D, Mittelman A (1986) Osseous metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Am J Surg 151: 457–459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bos IL (1989) Ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res 49: 4682–4689

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun S, Pantel K (1996) Biological characteristics of human micrometastatic carcinoma cells. In: Gunthert U, Birchmeier W (eds) Attempts to understand metastasis formation. I Metastasis-related molecules. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Current topics in microbiology and immunology, vol, 213/1, pp 163–177

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brugger W, Bross KJ, Glatt M et al (1994) Mobilization of tumor cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells into peripheral blood of patients with solid tumors. Blood 83: 636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt R, Frisch B, Kettner G (1980) The clinical study of micrometastatic cancer by bone biopsy. Bull Cancer 67: 291–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canon JL, Humblet Y, Lebacq-Verheyden, AM, Mannouriez P, Bazin H, Rodhain J, Prignot J, Symann M (1988) Immunodetection of small-cell lung cancer metastases in bone marrow using three monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24: 147–150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZL, Perez S, Holmes EC, Wang HJ, Coulson WF, Wen DR, Cochran AJ (1993) Frequency and distribution of occult micrometastases in lymph nodes of patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 493–498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cote RJ, Rosen PP, Hakes TB, Sedira M, Bazinet M, Kinne DW, Old LJ, Osborne MP (1988) Monoclonal antibodies detect occult breast carcinoma metastases in the bone marrow of patients with early stage disease. Am J Surg Pathol 12: 333–340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cote RJ, Rosen PP, Lesser ML, Old LJ, Osborne MP (1991) Prediction of early relapse in patients with operable breast cancer by detection of occult bone marrow micrometastases. J Clin Oncol 9: 1749–1756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutait R, Alves VA, Lopes LC, Cutait DE, Borges JL, Singer J, Da Silva JH, Goffi FS (1991) Restaging of colorectal cancer based on the identification of lymph node micrometastases through immunoperoxidase staining of CEA and cytokeratins. Dis Colon Rectum 34: 917–920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datta YH, Adams PT, Drobyski WR, Ethier SP, Terry VH, Roth MS (1994) Sensitive detection of occult breast cancer by the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Oncol 12: 475–482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Mascarel I, Bonichon F, Coindre JM, Trojani M (1992) Prognostic significance of breast cancer axillary lymph node micrometastases assessed by two special techniques: réévaluation with longer follow up. Br J Cancer 66: 523–527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deguchi T, Doi T, Ehara H, Ito S, Takahashi Y, Nishino Y, Fujihiro S, Kawamura T, Komeda H, Horie M, Kaji H, Shimokawa K, Tanala T, Kawada Y (1993) Detection of micrometastatic prostate cancer cells in lymph nodes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 53: 5350–5354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diel IJ, Kaufmann M, Goerner R, Costa SD, Kaul S, Bastert G (1992) Detection of tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with primary breast cancer: a prognostic factor for distant metastasis. J Clin Oncol 10: 1534–1539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dillman R (1994) Antibodies as cytotoxic therapy. J Clin Oncol 12: 1497–1515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler I J, Radinsky R (1990) Genetic control of cancer metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 166–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhard M, Juhl H, Kalthoff H, Schreiber HW, Wagener C, Neumaier M (1994) Specific detection of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Oncol 12: 725–729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gribben JG, Freedman AS, Neuberg D, Roy DC, Blake KW, Woo SD, Grossbard ML, Rabinowe SN, Carol F, Freeman GJ, Ritz J, Nadler LM (1991) Immunologic purging of marrow assessed by PCR before autologous bone marrow transplantation of B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 325: 1525–1533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross HJ, Verwer B, Houck D, Hoffmann RA, Recktenwald D (1995) Model study detecting breast cancer cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at frequencies as low as 10–7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 537–541

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harbeck N, Untch M, Pache L, Eiermann W (1994) Tumour cell detection in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients at primary therapy: results of a 3-year median follow-up. Br J Cancer 69: 566–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris CC, Hollstein M (1993) Clinical implications of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. N Engl J Med 329: 1318–1327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi N, Ito I, Yanagisawa A, Kato Y, Nakamori S, Imaoka S, Watanabe H, Nakamura K (1995) Genetic diagnosis of lymph-node metastases in colorectal cancer. Lancet 345: 1257–1259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson BE, Ross RK, Pike MC (1991) Toward the primary prevention of cancer. Science 254: 1131–1137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herlyn DM, Steplewski Z, Herlyn MF, Koprowski H (1980) Inhibition of growth of colorectal carcinoma in nude mice by monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res 40: 717–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermanek P, Henson DE, Hutter RV, Sobin LH (1993) TNM supplement. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoechtlen-Vollmar W, Gruber R, Bodenmüller H, Lindemann F, Schlimok G, Pantel K, Riethmüller G (1995) Occult epithelial tumor cells detected in bone marrow by an enzyme immunoassay specific for cytokeratin 19 (submitted)

    Google Scholar 

  • Humblet Y, Canon JL, Sekhavat M, Feyens AM, Manouvriez P, Lebacq-Verhyden AM, Bazin H, Prignot J, Symann M (1988) Detection of small-cell lung cancer bone marrow metastases by immunofluorescence. Pathobiology 36: 25–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israeli RS, Miller WH Jr., Su SL, Powell CT, Fair WR, Samedi DS, Huryk RF, De Blasio A, Edwards ET, Wise GJ, Heston WDW (1994) Sensitive nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating prostatic tumor cells: comparison of prostate-specific membrane antigen and prostate-specific antigen-based assays. Cancer Res 54: 6306–6310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain RK (1990) delivery of novel therapeutic agents in tumors: physiological barriers and strategies. J Natl Cancer Inst 81: 570–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Jauch K, Heiss MM, Grützner U, Funke I, Pantel K, Babic R, Eissner HJ, Riethmüller G, Schildberg FW (1995) The prognostic significance of early disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with gastric cancer, (submitted)

    Google Scholar 

  • Juhl H, Stritzel M, Wroblewski A, Henne-Bruns D, Kremer B, Schmiegel W, Neumaier M, Wagener C, Schreiber HW, Kalthoff H (1994) Immunocytological detection of micrometastatic cells: comparative evaluation of findings in the peritoneal cavity and the bone marrow of gastric, colorectal and pancreatic cancer patients. Int J Cancer 57: 330–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamby K, Guldhammer B, Vejborg I, Rossing N, Dirksen H, Daugaard S, Mouridsen HT (1987) The presence of tumor cells in bone marrow at the time of first recurrence of breast cancer. Cancer 60: 1306–1312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koga S, Takebayashi M, Kaibara N, Nishidoi H, Kimura O, Kawasumi H, Makino M (1987) Pathological characterization of gastric cancer that develop hematogenous recurrence, with special reference to the site of recurrence. J Surg Oncol 36: 239–242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovarik J, Lauerová L, Rejthar A, Bártek J (1989) Keratin typing in screening bone marrows for carcinoma cells. Cytotechnology S78: 79

    Google Scholar 

  • Krook JE, Mgertel CG, Gunderson LL et al (1991) Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 324: 709–715

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Neirynck A, Ravoet AM, Humblet Y, Oie H, Linnoila I, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Symann M (1988) Monoclonal antibodies for the vitro detection of small-cell lung cancer metastases in human bone marrow. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24: 137–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindemann F, Schlimok G, Dirschedl P, Witte J, Riethmüller G (1992) Prognostic significance of micrometastatic tumour cells in bone marrow of colorectal cancer patients. Lancet 340: 685–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liotta LA, Steeg PS, Stetler-Stevenson WG (1991) Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cell 64: 327–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manegold C, Krempien B, Kaufmann M, Schwechheimer K, Schettler G (1988) The value of bone marrow examination for tumor staging in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 114: 425–428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansi JL, Berger U, Easton D, McDonnell T, Redding WH, Gazet JC, McKinna A, Powles TJ, Coombes RC (1987) Micrometastases in bone marrow in patients with primary breast cancer: evaluation as an early predictor of bone metastases. Br Med J 295: 1093–1096

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansi JL, Berger U, Wilson P, Shearer R, Coombes RC (1988) Detection of tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with prostatic carcinoma by immunocytochemical techniques. J Urol 139: 545–548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansi JL, Berger V, McDonnell T, Pople A, Rayter Z, Gazet JC, Coombes RC (1989) The fate of bone marrow micrometastases in patients with primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 7: 445–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansi JL, Easton D, Berger U, Gazet JC, Ford HT, Dearnaley D, Coombes RC (1991) Bone marrow micrometastases in primary breast cancer: prognostic significance after 6 years’ follow-up. Eur J Cancer 27: 1552–1555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moertel CG, Fleming TR, MacDonald JS et al (1991) Levamisole and fluoroacil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N Engl J Med 322: 352–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molino A, Colombatti M, Bonetti F, Zardini M, Pasini F, Perini A, Pelosi G, Tridente G, Veneri D, Cetto GL (1991) A comparative analysis of three different techniques for the detection of breast cancer cells in bone marrow. Cancer 67: 1033–1036

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno JG, Croce CM, Fischer R, Monne M, Vihko P, Mulholland SG, Gomella LG (1992) Detection of hematogenous micrometastasis in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Res 52: 6110–6112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mountain CF (1986) A new international staging system for lung cancer. Chest 89 [Suppl]: 225S-233S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oberneder R, Riesenberg R, Kriegmair M, Bitzer U, Klammert R, Schneede P, Hofstetter A, Riethmüller G, Pantel K (1994a) Immunocytochemical detection and phenotypic characterization of micrometastatic tumour cells in bone marow of patients with prostate cancer. Urol Res 22: 3–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oberneder R, Kriegmair M, Pantel K, Staudte S, Hofstetter A, Riethmüller G (1994b) Prognostic relevance of micrometastatic tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with genitourinary tract tumors. J Urol 151: 413A

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne MP, Wong GY, Asina Sh, Old LJ, Cote RJ, Rosen PP (1991) Sensitivity of immunocytochemical detection of breast cancer cells in human bone marrow. Cancer Res 51: 2706–2709

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantel K, Izbicki JR, Passlick B, Angstwurm M, Häussinger K, Thetter O, Riethmüller G (1996) Incidence and prognostic significance of isolated tumour cells detected in bone marrow of non-small cell lung cancer patients without overt metastases. Lancet (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantel K, Schlimok G, Braun S, Kutter D, Schaller G, Funke I, Izbicki J, Riethmüller G (1993a) Differential expression of proliferation-associated molecules in individual micrometastatic carcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 1419–1424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantel K, Koprowski H, Riethmüller G (1993b) Conference on cancer micrometastasis: biology, methodology and clinical significance. Int J Oncol 3: 1019–1022

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantel K, Schlimok G, Angstwurm M, Weckermann C, Schmaus W, Gath H, Passlick B, Izbicki J, Riethmüller G (1994) Methodological analysis of immunocytochemical screening for disseminated epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow. J Hematother 3: 165–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantel K, Aignherr C, Köllermann J, Caprano J, Riethmüller G, Köllermann MW (1995a) Immunocytochemical detection of isolated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with untreated stage C prostatic cancer. Eur J Cancer 31A: 1627–1632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantel K, Schlimok G, Angstwurm M, Passlick B, Izbicki JR, Johnson JP, Riethmüller G (1995b) Early metastasis of human solid tumors: expression of cell adhesion molecules. In: Ciba Foundation Symposium (eds) Cell adhesion and human disease. Wiley, Chichester, pp 157–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Passlick B, Izbicki JR, Kubuschok B, Nathrath W, Thetter O, Pichlmeier U, Schweiberer L, Riethmüller G, Pantel K (1994) Immunohistochemical assessment of individual tumor cells in lymph nodes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 12: 1827–1832

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persson MA (1993) Combinatorial libraries. Int Rev Immunol 10: 153–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porro G, Menard S, Tagliabue E, Orefice S, Salvadori B, Squicciarini P, Andreola S, Rilke F, Colnaghi Ml (1988) Monoclonal antibody detection of carcinoma cells in bone marrow biopsy specimens from breast cancer patients. Cancer 61: 2407–2411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redding HW, Coombes RC, Monagham P, Clink HMD, Imrie SF, Dearnaley DP, Ormerod MG, Sloane JP, Gazet JC, Powels TJ, Neville AM (1983) Detection of micrometases in patients with primary breast cancer. Lancet ii: 1271–1274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridell B, Landys K (1979) Incidence and histopathology of metastases of mammary carcinoma in biopsies from the posterior iliac creast. Cancer 44: 1782–1788

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riesenberg R, Orberneder R, Kriegmair M, Epp M, Bitzer U, Hofstetter A, Braun S, Riethmüller G, Pantel K (1993) Immunocytochemical double staining of cytokeratin and prostate specific antigen in individual prostatic tumor cells. Histochemistry 99: 61–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riethmuller G, Johnson JP (1992) Monoclonal antibodies in the detection and therapy of micro-metastatic epithelial cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 4: 647–655

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riethmuller G, Schneider-Gadicke E, Johnson JP (1993) Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Immunol 5: 732–739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riethmuller G, Schneider-Gadicke E, Schlimok G, Schmiegel W, Raab R, Hoffken K, Gruber R, Pichlmaier H, Hirche H, Pichlmayr R, Buggisch P, Witte J, and the German Cancer Aid 17–1A

    Google Scholar 

  • Study Group (1994) Randomised trial of monoclonal antibody for adjuvant therapy of resected Dukes’ C colorectal carcinoma. Lancet 343: 1177–1183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlimok G, Funke I, Holzmann B, Gottlinger HG, Schmidt G, Hauser H, Swierkot S, Warnecke HH, Schneider B, Koprowski H, Riethmuller G (1987) Micrometastatic cancer cells in bone marrow: in vitro detection with anti-cytokeratin and in vivo labeling with anti-17–1A monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 8672–8676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlimok G, Funke I, Bock S, Schweiberer B, Witte J, Riethmuller G (1990) Epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with colorectal cancer: immunocytochemical detection, phenotypic characterization, and prognostic significance. J Clin Oncol 8: 831–837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlimok G, Funke I, Pantel K, Strobel F, Lindemann F, Witte J, Riethmuller G (1991) Micrometastatic tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with gastric cancer: methodological aspects of detection and prognostic significance. Eur J Cancer 27: 1461–1465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlimok G, Lindemann F, Holzmann K, Witte J, Pantel K, Riethmuller G (1994) Prognostic significance of tumor cells detected in bone marrow of breast cancer patients: a multivariate analysis. Onkologie 17 [Suppl 2]: 128

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlimok G, Pantel K, Loibner H, Fackler-Schwalbe I, Riethmuller G (1995) Individual metastatic tumor cells in bone marrow of cancer patients reduced by intravenously administered monoclonal antibody: towards a novel surrogate marker for adjuvant therapy. Eur J Cancer 31A: 1799–1803

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenfeld A, Luqmani Y, Smith D, O’Reilly S, Shousha S, Sinnett HD, Coombes RC (1994) Detection of breast cancer micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by using polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 54: 2986–2990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz D, Lubeck M, Loibner H, Steplewski Z, Koprowski H (1991) Biological activity in the human system of isotype variants of oligosaccharide Y-specific murine monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 33: 153–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiden MV, Kantoff PW, Krithivas K, Propert K, Bryant M, Haltom E, Gaynes L, Kaplan I, Bubley G, De Wolf W, Sklar J (1994) Detection of circulating tumor cells in men with localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 12: 2634–2639

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahel RA, Mabry M, Skarin AT, Speak J, Bernal SD (1985) Detection of bone marrow metastasis in small cell lung cancer by monoclonal antibody. J Clin Oncol 3: 455–461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tada M, Omata M, Kawai Sh, Saisho H, Ohto M, Saiki RK, Sninsky JJ (1993) Detection of ras gene mutations in pancreatic juice peripheral blood of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 53: 2472–2474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talbot RW, Irvine B, Jass JR, Dowd GS, Northover JM (1989) Bone metastases carcinoma of the rectum: a clinical and pathological review. Eur J Surg Oncol 15: 449–452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tavian D, De Petro G, Colombi M, Portolani N, Giulini SM, Gardella R, Barlati S (1994) RT-PCR detection of fibronectin EDA+ and EDB+ mRNA isoforms: molecular markers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 56: 820–825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traweek ST, Liu J, Battifora H (1993) Keratin gene expression in non-epithelial tissues. Detection with polymerase chain reaction. Am J Pathol 142: 1111–1118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss L, Grundmann E, Torhorst J, Hartveit F, Moberg I, Eder M, Fenoglio Preiser C, Napier J, Home CH, Lopez MJ (1986) Haematogenous metastatic patterns in colonic carcinoma: an analysis of 1541 necropsies. J Pathol 150: 195–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welch JP, Donaldson GA (1979) The clinical correlation of an autopsy study of recurrent colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 189: 496–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson RA, Burioni R, Sanna PP et al (1993) Human monoclonal antibodies against a plethora of viral pathogens from single combinatorial libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 4141–4145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood DP, Banks ER, Humphries S, McRoberts JW, Rangnekar M, Lexington KY (1994) Identification of micrometastases in patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 151: 303A

    Google Scholar 

  • Zippelius A, Honald G, Kufer P, Riethmuller G, Pantel K (1995) Detection of isolated carcinoma cells in bone marrow by RT-PCR. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 121 [Suppl 2]: A5

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Goethestr 31, 80336, Munich, Germany

    K. Pantel & G. Riethmüller

Authors
  1. K. Pantel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. Riethmüller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Basel Institute for Immunology, Grenzacherstraße 487, CH-4005, Basel, Switzerland

    Ursula Günthert Ph.D., P.D.

  2. Virchow Klinikum, Chirurgische Abteilung, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Max-Delbrück-Centrum Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, D-13122, Berlin, Germany

    Peter M. Schlag M.D.

  3. Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13122, Berlin, Germany

    Walter Birchmeier Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pantel, K., Riethmüller, G. (1996). Micrometastasis Detection and Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies. In: Günthert, U., Schlag, P.M., Birchmeier, W. (eds) Attempts to Understand Metastasis Formation III. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 213/3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80071-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80071-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-80073-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-80071-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation