Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Mucosal Immunity in Immunodeficiency

  • Conference paper
Symposium in Immunology III

  • 43 Accesses

Abstract

The human mucosal membranes cover an enormous surface area, perhaps 300–400 m2. The defence of these vulnerable barriers depends principally on a local adaptive humoral immune system, in addition to a variety of natural, innate protective mechanisms (Brandtzaeg 1984, 1989a, b; Brandtzaeg et al. 1987a, 1989a; Hanson and Brandtzaeg 1989). Adequate co-operation between the specific and non-specific mucosal defence factors is a prerequisite for health, because the various mucosae are favoured as a port of entry by most infectious agents, allergens and carcinogens. The neonatal period is quite critical in this context, as the newborn is immediately exposed to numerous microorganisms, foreign proteins and chemicals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aguilar FP, Alfonso V, Rivas S, Aldeguer JL, Portilla J, Berenguer J (1987) Jejunal malignant lymphoma in a patient with adult-onset hypo-γ-globulinemia and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small bowel. Am J Gastroenterol 82: 472–475

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold RR, Cole MF, Prince S, McGhee JR (1977) Secretory IgM antibodies to Strepto-coccus mutans in subjects with selective Ig A deficiency. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 8: 475–486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf RN, Jalil F, Zaman S, Karlberg J, Khan SR, Lindblad BS, Hanson LÄ (1991) Breast feeding and protection against neonatal sepsis in a high risk population. Arch Dis Child 66: 488–490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aucouturier P, Lacombe C, Bremard C, Lebranchu Y, Seligmann M, Griscelli C, Preud’homme J-L (1989) Serum IgG subclass levels in patients with primary immunodeficiency syndromes or abnormal susceptibility to infections. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 51: 22–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Autran B, Triebel F, Katlama C, Rozenbaum W, HercendT, Debre P (1989) T cell receptor γ/δ+ lymphocyte subsets during HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 75: 206–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balbi B, Moller DR, Kirby M, Holroyd KJ, Crystal RG (1990) Increased numbers of T lymphocytes with γδ-positive antigen receptors in a subgroup of individuals with pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest 85: 1353–1361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barton JR, Riad MA, Gaze MN, Maran AGD, Ferguson A (1990) Mucosal immunodeficiency in smokers, and in patients with epithelial head and neck tumours. Gut 31: 378–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beard LJ, Ferrante A, Oxelius V-A, Maxwell GM (1986) IgG subclass deficiency in children with Ig A deficiency presenting with recurrent or severe respiratory infections. Pediatr Res 20: 937–942

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy JEC, Nielsen NO (1974) Immune-mediated emigration of neutrophils into the lumen of the small intestine. Infect Immun 9: 615–619

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berdal P, Brandtzaeg P, Froland SS, Henriksen SD, Skrede S (1976) Immunodeficiency syndromes with oto-rhino-laryngological manifestations. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 82: 185–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bienenstock J, Befus AD, McDermott M, Mirsky S, Rosenthal K, Tagliabue A (1982) The mucosal immunological network: compartmentalization of lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and mast cells. Ann NY Acad Sei 409: 164–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop PE, McMillan A, Gilmour HM (1987) Immunological study of the rectal mucosa of men with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gut 28: 1619–1624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerke K, Brandtzaeg P (1986) Immunoglobulin-and J chain-producing cells associated with lymphoid follicles in the human appendix, colon and ileum, including Peyer’s patches. Clin Exp Immunol 64: 432–441

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerke K, Brandtzaeg P (1990) Terminally differentiated human intestinal B cells. IgA and IgG subclass-producing immunocytes in the distal ileum, including Peyer’s patches, compared with lymph nodes and palatine tonsils. Scand J Immunol 32: 61–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkander J, Bake B, Hanson LA (1984) Primary hypogammaglobulinemia: impaired lung function and body growth with delayed diagnosis and inadequate treatment. Eur J Respir Dis 65: 529–536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkander J, Hammarstrom L, Smith CIE, Buckley RH, Cunningham-Rundles C, Hanson LA (1987) Immunoglobulin prophylaxis in patients with antibody deficiency syndromes and anti-IgA antibodies. J Clin Immunol 7: 8–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg RS, Terhorst C, Bleicher P, McDermott FV, Allan CH, Landau SB, Trier JS, Balk SP (1991) Expression of a nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like molecule, CD1D, by human intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol 147: 2518–2524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonneville M, Janeway CA, Ito K, Haser W, Ishida I, Nakanishi N, Tonegawa S (1988) Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes are a distinct set of yd T cells. Nature 336: 479–481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Born W, Happ MP, Dallas A, Reardon C, Kubo R, Shinnick T, Brennan P, O’Brien R (1990) Recognition of heat shock proteins and y/d cell function. Immunol Today 11: 40–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosnes V, Qvigstad E, Lundin KEA, Thorsby E (1990) Recognition of a particular HLA-DQ heterodimer by a human y/S T cell clone. Eur J Immunol 20: 1429–1433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottino C, Tambussi G, Ferrini S, Ciccone E, Varese P, Mingardi MC, Moretta L, Moretta A (1989) Two subsets of human T lymphocytes expressing y/6 antigen receptor are identifiable by monoclonal antibodies directed to two distinct molecular forms of the receptor. J Exp Med 168: 491–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1971) Human secretory immunoglobulins. II. Salivary secretions from individuals with selectively excessive or defective synthesis of serum immunoglobulins. Clin Exp Immunol 8: 69–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1973) Structure, synthesis and external transfer of mucosal immunoglobulins. Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol 124C: 417–438

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1974) Mucosal and glandular distribution of immunoglobulin component. Immunohistochemistry with a cold ethanol-fixation technique. Immunology 26: 1101–1114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1975a) Human secretory immunoglobulin M. An immunochemical and immunohistochemical study. Immunology 29: 559–570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1975b) Human secretory component. IV. Aggregation and fragmentation of free secretory component. Immunochemistry 12: 877–881

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1977) Human secretory component. VI. Immunoglobulin-binding properties. Immunochemistry 14: 179–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1983a) The secretory immune system of lactating human mammary glands compared with other exocrine organs. Ann NY Acad Sci 409: 353–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1983b) Immunohistochemical characterization of intracellular J-chain and binding site for secretory component (SC) in human immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells. Mol Immunol 20: 941–966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1984) Immune functions of human nasal mucosa and tonsils in health and disease. In: Bienenstock J (ed) Immunology of the lung and upper respiratory tract. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 28–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (J.985) Role of J chain and secretory component in receptor–mediated glandular and hepatic transport of immunoglobulins in man. Scand J Immunol 22: 111–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1987) Immune functions and immunopathology of palatine and nasopharyngeal tonsils. In: Bernstein JM, Ogra PL (eds) Immunology of the ear. Raven, New York, pp 63–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1989a) Immune responses to gut virus infections. In: Farthing MJG (ed) Viruses and the gut. Smith ICline and French Laboratories, London, pp 45–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1989b) Salivary immunoglobulins. In: Tenovuo JO (ed) Human saliva: clinical chemistry and microbiology, vol II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 1–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1992) Humoral immune response patterns of human mucosae: induction and relation to bacterial respiratory tract infections. J Infect Dis 165 [Suppl 1]: S167–S176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P (1994) Distribution and characteristics of mucosal immunoglobulin-producing cells. In: Ogra PL, Mestecky J, Lamm M, Strober W, McGhee J, Bienenstock J (eds) Handbook in mucosal immunology. Academic, London, pp 251–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Baklien K (1976) Immunohistochemical studies of the formation and epithelial transport of immunoglobulins in normal and diseased human intestinal mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 11 [Suppl 36]: 1–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Haistensen TS (1992) Immunology and immunopathology of tonsils. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 47: 64–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Korsrud FR (1984) Significance of different J chain profiles in human tissues: generation of Ig A and IgM with binding site for secretory component is related to the J chain expressing capacity of the total local immunocyte population, including IgG and IgD producing cells, and depends on the clinical state of the tissue. Clin Exp Immunol 58: 709–718

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Krajci P (1992) Secretory component (the poly–Ig receptor). In: Roitt IM, Delves PJ (eds) Encyclopedia of immunology, vol 3. Academic, London, pp 1360–1364

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Tolo K (1977) Mucosal penetrability enhanced by serum-derived antibodies. Nature 266: 262–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Fjellanger I, Gjeruldsen ST (1968) Immunoglobulin M: local synthesis and selective secretion in patients with immunoglobulin A deficiency. Science 160: 789–791

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Gjeruldsen ST, Korsrud F, Baklien K, Berdal P, Ek J (1979) The human secretory immune system shows striking heterogeneity with regard to involvement of J chain-positive IgD immunocytes. J Immunol 122: 503–510

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Guy-Grand D, Griscelli C (1981) Intestinal, salivary, and tonsillar Ig A and J-chain production in a patient with severe deficiency of serum Ig A. Scand J Immunol 13: 313–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Kett K, RognumTO, Söderström R, Björkander J, Söderström T, Petruson B, Hanson LÄ (1986) Distribution of mucosal IgA and IgG subclass–producing immunocytes and alterations in various disorders. Monogr Allergy 20: 179–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Baklien K, Bjerke K, Rognum TO, Scott H, Valnes K (1987a) Nature and properties of the human gastrointestinal immune system. In: Miller K, Nickiin S (eds) Immunology of the gastrointestinal tract. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 1–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Karlsson G, Hansson G, Petruson B, Björkander J, Hanson LA (1987b) The clinical condition of IgA-deficient patients is related to the proportion of IgD-and IgM-producing cells in their nasal mucosa. Clin Exp Immunol 67: 626–636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, HalstensenTS, Kett, K, Krajci P, Kvale D, RognumTO, Scott H, Sollid LM (1989a) Immunobiology and immunopathology of human gut mucosa: humoral immunity and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Gastroenterology 97: 1562–1584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Haistensen TS, Scott H, Sollid LM, Valnes K, Bosnes V (1989b) Epithelial homing of yb T cells? Nature 341: 113–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Nilssen DE, Rognum TO, Thrane PS (1991) Ontogeny of the mucosal immune system and IgA deficiency. In: MacDermott RP, Elson CO (eds) Mucosal immunology I: Basic principles. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 20: 397–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg P, Haistensen TS, Hvatum M, Kvale D, Scott H (1993) The serologic and mucosal immunologic basis of celiac disease. In: Walker WA, Harmatz PR, Wershil BK (eds) Immunophysiology of the gut, vol 11. Bristol-Myers Squibb/Mead Johnson Nutrition Symposia. Academic, London, pp 295–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner MB, McLean J, Dialynas DP, Strominger JL, Smith JA, Owen FL, Seidman JG, Ip S, Rosen F, Krangel MS (1986) Identification of a putative second T-cell receptor. Nature 322: 145–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann V, Müller S, Heusser CH (1992) T cell dependent differentiation of human B cells: direct switch from IgM to IgE, and sequential switch from IgM via IgG to IgA production. Mol Immunol 29: 1159–1164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broom BC, de la Concha EG, Webster ADB, Loewi G, Adherson GL (1975) Dichotomy between immunoglobulin synthesis by cells in gut and blood of patients with hypogam-maglobulinaemia. Lancet ii: 253–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown TA, Mestecky J (1985) Immunoglobulin A subclass distribution of naturally occuring salivary antibodies to microbial antigens. Infect Immun 49: 459–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher EC (1986) The regulation of lymphocyte traffic. In: Compans RW, Coopers M, Koprowski H et al. (eds) Current topics in microbiology and immunology, vol 128. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 85–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Carbonari M, Cherchi M, Paganelli R, Giannini G, Galli E, Gaetano C, Papetti C, Fiorilli M (1990) Relative increase of T cells expressing the gamma/delta rather than the alpha/ beta receptor in ataxia–telangiectasia. N Engl J Med 322: 73–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castrignano SB, Carlsson B, Carneiro–Sampaio MS, Söderström T, Hanson LÄ (1993) IgA and IgG subclass deficiency in a poor population in a developing country. Scand J Immunol 37: 509–514

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerf-Bensussan N, Guy-Grand D (1991) Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. In: Mac-Dermott RP, Elson CO (eds) Mucosal immunology I: Basic principles. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 20: 549–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Alt FW (1993) Gene rearrangement and B–cell development. Curr Opin Immunol 5: 194–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciccone E, Viale O, Pende D, Malnati M, Ferrara GB, Barocci S, Moretta A, Moretta L (1989) Specificity of human T lymphocytes expressing y/b T cell antigen receptor. Recognition of a polymorphic determinant of HLA class I molecules by a y/b clone. Eur J Immunol 19: 1267–1271

    Google Scholar 

  • Conley ME, Bartelt MS (1984) In vitro regulation of IgA subclass synthesis. II. The source of IgA2 plasma cells. J Immunol 133: 2311–2316

    Google Scholar 

  • Conley ME, Cooper MD (1981) Immature IgA B cells in IgA-deficient patients. N Engl J Med 305: 495–497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conley ME, Delacroix DL (1987) Intravascular and mucosal immunoglobulin A: two separate but related systems of immune defense? Ann Intern Med 106: 892–899

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conley ME, Brown P, Bartelt MS (1987) IgG subclass potential of surface IgM-negative and surface IgM-positive human peripheral blood cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 43: 211–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crabbe PA, Heremans JF (1966) Lack of gamma A–immunoglobulin in serum of patients with steatorrhoea. Gut 7: 119–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham AS (1977) Morbidity in breast–fed and artificially fed infants. J Pediatr 90: 726–729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham-Rundles C (1981) The identification of specific antigens in circulating immune complexes by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: detection of bovine n-casein IgG complexes in human sera. Eur J Immunol 11: 504–509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham-Rundles C (1989) Clinical and immunologic analyses of 103 patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 9: 22–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham-Rundles C, Brandeis WE, Good RA, Day NK (1979) Bovine antigens and the formation of circulating immune complexes in selective immunoglobulin A deficiency. J Clin Invest 64: 272–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham-Rundles C, Brandeis WE, Pudifin DJ, Day NK, Good RA (1981) Autoimmunity in selective IgA deficiency: relationship to anti-bovine protein antibodies, circulating immune complexes and clinical disease. Clin Exp Immunol 45: 299–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham-Rundles C, Carr RI, Good RA (1984) Dietary protein antigenemia in humoral immunodeficiency. Correlation with splenomegaly. Am J Med 76: 181–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniele RP (1990) Immunoglobulin secretion in the airways. Annu Rev Physiol 52: 177–195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Laat PCJ, Weemaes CMR, Bakkeren JAJM (1992) Immunoglobulin levels during follow-up of children with selective IgA deficiency. Scand J Immunol 35: 719–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Paoli P, Gennari D, Martelli P, Cavarzerani V, Comoretto R, Santini G (1990) ybT cell receptor-bearing lymphocytes during Epstein–Barr virus infections. J Infect Dis 161: 1013–1016

    Google Scholar 

  • Duijvestijn A, Hamann A (1989) Mechanisms and regulation of lymphocyte migration. Immunol Today 10: 23–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eidelman S (1976) Intestinal lesions in immune deficiency. Hum Pathol 7: 427–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein MM, Baumgarten A (1991) The usefulness of routine screening for salivary secretory component. J Allergy Clin Immunol 88: 356–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falini B, Flenghi L, Pileri S, Pelicci P, Fagioli M, Martelli MF, Moretta L, Ciccone E (1989) Distribution of T cells bearing different forms of theT cell receptor y/6 in normal and pathological human tissues. J Immunol 143: 2480–2488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan JG, Rabbitts TH (1982) Arrangement of human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes implies evolutionary duplication of a segment containing y, e and a genes. Nature 300: 709–713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsgren A, Grubb AO (1979) Many bacterial species bind human IgD. J Immunol 122: 1468–1472

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French MAH, Dawkins RL (1990) Central MHC genes, IgA deficiency and autoimmune disease. Immunol Today 11: 271–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Friman V, Quiding M, Czerkinsky C, Nordstrom I, Larsson L, Ericsson D, Bjorkander J, Kilander A, Holmgren J, Hanson LÁ (1991) Intestinal and blood antibody-secreting cells in normal and in IgA deficient individuals after oral cholera vaccination. In: Chapel HM, Levinsky RJ, Webster ADB (eds) Progress in immune deficiency III. Royal Society of Medicine Services, London, pp 7–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujihashi K, TaguchiT, Aicher WK, McGhee JR, Bluestone JA, Eldridge JH, Kiyono H (1992) Immunoregulatory functions for murine intraepithelial lymphocytes: y/6 T cell receptor–positive (TCR+) T cells abrogate oral tolerance, while a/(3 TCR+ T cells provide B cell help. J Exp Med 175: 695–707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillon J, Barclay GR, Yap PL, Ferguson A (1986) Food antibodies, intestinal permeability and HLA status in IgA deficient blood donors identified by a new rapid screening test. Clin Allergy 16: 583–588

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson M, Cripps AW, Clancy RL, Husband AJ, Hensley MJ, Leeder SR (1982) Ontogeny of the secretory immune system in man. Aust NZ J Med 12: 255–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson M, Cripps AW, Clancy RL, Hensley MJ, Dobson AJ, Firman DW (1986) Breast feeding conditions a differential developmental pattern of mucosal immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 66: 216–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman T, Lefranfois L (1988) Expression of the y–6 T-cell receptor on intestinal CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. Nature 333: 855–858

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haas W, Kaufman S, Martinez–A C (1990) The development and function of y6 T cells. Immunol Today 11: 340–343

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halstensen TS, Scott H, Brandtzaeg P (1989) Intraepithelial T cells of the TcRy/6+ CD8~ and V61/J61+ phenotypes are increased in coeliac disease. Scand J Immunol 30: 665–672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarstrom L, Granstrom M, Oxelius V-A, Persson AA, Smith CIE (1984a) IgG sub-class distribution of antibodies against S. aureus teichoic acid and a-toxin in normal and immunodeficient donors. Clin Exp Immunol 55: 593–601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarstrom L, Mellstedt H, Persson MAA, Smith CIE, Ahre A (1984b) IgA subclass distribution in paraproteinemias: suggestion of an IgG–IgA subclass switch pattern. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [C] 92: 207–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haneberg B, Aarskog D (1975) Human faecal immunoglobulins in healthy infants and children,,and in some with diseases affecting the intestinal tract or the immune system. Clin Exp Immunol 22: 210–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haneberg B, Endresen C (1976) Fragments of immunoglobulins in human faeces. Acta 154 Pathol Microbiol Scand [C] 84: 31–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson LÁ, Brandtzaeg P (1989) The mucosal defense system. In: Stiehm ER (ed) Immunologic disorders in infants and children, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 116–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson L, Bjorkander J, Oxelius V-A (1983) Selective IgA deficiency. In: Chandra RK (ed) Primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 62–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson LÀ, Söderström R, Nilssen DE, Theman K, Björkander J, Söderström T, Karls– son G, Brandtzaeg P (1991) IgG subclass deficiency with or without IgA deficiency. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 61: S70–S77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong R, Ammann A J (1989) Disorders of the IgA system. In: Stiehm ER (ed) Immunologic disorders in infants and children, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 329–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Janeway CA, Jones B, Hayday A (1988) Specificity and function of T cells bearing y à receptors. Immunol Today 9: 73–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jemmott JB, Borysenko JZ, Borysenko M, McClelland DC, Chapman R, Meyer D, Benson H (1983) Academic stress, power motivation, and decrease in secretion rate of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A. Lancet i: 1400–1402

    Google Scholar 

  • Joller PW, Buhler AK, Hitzig WH (1981) Transitory and persistent IgA deficiency. Réévaluation of 19 pediatric patients once found to be deficient in serum IgA. J Clin Lab Immunol 6: 97–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiserlian D, Delacroix D, Bach JF (1985) The wasted mutant mouse. I. An animal model of secretory IgA deficiency with normal serum IgA. J Immunol 135: 1126–1131

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanoh T, Nishida O, Uchino H, MiyakeT, Hishitani Y (1987) Transport defect of IgM into luminal space in selective IgA deficiency. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 44: 272–282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson G, Hansson H-A, Petruson B, Björkander J, Hanson LÂ (1985) Goblet cell number in the nasal mucosa relates to cell–mediated immunity in patients with antibody deficiency syndromes. Int Archs Allergy Appl Immun 78: 86–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson G, Brandtzaeg P, Hansson G, Petruson B, Björkander J, Hanson LÂ (1987) Humoral immunity in nasal mucosa of patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 7: 29–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kett K, Brandtzaeg P, Radi J, Haaijman JF (1986) Different subclass distribution of IgA-producing cells in human lymphoid organs and various secretory tissues. J Immunol 136: 3631–3635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kett K, Brandtzaeg P, Fausa O (1988) J–chain expression is more prominent in immune-globulin A2 than in immunoglobulin Al colonic immunocytes and is decreased in both subclasses associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 94: 1419–1425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khansari DN, Murgo AJ, Faith RE (1990) Effects of stress on the immune system. Immunol Today 11: 170–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilian M, Reinholdt J (1986) Interference with IgA defence mechanisms by extracellular bacterial enzymes. In: Easmon CSF, Jeljaszewicz J (eds) Medical microbiology. Academic, London, pp 173–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilian M, Mestecky J, Russell MJ (1988) Defense mechanisms involving Fc–dependent functions of immunoglobulin A and their subversion by bacterial immunoglobulin A proteases. Microbiol Rev 52: 296–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemola T (1988) Immunohistochemical findings in the intestine of IgA–deficient persons: number of intraepithelial T lymphocytes is increased. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 7: 537–543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemola T, Savilahti E, Koskimies S (1988) Transient IgA and IgM deficiencies are frequent in children with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Pediatr 147: 184–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korsrud FR, Brandtzaeg P (1980) Quantitative immunohistochemistry of immunoglobulin– and J-chain-producing cells in human parotid and submandibular glands. Immunology 39: 129–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler DP, Scholes JV, Tierney AR (1987) Intestinal plasma cell alterations in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Dig Dis Sei 32: 129–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krakauer R, Zmneman HH, Hong R (1975) Deficiency of secretory Ig–A and intestinal malabsorption. Am J Gastroenterol 64: 319–323

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuper CF, Koornstra PJ, Hameleers DMH, Biewenga J, Spit BJ, Duijvestijn AM, van Breda Vriesman PJC, Sminia T (1992) The role of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue. Immunol Today 13: 219–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ladjeva I, Peterman JH, Mestecky J (1989) IgA subclasses of human colostral antibodies specific for microbial and food antigens. Clin Exp Immunol 78: 85–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laschinger C, Gauthier D, Valet JP, Naylor DH (1984) Fluctuating levels of serum IgA in individuals with selective IgA deficiency. Vox Sang 47: 60–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim PL, Rowley D (1982) The effect of antibody on the intestinal absorption of macromol-ecules and on intestinal permeability in adult mice. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 68: 41–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas A, Cole TJ (1990) Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet 336: 1519–1523

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie NM (1990) Transport of maternally derived immunoglobulin across the intestinal epithelium. In: MacDonald TT (ed) Ontogeny of the immune system of the gut. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 69–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuoka H, Okada, J, TakahashiT, Matsuoka M, Sato C, Torii S (1983) Immunological study of IgA deficiency during anticonvulsant therapy in epileptic patients. Clin Exp Immunol 53: 423–428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazanec MB, Lamm ME, Lyn D, Portner A, Nedrud JG (1992) Comparison of IgA versus IgG monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization of the murine respiratory tract. Virus Res 23: 1–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland DBL, Shearman DJC, vanFurth R (1976) Synthesis of immunoglobulin and secretory component by gastrointestinal mucosa in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or IgA deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 25: 103–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland DC, Floor W, Davidson RJ, Saron C (1980) Stressed power motivation, sympathetic activation, immune functions, and illness. J Hum Stress 6: 11–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGhee JR, Mestecky J, Elson CO, Kiyono H (1989) Regulation of IgA synthesis and immune response byT cells and interleukins. J Clin Immunol 9: 175–199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLoughlin GA, Hede JE, Temple JG, Bradley J, Chapman DM, McFarland J (1978) The role of IgA in the prevention of bacterial colonization of the jejunum in the vagotomized subject. Br J Surg 65: 435–437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meilander L, Björkander J, Carlsson B, Hanson LA (1986) Secretory antibodies in IgA-deficient and immunosuppressed individuals. J Clin Immunol 6: 284–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modlin RL, Pirmez C, Hofman FM, Torigian V, Uyemura K, Rea TH, Bloom BR, Brenner MB (1989) Lymphocytes bearing antigen–specific yö T-cell receptors accumulate in human infectious disease lesions. Nature 339: 544–548

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore EC, Laffin RJ, TomasiT, Pickering J, Radi J, Meuwissen HJ (1979) Regional deficiency of secretory IgA in a patient with combined immunodeficiency of the ADA deficient type. Acta Paediatr Scand 68: 453–458

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morio T, Nagasawa M, Nonoyama S, Okawa H, Yata JI (1990) Phenotypic profile and functions of T cell receptor-yö-bearing cells from patients with primary immunodeficiency syndrome. J Immunol 144: 1270–1275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosmann TR, Gravel Y, Williamson AR, Baumal R (1978) Modification and fate of J chain in myeloma cells in the presence and absence of immunoglobulin secretion. Eur J Immunol 8: 94–101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mowat AM (1987) The regulation of immune responses to dietary protein antigens. Immunol Today 8: 93–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller G, Bernsau I, Müller W, Weissbarth-Riedel E, Natzschka J, Rieger CHL (1986) Cow milk protein antigens and antibodies in serum of premature infants during the first 10 days of life. J Pediatr 109: 869–873

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller F, Froland SS, Hvatum M, Radi J, Brandtzaeg P (1991) Both IgA subclasses are reduced in parotid saliva from patients with AIDS. Clin Exp Immunol 83: 203–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagura H, Brandtzaeg P, Nakane PK, Brown WR (1979) Ultrastructural localization of J chain in human intestinal mucosa. J Immunol 23: 1044–1050

    Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse M, Sanchis J, Bienenstock J (1976) Lung defense mechanism. N Engl J Med 295: 1045–1052

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilssen DE, Söderström R, Brandtzaeg P, Kett K, Helgeland L, Karlsson G, Söderström T, Hanson LÄ (1991) Isotype distribution of mucosal IgG–producing cells in patients with various IgG subclass deficiencies. Clin Exp Immunol 83: 17–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilssen DE, Brandtzaeg P, Froland SS, Fausa O (1992) Subclass composition and J-chain expression of the “compensatory” gastrointestinal IgG cell population in IgA deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 87: 237–245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilssen DE, Haistensen TS, Froland SS, Fausa O, Brandtzaeg P (1993a) Distribution and phenotypes of duodenal intraepithelial y/à T cells in patients with various types of primary B-cell deficiency. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 68: 301–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilssen DE, Friman V, Theman K, Björkander J, Kilander A, Holmgren J, Hanson LÀ, Brandtzaeg P (1993b) B-cell activation in duodenal mucosa after oral cholera vaccination in Ig A deficient subjects with or without IgG subclass deficiency. Scand J Immunol 38: 201–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilssen DE, Aukrust P, Froland SS, Müller F, Fausa O, Haistensen TS, Brandtzaeg P (1993c) Duodenal intraepithelial y/à T cells and soluble CD8, neopterin and ß2– microgobulin in serum of IgA–deficient subjects with or without IgG subclass deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 94: 91–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norhagen G, Engström P-E, Hammarström L, Söder P-Ö, Smith CIE (1989) Immunoglobulin levels in saliva in individuals with selective Ig A deficiency: compensatory IgM secretion and its correlation with HLA and susceptibility to infections. J Clin Immunol 9: 279–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nussinson E, Lahav M, Berebi A, Estrov Z, Zur S, Resnitzky P (1986) Secretory piece and Ig A deficiency in a patient with Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Am J Gastroenterol 81: 995–998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochs HD, Ament ME (1976) Gastrointestinal tract and immunodeficiency. In: Ferguson A, MacSween RNM (eds) Immunological aspects of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. MRP Press, Lancaster, pp 82–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogra SS, Ogra PL, Lippes J, Tomasi TB (1972) Immunohistologic localization of immunoglobulins, secretory component, and lactoferrin in the developing human fetus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 139: 570–572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogra PL, Coppola PR, MacGillivray MH, Dzierba JL (1974) Mechanism of mucosal immunity to viral infections in A immunoglobulin–deficiency syndromes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 145: 811–816

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogra SS, Weintraub D, Ogra PL (1977) Immunological aspects of human colostrum and milk. III. Fate and absorption of cellular and soluble components in the gastrointestinal tract of the newborn. J Immunol 119: 245–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson PG, Hammarström L, Cox DW, Smith CIE (1992) Involvement of both HLA and Ig heavy chain haplotypes in human Ig A deficiency. Immunogenetics 36: 389–395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostergaard PA (1980) Clinical and immunological features of transient Ig A deficiency in children. Clin Exp Immunol 40: 561–565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Out TA, van Munster PJJ, De Graeff PA, Thé TH, Vossen JM, Zegers BJM (1986) Immunological investigations in individuals with selective IgA deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 64: 510–517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oxelius V-A, Laurell A-B, Lindquist B, Golebiowska H, Axelsson U, Björkander J, Hanson LÀ (1981) IgG subclasses in selective IgA deficiency. N Engl J Med 304: 1476–1477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oxelius V-A, Hanson LÂ, Björkander J, Hammarström L, Sjöholm A (1986) IgG3 deficiency: common in obstructive lung disease. Monogr Allergy 20: 106–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papadea C, Check IJ (1989) Human immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin G subclasses: biochemical, genetic, and clinical aspects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sei 27: 27–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkhouse RME, Cooper MD (1977) A model for the differentiation of B lymphocytes with implications for the biological role of IgD. Immunol Rev 37: 105–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petit J-C, Galinha A, Salomon J-C (1973) Immunoglobulins in the intestinal content of the human fetus with special reference to IgA. Eur J Immunol 3: 373–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plaut AG (1983) The IgAl proteases of pathogenic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 37: 603–622

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plebani A, Mira E, Mevio E, Monafo V, Notarangelo LD, Avanzini A, Ugazio AG (1983) IgM and IgD concentrations in the serum and secretions of children with selective IgA deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 53: 689–696

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porcelli S, Brenner MB, Band H (1991) Biology of the human yb T–cell receptor. Immunol Rev 120: 137–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richman LK, Brown WR (1977) Immunochemical characterization of IgM in intestinal fluids. J Immunol 199: 1515–1519

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberton DM, Paganelli R, Dinwiddie R, Levinsky RJ (1982) Milk antigen absorption in the preterm and term neonate. Arch Dis Child 57: 369–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberton DM, Bjorkander J, Henrichsen J, Soderstrom T, Hanson LA (1989) Enhanced IgGl and IgG3 responses to pneumococcal polysaccharides in isolated IgA deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 75: 201–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RognumTO, Elgjo K, Fausa O, Brandtzaeg P (1982) Immunohistochemical evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen, secretory component, and epithelial IgA in ulcerative colitis with dysplasia. Gut 23: 123–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinstein A, Radl J, Cottier H, Rossi E, Gugler E (1973) Unusual combined immunodeficiency syndrome exhibiting kappa-IgD paraproteinemia, residual gut immunity and graft–versus–host reaction after plasma infusion. Acta Paediatr Scand 62: 365–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmi M, Jalkanen S (1991) Regulation of lymphocyte traffic to mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues. In: MacDermott RP, Elson CO (eds) Mucosal immunology I: Basic principles. Gastroentrol Clin North Am 20: 495–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Savilahti E (1973) IgA deficiency in children. Immunoglobulin-containing cells in the intestinal mucosa, immunoglobulins in secretions and serum IgA levels. Clin Exp Immunol 13: 395–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savilahti E (1974) Workshop on secretory immunoglobulins. In: Brent L, Holborow J (eds) Progress in immunology. North/Holland, Amsterdam, pp 238–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Savilahti E, Pelkonen P (1979) Clinical findings and intestinal immunoglobulins in children with partial IgA deficiency. Acta Paediatr Scand 68: 513–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savilahti E, KlemolaT, Carlsson P, Mellander L, Stenvik M, HoviT (1988) Inadequacy of mucosal IgM antibodies in selective IgA deficiency: excretion of attenuated polio viruses is prolonged. J Clin Immunol 8: 89–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schur PH (1987) IgG subclasses - a review. Ann Allergy 58: 89–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scotta MS, Maggiore G, De Giacomo C, Martini A, Burgio VL, Ugazio AG (1982) IgA-containing plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa of children with selective IgA deficiency. J Clin Lab Immunol 9: 173–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selner JC, Merrill DA, Claman HN (1968) Salivary immunoglobulin and albumin: development during the newborn period. J Pediatr 72: 685–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sminia T, Brugge-Gamelkorn GJ, Jeurissen SHM (1989) Structure and function of bronchus–associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Crit Rev Immunol 9 (2): 119–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CIE, Vorechovsky I, Hammarstrom L, Islam KB, Vetrie D, Sideras P (1993) The molecular nature of immunoglobulin deficiencies. Tyrosine kinase abnormalities and other mechanisms. Immunologist 1: 81–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonoda E, Hitoshi Y, Yamaguchi N, Ishii T, Tominaga A, Araki S, Takatsu K (1992) Differential regulation of IgA production by TGF-(3 and IL-5: TGF–3 induces surface IgA-positive cells bearing IL–5 receptor, whereas IL-5 promotes their survival and maturation into IgA-secreting cells. Cell Immunol 140: 158–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen CH, Kilian M (1984) Bacterium–induced cleavage of IgA in nasopharyngeal secretions from atopic children. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [C] 92: 85–87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer J, FinnT, Isaacson PG (1986a) Human Peyer’s patches: an immunohistochemical study. Gut 27: 405–410

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer J, FinnT, Isaacson PG (1986b) A comparative study of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of primates and rodents. Virchows Arch [B] 51: 509–519

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer J, Isaacson PG, Diss TC, MacDonald TT (1989) Expression of disulfide-linked and non-disulfide-linked forms of the T cell receptor y/6 heterodimer in human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 19: 1335–1338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer J, Isaacson PG, MacDonald TT, Thomas AJ, Walker–Smith J A (1991) Gamma/delta T cells and the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 85: 109–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spickett GP, Misbah SA, Chapel HM (1991) Primary antibody deficiency in adults. Lancet 337: 281–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stokes CR, Soothill JF, Turner MW (1975) Immune exclusion is a function of IgA. Nature 255: 745–746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strober W, Harriman GR (1991) The regulation of IgA B–cell differentiation. In: MacDermott RP, Elson CO (eds) Mucosal immunology I: basic principles. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 20: 473–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Strober W, Sneller MC (1991) IgA deficiency. Ann Allergy 66: 363–375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strober W, Krakauer R, Klaeveman HL, Reynolds HY, Nelson DL (1976) Secretory component deficiency. A disorder of the IgA immune system. N Engl J Med 294: 351–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Strominger J (1989) The y 6 T cell receptor and class lb MHC–related proteins: enigmatic molecules of immune recognition. Cell 57: 895–898

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson W, Dyce B, Citron P, Rouleau C, Feinstein D, Haverback DJ (1968) Absence of IgA in serum with presence of IgA containing cells in intestinal tract. Clin Res 16: 119

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas HC, Jewell DP (1979) Immune deficiency and the gastrointestinal tract. In: Clinical gastrointestinal immunology, Chap 4. Blackwell Scientific, London, pp 53–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Thrane PS, RognumTO, Brandtzaeg P (1991) Ontogenesis of the secretory immune system and innate defence factors in human parotid glands. Clin Exp Immunol 86: 342–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tjellström B, Stenhammar L, Eriksson S, Magnusson K–E (1993) Oral immunoglobulin A supplement in treatment of Clostridium difficile enteritis. Lancet 341: 701–702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • TomasiTB, Trudeau FB, Czerwinski D, Erredge S (1982) Immune parameters in athletes before and after strenuous exercise. J Clin Immunol 2: 173–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udall JN, Pang K, Fritze L, Kleinman R, Walker WA (1981) Development of gastrointestinal mucosal barrier. I. The effect of age on intestinal permeability to macromolecules. Pediatr Res 15: 241–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dongen JJM, de Groot R, Comans-Bitter WM, Neijens HJ (1991) T cell receptor yb expression in healthy children and children with ataxia telangiectasia. In: Chapel HM, Levinsky RJ, Webster ADB (eds) Progress in immune deficiency III. Royal Society of Medicine Services, London, pp 305–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Loghem E, Zegers BJM, Bast EJEG, Kater L (1983) Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin A2. J Clin Invest 72: 1918–1923

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldmann TA, Strober W (1969) Metabolism of immunoglobulins. Prog Allergy 13: 1–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker WA (1982) Mechanisms of antigen handling by the gut. In: Brostoff J, Challacombe SJ (eds) Clinics in immunology and allergy. Food allergy. Saunders, London, pp 15–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver LT, Wadd N, Taylor CE, Greenwell J, Toms GL (1991) The ontogeny of serum IgA in the newborn. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2: 72–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster ADB, Slavin G, Shiner M, Platts–MillsTAE, Asherson GL (1981) Coeliac disease with severe hypogammaglobulinemia. Gut 22: 153–157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO Report (1989) Primary immunodeficiency diseases. Immunodefic Rev 1: 173–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Wold AE, Mestecky J, Tomana H, Kobata A, Ohbayashi H, Endo T, Svanborg–Edén C (1990) Secretory immunoglobulin A carries oligosaccharide receptors for Escherichia coli type 1 fimbrial lectin. Infect Immun 58: 3073–3077

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. P. Brandtzaeg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. E. Nilssen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Immunologie, Universität Wien, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Wien, Austria

    Martha M. Eibl

  2. Abteilung für Hämatologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55131, Mainz, Germany

    Christoph Huber

  3. Division of Hematology, III. Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University, Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55131, Mainz, Germany

    Christoph Huber

  4. Abteilung für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany

    Hans H. Peter

  5. Pädiatrische Pneumologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow Standort Charlottenburg, Heubnerweg 6, D-14059, Berlin, Germany

    Ulrich Wahn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Brandtzaeg, P., Nilssen, D.E. (1994). Mucosal Immunity in Immunodeficiency. In: Eibl, M.M., Huber, C., Peter, H.H., Wahn, U. (eds) Symposium in Immunology III. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78438-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78438-5_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-57126-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78438-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation