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Carbon Materials: Graphite, Diamond and Others

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Ion Implantation in Diamond, Graphite and Related Materials

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Materials Science ((SSMATERIALS,volume 22))

Abstract

Carbon materials are unique in many ways. One distinction relates to the various allotropic forms these materials can assume. Under ambient conditions, the graphite phase with strong in-plane trigonal bonding is the stable phase, as indicated by the phase diagram of Fig. 2.1 [2.1, 2]. Under the application of high pressure and high temperature (which are somewhat reduced when catalyst particles like iron or nickel are used), transformation to the diamond structure takes place. Once the pressure is released, diamond remains essentially stable under ambient conditions although, in principle, it will very slowly transform to the thermodynamical stable form of solid carbon which is graphite. However, when exposed to various perturbations, diamond will transform back to the equilibrium graphite phase. In this phase, the structure is highly anisotropic, exhibiting, for example, metallic behavior in the basal(ab) plane and poor electrical conductivity along the c-axis [2.3]. In contrast, diamond is an isotropic cubic wide gap semiconductor [2.4]. In terms of mechanical properties, graphite is the stiffest material in nature (has the highest in-plane elastic modulus), while diamond is the hardest (least deformable) material. Of all materials, diamond along with graphite (in-plane) exhibit the highest thermal conductivity and the highest melting point [2.5]. Diamond also has the highest atomic density of any solid (Table 2.1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Prof. M. S. Dresselhaus Ph. D.

  2. Solid State Institute and Physics Department, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel

    Prof. R. Kalish Ph. D.

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  1. Prof. M. S. Dresselhaus Ph. D.
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  2. Prof. R. Kalish Ph. D.
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© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Dresselhaus, M.S., Kalish, R. (1992). Carbon Materials: Graphite, Diamond and Others. In: Ion Implantation in Diamond, Graphite and Related Materials. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 22. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77171-2_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77171-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-77173-6

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