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Macrophage-Derived Growth Factors

  • Chapter
Macrophage Biology and Activation

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 181))

Abstract

In the early decades of the twentieth century biologists sought to grow cells in culture. Clotted blood was found to contain molecules that accomplished this purpose (Carrel 1912), but only later did biochemists seek to purify these molecules. By the middle of the century, biochemists and biologists sought to explain neonatal eye opening in mice in molecular terms (Cohen 1987; Levi-Montalcini 1987). Each of these goals ultimately led to the isolation of single species of molecules called growth factors by using in vitro or in vivo bioassays for growth and a biochemical algorithm for isolation. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, or CSF-1) were isolated and directly sequenced or molecularly cloned (based on partial sequences) by these means in the 1970s and early 1980s. The production of transformed foci of cells by introduction of fragments of cloned transcripts or genes from tumors also produced a subclass of oncogenes that turned out to be growth factors [c-sis, or PDGF-B chain, and Kaposi’s sarcoma-fibroblast growth factor (kFGF, or FGF-4)]. Most recently, the formation of tumors in vivo after random integration of a highly active viral promoter upstream of cellular genes has produced the int-1 and int-2 (also known as FGF-3) growth factors. Finally, after the founding member of a growth factor family is identified with a bioassay, low-stringency cDNA library screens and polymerase chain reaction can be used to complete the family (JAKOWLEW et al. 1988; HEBERT et al. 1990). All growth factors are operationally isolated and defined by their ability to cause growth, but may also act as nonmitogenic inflammatory factors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Cell, Molecular and Structural Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA

    D. A. Rappolee

  2. Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environmental Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0750, USA

    D. A. Rappolee & Z. Werb

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  1. D. A. Rappolee
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  1. University of Kansas Cancer Ctr., Kansas City, KA, 66160-7312, USA

    Stephen W. Russell (Wilkinson Distinguished Professor and Director) (Wilkinson Distinguished Professor and Director)

  2. Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK

    Siamon Gordon

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Rappolee, D.A., Werb, Z. (1992). Macrophage-Derived Growth Factors. In: Russell, S.W., Gordon, S. (eds) Macrophage Biology and Activation. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 181. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77377-8_4

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