Abstract
Savannas are defined by Bourlière and Hadley (1983) as “tropical grasslands with scattered tress.” Ecosystems with these characteristics are found throughout the tropics in all continents but particularly in the Americas, Africa, and Australia. However, this physiognomic definition encompasses a great deal of diversity in both biotic and abiotic characteristics, in floristic composition and in vegetation history. This chapter presents a summary of this diversity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aubréville A (1950) Flore forestière soudano-guinéenne. Soc Ed Geogr Mar Coll, Paris, 523 pp
Beck S (1983) Vegetationsökologische Grundlagen der Viehwirtschaft in den Überschwemmungs-Savannen des Rio Yacuma (Departamento Beni, Bolivien). Diss Bot 80: 1–186
Blasco F (1983) The transition from open forest to savanna in continental southeat Asia. In: Bourlière F (ed) Tropical savannas, vol 13 Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 167–182
Boulière F, Hadley M (1970) The ecology of tropical savannas. Ann Rev Ecol and Syst 1: 125–52
Braithwaite RW (1990) Australia’s unique biota: implications for ecological processes. J Biogeogr 17: 347–354
Bourlière F, Hadley M (1983) Present-day savannas: an overview. In: Bourlière F (ed) Tropical savannas, vol 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–17
Cole MM (1986) The savannas. Biogeography and geobotany. Academic Press, London, 438 pp
Cox GW, Waithaka JM (1989) Estimating above-ground net production and grazing harvest by wildlife on tropical grassland range. Oikos 54: 60–6
Deshmukh IK (1986) Primary production of a grassland in Nairobi National Park, Kenya. J App Ecol 23: 115–23
Eiten G (1972) The cerrado vegetation of Brazil. Bot Rev 38: 201–341
Eiten G (1975) The vegetation of the Serra do Roncador. Biotropica 7: 112–135
Eiten G (1994) Vegetacao do cerrado. In: Novaes Pinto M (ed) Cerrado. Caracterizaçâo, ocupaçâo e perspectival. Editora Univ Brasilia, Brasilia, pp 17–73
Ellis RP, Vogel JC, Fuls A (1980) Photosynthetic patways and the geographical distribution of grasses in South West Africa/Namibia. S Afr J 76: 307–314
Frost PGH, Menaut JC, Medina E, Solbrig OT, Swift M, Walker B (1983) Responses of savannas to stress and disturbance. Biol Int Spec Issue 10
Hall N, Johnston RD, Chippendale GM (1970) Forest trees of Australia. Dep Nat Dev, Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra, ACT, 334 pp
Harridassan M (1982) Aluminium accumulation by some carrado native species in central Brazil. Plant Soil 65: 265–273
Hopkins D (1968) Vegetation of the Olokemeji forest reserve, Nigeria V. The vegetation in the savanna site with special reference to its seasonal changes. J Ecol 56: 97–115
Huber 0 (1979) The ecological and phytogeographical significance of the actual savanna vegetation in the Amazon territory of Venezuela. 5th Int Symp Assoc Trop Biol Macuto
Huntley BJ, Walker BH (1982) Ecology of tropical savannas. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Johnson RW, Tothill JC (1985) Definition and broad geographical outline of savanna lands. In: Tothill JC, Mott JJ (eds) Ecology and management of the world’s savannas. Austr Acad Sci, Canberra, pp 1–13
Jones MS, Wild A (1975) Soils of the West African Savanna. Comm Agric Bur, Tech Comm 55, 246 pp
Klink CA, Moreira AG, Solbrig OT (1993) Ecological impact of agricultural development in the Brazilian cerrados. In: Young MD, Solbrig OT (eds) The world’s savannas. Economic driving forces, ecological constraints, and policy options for sustainable, land use. Parthenon, Paris, pp 259–282
Kumar A, Joshi MC (1972) The effects of grazing on the structure and productivity of the vegetation near Pilani, Rajasthan, India. J Ecol 60: 665–74
Laboriau LG, Marquez Valio IGF, Heringer EP (1964) Sobre o sistema reproductivo de plantas do cerrado. An Acad Bras Cienc 36: 449–464
Lavelle P, Sow B, Schaefer R (1983) The geophagous earthworm, community in the Lamto savanna (Ivory Coast): niche partitioning and utilization of soil nutritive resources. In: Didal D (ed) Soil biology as related to land use practices. U S Environ Protect Agency, Washington DC, pp 653–672
Long SP, Garcia-Moya E, Imbamba SK, Kamnalrut A, Piedade MTF, Scurlock JMO, Shen YK, Hall DO (1989) Primary productivity of natural grass ecosystems of the tropics: a reappraisal. Plant Soil 115: 155–166
Long SP, Jones MB, Roberts MJ (1992) Primary productivity of grass ecosystems of the tropics and subtropics. Chapman and Hall, London
Lonsdale WM, Braithwaite RW (1991) Assessing the effects of fire on vegetation in tropical savannas. Austr J Ecol 16: 363–74
Lopes AS, Cox FR (1977) A survey of the fertility status of surface soils under ‘cerrado’ vegetation in Brazil. J Soil Sci Soc Am 41: 742–74
Medina E (1987) Nutrients. Requirements, conservation and cycles of nutrients in the herbaceous layer. In: Walker BH (ed) Determinants of tropical savannas. IUBS, Paris, pp 39–66
Medina E (1993) Mineral nutrition: tropical savannas. Progr Bot 54: 237–253
Medina E, Huber O (1994) The role of biodiversity in the functioning of savanna ecosystems. In: Solbrig OT, van Emden HM, van Oordt PGWJ (eds) Biodiversity and global change. CAB Int, Wallingsford, pp 141–160
Medina E, Mendoza A, Montes R (1977). Balance nutricional y producción de materia organica en las sabanas de Trachypogon de Calabozo, Venezuela. Bol Soc Venez Cienc Nat 134: 101–120
Menaut JC (1983) The Vegetation of African Savannas. In: Bourlière F (ed) Tropical savannas, vol 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 109–150
Menaut JC, Barbault R, Lavelle P, Lepage M (1985) African savannas: biological systems of humification and mineralization. In: Tothil JC, Mott JJ (eds) Ecology and management of the world’s savannas. Austr Acad Sci, Canberra, pp 14–33
Menaut JC, Cesor J (1979) Structure and primary productivity of Lamto Savannas, Ivory Coast. Ecol 60: 1197–210
Misra R (1983) Indian Savannas. In: Bourlière F (ed) Tropical savannas, vol 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 151–166
Montgomery RF, Askew GP (1983) Soils of tropical savannas. In: Bourlière F (ed) Tropical savannas. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 63–78
Mott JJ, Williams J, Andrew MH, Gillison AN (1985) Australian savanna ecosystems. In: Tothill JC, Mott JJ (eds) Ecology and management of the world’s savannas. Austr Acad Sci, Canberra, pp 56–82
Novaes Pinto M (1994) Cerrado. Caracterizaçao, ocupaçâo e perspectivas. Editora Univ Brasilia, Brasilia
Ohiagu CE, Wood TG (1979) Grass production and decomposition in Southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria. Oecologia 40: 155–65
Ratter JA (1986) Notas sobre a vegetacao de fazenda Agua Limpa (Brasilia, DF) corn una chave para os generos lenhosos de dicotyledoneas do Cerrado. Editora Univ Brasilia, Brasilia
Sanford WW (1982) The effect of seasonal burning: a review. In: Sanford WW, Yefusu HM, Ayensu JSO (eds) Nigerian savanna. Kainji Res Inst, New Bussa, Nigeria, pp 160–188
Sarmiento G (1983) The savannas of tropical America. In: Bourlière F (ed) Tropical savannas. Ecosystems of the world, vol 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 246–288
Sarmiento G (1984) The ecology of neotropical savannas. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge
Sarmiento G, Monasterio M (1975) A critical consideration of the environmental conditions associated with the occurrence of savanna ecosystems in tropical America. In: Medina E, Golley G (eds) Tropical ecological systems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York pp 223–250
Sarmiento G, Vera M (1979) Composición, estructura, biomasa y producción de diferentes sabanas en los Llanos de Venezuela. Bol Soc Venez Cienc Nat 136: 5–41
Schmid M (1974) Végétation du Vietnam. Le massif sub-Annamitique et les regions limitrophes. Memoires OSTROM 74: 1–243
Shânkar V, Shankarnavan KA, Rai P (1973) Primary productivity, energetics and nutrient cycling in Sehima-Heteropogon grassland. I. Seasonal variations in composition, standing crop and net production. Trop Ecol 14: 238–51
Singh JS, Joshi MC (1979) Primary production. In: Coupland RT (ed) Grassland ecosystems of the world. IBP Vol 18, Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge pp 179–225
Singh JS, Yadava PS (1974) Seasonal variation in composition, plant biomass, and net primary productivity of a tropical grassland at Kurukshetra, India. Ecol Monogr 44: 351–76
Solbrig OT (1993) Ecological constraints to savanna land use. In: Young MD, Solbring OT (eds) The world’s savannas. Parthenon, Paris, pp 21–48
Strugnell RG, Piggott CD (1978) Biomass, shoot-production and grazing of two grasslands in the Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. J Ecol 66: 73–96
Van Donselaar J (1965) An ecological and phytogeographical study of northern Surinam savannas. Wentia 14: 1–163
Whyte R O (1968) Grasslands of the monsoon. Faber and Faber, London
Young A (1976) Tropical soils and soil survey. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge
Young MD, Solbrig OT (1993) The world’s savannas. Economic driving forces, ecological constraints, and policy options for sustainable land use. Parthenon, Paris
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Solbrig, O.T. (1996). The Diversity of the Savanna Ecosystem. In: Solbrig, O.T., Medina, E., Silva, J.F. (eds) Biodiversity and Savanna Ecosystem Processes. Ecological Studies, vol 121. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78969-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78969-4_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-78971-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78969-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive