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The Ionosphere

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The Upper Atmosphere

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Abstract

In contrast to the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the thermosphere which are defined by lapse rates of temperature the ionosphere is the region in which sufficient ionization exists to influence the propagation of radio waves. Because of the existence of ions and free electrons, the ionosphere is an electric conductor and refracting medium for radio waves.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Max-Planck-Str. 2, 37191, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany

    Professor Dr. Walter Dieminger & Professor Dr. Gerd K. Hartmann

  2. Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Universität Graz, Halbärthgasse 1, 8010, Graz, Austria

    Professor Dr. Reinhart Leitinger

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    Walter Dieminger  & Gerd K. Hartmann  & 

  2. Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Universität Graz, Halbärthgasse 1, 8010, Graz, Austria

    Reinhart Leitinger

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Dieminger, W., Hartmann, G.K., Leitinger, R. (1996). The Ionosphere. In: Dieminger, W., Hartmann, G.K., Leitinger, R. (eds) The Upper Atmosphere. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78717-1_17

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