Abstract
Freesia is a small genus in Iridaceae, comprising 11 species. The common freesia (Freesia refracta Klatt.) was originally found in southern Africa (Goldblatt, 1982), but is now distributed in many parts of the world. The plant, normally 25–45 cm in height, has branched stems, slender leaves, and bulb-like tunicated corms. The flower possesses three stamens and an inferior ovary with three carpels. A normal plant has two types of roots: the thick contractile roots function mainly to support the plant, whereas the numerous thin roots transport materials from the soil to the plant (Ruzin, 1979). Freesia refracta can be propagated either sexually through seeds or vegetatively through corms. The seeds of freesia are difficult to obtain, and it usually takes years for seeds to develop into mature plants. Therefore, corms are practically used to propagate plants.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bach A (1984) The healthiness ofFreesia x hybrida propagated in vitro. In: Novak FJ, Havel L, Dolezel J (eds) Plant tissue and cell culture-application to crop improvement. Czechoslovak Acad Sci Prague, pp 551–552
Bach A (1992) Induction of somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plants in Freesia hybrid cultures. Folia Hortic Ann IV/1 11–21
Backs-Husemann D, Reinert J (1970) Embryobildung durch isolierte Einzelzellen aus Gewebkulturen von Daucus carota. Protoplasma 70: 49–60
Bajaj YPS (1989) Freesia. In: Ammirato PV, Evans DA, Sharp WR, Bajaj YPS (eds) Handbook of plant cell culture, vol 5. Ornamental species. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 413–28
Bajaj YPS, Pierik RLM (1974) Vegetative propagation of Freesia through callus cultures. Neth J Agric Sci 22 (3): 153–159
Chen YC, Lu XH (1985) Tissue culture of Freesia refracta. Plant Physiol Commun 2: 43–44 (in Chinese).
Chu CC (1978) The N6 medium and its applications to anther culture of cereal crops. In: Proc Symp Plant tissue culture. Peking, Science Press, Peking, pp 43–50
Conger BV, Hanning GE, Gray DJ, Maniel JK (1983) Direct embryogenesis from mesophyll cells of orchardgrass. Science 221: 850–851
Davies DR, Nichol MA (1971) In vitro propagation of Freesia. Annu Rep John Innes Inst 62:45
Goldblatt P (1982) Systematics ofFreesia (Iridaceae). J S Afr Bot 48: 39–92
Haccius B (1978) Question of unicellular origin of non-zygotic embryos in callus cultures. Phytomorphology 28: 74–81
Halperin W, Wethereil DF (1965) Ontogeny of adventive embryos in wild carrot. Science 147: 756–758
Halperin W, Jensen WA (1967) Ultrastructural changes during growth and embryogenesis in carrot cell cultures. Jour Unltrastructure Research 18: 428–443
Hussey G (1975) Totipotency in tissue explants and callus of some members of the Liliaceae, Iridaceae and Amaryllidaceae. J Exp Bot 26: 253–262
Hussey G (1978) The application of tissue culture to the vegetative propagation of plants. Sci Prog Oxf 65: 185–208
Kataeva NV (1981) Tissue and organ culture of Freesia. Fiziol Rast (Mose) 28: 1062–1064
Konar RN, Thomas E, Street HE (1972) Origin and structure of embryoids arising from epidermal cells of the stem ofRanunculus sceleratus L. J Cell Sci 11: 77–93
Maheswaran G, Williams EG (1985) Origin and development of somatic embryos formed directly on immature embryos of Trifolium repens in vitro. Ann Bot 56: 619–630
Mori Y, Hasegawa A, Kano K (1975) Studies on the clonal propagation by meristem culture in Freesia. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 44: 294–302
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15: 473–497
Nagel J, Zettler FW, Hiebert E (1983) Strains of bean yellow mosaic virus compared to clover yellow vein virus in relation to gladiolus (Gladiolus hortulanus) production in Florida. Phytopathology 73: 449–454
Petra E, Jirsakova E, Landa Z (1976) Clonal propagation of some Freesia cultivars through tissue culture. Biol Plant (Prague) 18: 304–306
Pierik RLM, Steegmans HHM (1977) Vegetative propagation of Freesia through the isolation of shoots in vitro. Neth J Agric Sci 24: 274–277
Raghavan V (1976) Adventive embryogenesis: induction of dipoid embryoids. In: Experimental embryogenesis in vascular plants. Academic Press, London, pp 349–381
Ruzin SE (1979) Root contraction in Freesia (Iridaceae). Am J Bot 66: 522–531
Sharp WR, Sondahl MR, Caldas LS, Maraffa SB (1980) The physiology of in vitro asexual embryogenesis. Hortic Rev 2: 268–310
Sun LH, Lu XF, Tang BG (1986) Tissue culture of Freesia refracta Plant Physiol Commun 4:55–56 (in Chinese).
Tisserat B, Esan EE, Murashige T (1979) Somatic embryogenesis in angiosperms. Hortic Rev 1: 1–78
Trigiano RN, Gray DJ, Conger BV, Maniel JK (1989) Origin of direct somatic embryos from cultured leaf segments of Dactylis glomerata. Bot Gaz 150: 72–77
Vasil V, Vasil IK (1982) The ontogeny of somatic embryos ofPennisetum americanum in cultured immature embryos. Bot Gaz 143: 454–465
Wang DY, Kong Y (1984) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from inflorescence of Echinochloa crusgalli L. Acta Biol Exp Sin 17: 271–279 (in Chinese with English Abstr)
Wang L, Pu XL (1988) Karyotypic study of Freesia refracta. J Northeast Normal Univ 3: 93–95 (in Chinese with English Abstr)
Wang L, Huang B, He MY, Hao S (1990) Somatic embryogenesis and its hormonal regulation in tissue cultures of Freesia refracta. Ann Bot 65: 271–276
Wang L, Hu AL, Zheng YZ (1991) Scanning electron microscopic observation on somatic embryogenesis in the tissue culture ofFreesia refracta. J Chin Elect Microsc Soc 10: 16–19 (in Chinese with English Abstr)
Wang YY (1981) Freesia refracta. In: Wang YY, Qin GS, Zhong SQ, Huang JL (eds) Ornamental flowering plants. Shanxi Science and Technology Press, Xi, An, pp 103–104 (in Chinese)
Zhang SL, Zheng GC (1988) Scanning electron microscopic observations on somatic embryogenesis in the tissue culture of Panicum miliaceum L. J. Chin Elect Microsc Soc 1: 1–4
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wang, L., Huang, B. (1995). Somatic Embryogenesis in Freesia refracta . In: Bajaj, Y.P.S. (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed II. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol 31. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78643-3_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78643-3_24
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-78645-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78643-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive