Abstract
The refractive index, n, is the ratio of the phase speed of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum to its speed in a material medium, and refractivity is n − 1. The refractive index of atmospheric gases is described from the near ultraviolet to radio wavelengths. Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water, carbon dioxide, and their mixture known as air, are the important refracting gases. Some gases present in trace concentrations, such as methane and nitrogen oxides, have significant absorption at certain wavelengths; but they are not significant for refraction at any wavelength longer than ultraviolet wavelengths. The origin of refraction from atomic and molecular resonances is discussed. The method of calculation of refractive index at any wavelength is given. The absorption windows offer the opportunity for simple and accurate refraction formulae valid over a range of wavelengths. The radio-, infrared-, and visible-wavelength windows are examples.
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Dieminger, W., Hartmann, G.K., Leitinger, R. (1996). Electromagnetic Waves in the Upper Atmosphere. In: Dieminger, W., Hartmann, G.K., Leitinger, R. (eds) The Upper Atmosphere. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78717-1_12
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